: !

12 ‫ت‬ '3* ln : ℝ*+ → ℝ

 ‫ر‬ ‫ دا ا‬ : ‫اا‬
x ֏ ln( x)
ln( x) ‫اي‬
lim =0 limx ln( x) = 0 1
x →+∞ x x → 0+
*
‫ و ا‬ℝ +  x ֏ ‫وه اا ا ا‬
x
ln( x) ln( x + 1) .1  ‫!م‬
lim x − 1 = 1 lim =1  1
∀x ∈ ]0;+∞[ ; ln ( x )  =
'
x →1 x →0 x
 x :  ‫و‬
 ln(1) = 0
lim  x [ln( x)]  = 0 ;∀n ∈ ℕ*
n

x →0 + 
1 1
[ln( x)]
n : 2   4 ln1 = 0 ; ln e = 1 ; ln= −1 ; ln e =
=0 e 2
lim
x →+ ∞ x avec e = 2, 718281828 et e ∉ ℚ mais e ∈ ℝ
: a ‫ س‬6‫ر  ذات ا‬ ‫اا ا‬ ∀a ∈ ℝ*+ ; ∀b ∈ ℝ*+ ; ∀r ∈ ℚ
ln x
∀a ∈ ℝ*+ − {1} ; ∀x ∈ ℝ*+ ; L og a ( x) =
ln a * ln ( a × b ) = ln a + ln b
Log a 1=0 ; Log a (a ) = 1
1 a
 L og a ( x ) = rL og a x ln   = − ln ( a ) * ln   = ln a − ln b
r
*
∀r ∈ ℚ ;  a b
 L og a (a ) = r
r

1
( )
* ln a = r ln a
r
( )
* ln a = ln a
1
2
L og 'a ( x) =
x ln a lim ln( x) = +∞
x →+∞
: ‫ت  ا&ات‬ '‫*ا‬
e ‫ س‬6‫ر  ذات ا‬ ‫ه دا ا‬ ln ‫*اا‬ lim ln( x) = −∞
x →0+
∀x ∈ ℝ*+ ; Log e x = ln x

: ‫ي‬:!‫ر  ا‬ ‫ا‬
( ln a = ln b ) ⇔ ( a = b )
: ( ‫*ا‬
‫ي‬:!‫ر  ا‬ ‫ ا‬10 ‫ س‬6‫ر  ذات ا‬ ‫دا ا‬
(ln a > ln b) ⇔ (a > b)
∀x ∈ ℝ*+ ;log10 x = log x ]0; +∞[ ‫!  ا* ل‬+,   ‫ا‬- ln ‫*اا‬
log1 = 0;log10 = 1 ‫ رة‬/0‫ا‬

∀m ∈ ℤ;log(10m ) = m  ( x > 1) ⇔ ( ln x > 0 )


:  ‫ر‬ ‫< ا‬:‫*ا‬ ( 0 < x < 1) ⇔ ( ln x < 0 )
∀x ∈ ]0; +∞[ ; 
(1 < x < e ) ⇔ ( 0 < ln x < 1)
'
∀x ∈ I ; ( ln U ( x ) ) =
' U ( x)
U ( x)  ( x > e ) ⇔ ( ln x > 1)
I ‫> !م  ا* ل‬ U ( x) =2 
 . ]0; +∞[ ‫ا ل‬  ‫  و ا‬ ln ‫*اا‬
a +b
e × e = e a b
. ℝ #$% ]0; +∞[    ‫إذن‬
 . +',-‫' ا‬./‫اا ا‬: & '&(‫دا ا‬
 1 = e− a
 ea ℝ → ℝ*+
∀a ∈ ℝ; ∀b ∈ ℝ  a x ֏ ex
:    ‫ آ‬+ ‫و ه اا ا‬
e
 b = e a −b :-‫و‬
e
 a r
( )
= era , ∀r ∈ ℚ
(
∀x ∈ ℝ; ∀y ∈ ℝ*+ e x = y ⇔ ( ln y = x ) )
 e
I ‫ ل‬ ‫ق‬89   ‫ دا‬U 6%‫*إذا آ‬
∀x ∈ ℝ;ln e x = x ( )
I ‫ق‬89   x ֏ eU ( x ) : ‫ن اا‬: ∀x ∈ ℝ*+ ; eln x = x
1
e −1 = ; e0 = 1 ; e1 = e *
(e )
'
U ( x)
= U ( x )e
' U ( x)
: I  x ( ‫و‬ e
. ℝ  ‫  وا‬ x ֏ e x ‫*اا‬
a ‫س‬./‫ر ' ذات ا‬A# ‫ اا ا‬، 1 <= ‫>  و‬3# a ';‫*( د‬
(e x = e y ) ⇔ ( x = y )
. a ‫س‬./‫' ذات ا‬./‫ اا ا‬: & '&(‫ ودا ا‬. ℝ #$% ℝ*+   ∀ ( x; y ) ∈ R ;  x 2
*
(e > e ) ⇔ ( x > y )
y
R → R *
+
∀a ∈ R*+ − {1} :   ‫ آ‬+ ‫و ه اا ا‬
x ֏ ax lim e x = +∞ ; lim e x = 0 *
x →+∞ x →−∞
∀a ∈ ℝ − {1} ; ∀x ∈ ℝ; ∀y ∈ ℝ
*
+
*
+

 Log a ( y ) = x ⇔ a x = y ∀x ∈ ℝ; e x > 0 *

 Log (a ) = x
x :- ‫و‬

( )
'
 Loga ( y )
=y ∀x ∈ ℝ; e x = ex *
a
x −∞ +∞
exp' +
a x a y = a x + y
 exp
 1 = a−x
∀a ∈ ℝ + − {1}  a x
*
:'3+ ‫ت‬%
 x
∀ ( x, y ) ∈ ℝ 2   a
= a x− y ex
ay lim = +∞ ; lim xe x = 0
 