EARTH SCIE
WEATHERING
- is the process of breaking down rocks present
at Earth’s surface
EXOGENIC AND ENDOGENIC EARTH’S
PROCESSES
EXOGENIC PROCESSES (outer)
- are external forces that operate and act on the
surface of the Earth
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES (inner)
- are internal forces that exist deep inside the
Earth
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
- is a process where in rocks are broken down
into smaller pieces without changing their
chemical composition.
TYPES OF MECHANICAL WEATHERING
FROST WEDGING
- is a process that involves repeated cycles of
freezing and thawing of ice.
- involves ice and snow
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
- is the action of organisms including plants and
animals reduce the size of rocks and minerals.
SALT CRYSTAL
- growth is a process that happens when
seawater penetrates crevices in rocks which are
found mostly in rocky shorelines and arid
regions.
THERMAL EXPANSION
- occurs when a rock is exposed to high
temperatures such as forest fire; its outer layer
expands due to baking.
-When it cools, the outer layer contracts, causing
the surface to break off into sheets.
EXFOLIATION
- also known as sheeting or unloading
- is a type of physical weathering process that
occurs when large, curved plates or slabs of rock
are stripped away from the outer surface of a
rock mass.
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
- occurs when there are chemical changes in at
least some of the composition of the rock.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING
DISSOLUTION
- is a process wherein a solid (i.e., halite)
dissolves in a liquid (i.e., water).
- solvent ang nag didisolve sa water
HYDROLYSIS
- is a process in which water reacts with the
minerals and there is substitution by H+ or
HO -
- nagkakaroon ng substitution of element ay
H+ or HO -
WATER
- acts as reactant
HYDRATION
- occurs when water is absorbed into the crystal
of the minerals, causing it to expand.
OXIDATION ( oxygen - reactant )
- or the reaction of oxygen with minerals in the
rock, forms oxides.
EROSION
- is the transportation of weathered rocks.
• Agents like running water or rivers, wind,
gravity, groundwater, wave currents, and glaciers
contribute to erosion.
AGENTS OR VECTOR
- carrier of sediments
• Erosion has different types: water erosion,
wind erosion, and glacial erosion.
TYPES OF EROSION
WATER EROSION
- is a type of erosion where water carries
sediments to different bodies of water such as
rivers.
- The high amount of rainfall contributes to the
susceptibility of the soil to water erosion
WIND EROSION
- happens when light materials, such as small
rocks and pebbles, are carried by the wind to
different places.
-happen in deserted areas
GLACIAL EROSION
- happens when a glacier, or a river of highly
compact ice, moves downhill due to its weight.
- It plucks chunks of rocks and causes scraping
between the ice and the rock.
CAUSES OF EROSION:
TEXTURE OF THE SOIL
- is the most significant contributing factor to
erodibility although structure, organic matter,
and permeability may also affect it.
OVERGRAZING (ginagawa ng hayop at tao)
- by livestock or by indigenous animals may
remove vegetation leaving the soil more
vulnerable to erosion.
CUTTING OF TREES AND REMOVAL OF
VEGETATION (ginagawa ng hayop at tao)
- to provide lumber can also result in large
amounts of erosion.
USE OF PESTICIDES, HERBICIDES, AND
FUEL OILS ALSO POLLUTES THE SOIL
- Salt can also contaminate soil due to the high
salinity of irrigation water as it passes over
cropland
PREVENTING SOIL EROSION:
• Steep terrains are shaped to produce flat areas
• Reducing farmland conversion
• Planting vegetation
• Application of organic fertilizer
MASS WASTING
- is a downslope movement of rock,
regolith/unconsolidated material, and soil under
the influence of gravity
FACTORS THAT CAUSE WEAKENING OF
SLOPES:
RELIEF
– The difference in elevation between two
places creates slopes; gravity pulls materials at
higher elevation to lower elevation
SLOPE STABILITY
– The balance between the downslope force
caused by gravity and the resistance force due to
friction
FRAGMENTATION AND WEATHERING
– Fragmented rock is held only by friction
between fracture planes or by weak electrical
charges between grains
TYPES OF MOTION IN MASS WASTING
FALL
– includes the free fall movement, bouncing,
and rolling of materials on a slope.
TOPPLE
– is a forward rotation of soil and/or rock mass
about an axis below the center of gravity of mass
being displaced.
SLIDES
– the movement of materials along a well
defined surface of rupture called sliding surface.
SPREAD
– is the lateral extension and fracturing of a
coherent mass due to the plastic flow of its
underlying material.
FLOW
– happens when materials are saturated and
move downslope as a viscous fluid.
COMPLEX
– or a combination of several types of
movement could occur.
DEPOSITION
- is the process by which sediments settle out of
the transporting medium
• The layer formed when the materials are laid
down is called bed.
• The distribution of grain size in a layer is
called sorting.
• In a mixture with various grain sizes;
larger sediments are called clast,
the finer sediments are called matrix.
SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT
CEMENT
- Dissolved chemicals in the water occupying
the pore spaces in between the grains precipitate
and form new minerals called cement.
DIAGENESIS
- The processes of compaction, cementation,
and recrystallization are referred to as
diagenesis
EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT
- The Earth’s internal heat fuels the planet’s
dynamic processes including plate movements,
earthquakes, and volcanism.
• Earth’s internal heat is produced by:
- residual heat
- radiogenic heat
RESIDUAL HEAT
Extraterrestrial Impacts
- As proposed in the Nebular theory, the Earth
was formed through the accretion of particles
from a rotating cloud.
- The great amount of kinetic energy is
produced by the moving extraterrestrial
objects which are then converted to heat energy
- formation of planets
ACCRETION
- combination of materials to formed
“ proplanets ”
Gravitational Contraction
- The compaction of dust clouds resulted in the
conversion of gravitational energy into heat
energy
RADIOGENIC HEAT
- from different elements
- unstable elements undergo radioactive decay
to attain a more stable form.
- the process of radioactive decay produces
heat as a byproduct
MAGMATISM: HOW MAGMA IS
FORMED
MAGMA
- is defined as molten rock material produced by
partial melting of the mantle and crust. It
contains liquids, gases, crystals and rock
fragments
FORMATION OF MAGMA
TEMPERATURE
• increases with depth, which is called
geothermal gradient. This increase will
obviously induce melting
PRESSURE
- Decrease in pressure causes adiabatic
decompression. As pressure is decreased,
melting temperatures of materials decrease
VOLATILES
- are substances that evaporate easily and can
exist in gaseous form on the surface of Earth.
- Examples of this kind of substance are water
and carbon dioxide. When volatiles mix with
hot mantle rock, magma forms
- nakakacontribute sa buoyancy
BUOYANCY
- mas gagaan ang magma or mas madaling
aangat
MAGMATISM
- occurs along plate boundaries or margins and
sometimes within the plate. Cracks on Earth's
crust are the result of these plate boundaries.
- In effect, hot mantle rock penetrates the
crust and becomes magma
MAGMATISM
- Plate boundaries can be classified as:
-convergent
-divergent
- transform.
Convergent
- continental and continental -> mountain
VOLCANOES AND VOLCANISM
VOLCANISM
• is the process where magma rises to the
surface of the Earth as lava.
New oceanic crust
- is continuously produced along mid-oceanic
ridges.

• Many islands are also formed through

volcanic processes

FORMATION OF VOLCANO
• divergent plate boundaries
- volcanism manifests as ridges or fissures
where products of decompression melting erupt.
- uprising of magma (seafloor spreading)

• Convergent plate boundaries

-host large number of volcanoes. Lava flows and
pyroclastic materials make up these volcanoes

LAVA FLOWS
• Lava flows may be classified as:

PAHOEHOE (pronounced as “pahhoy-hoy”)

- smooth surface

AA (pronounced as ahah)
- saged or rough surface

TYPES OF VOLCANO

CINDER CONES
- are circular or oval cones made up of small
fragments of lava from a single vent that have
been blown up.
- has smallest slope ( taal volcano)

COMPOSITE VOLCANO
(STRATOVOLCANO)
- are steep-sided volcanoes composed of many
layers of volcanic rocks, usually made from
high-viscosity lava, ash and rock debris
- tallest
Ex. Mayon, pinatubo

SHIELD VOLCANO
- are volcanoes shaped like a bowl or shield in
the middle with long gentle slopes made by
basaltic lava flows.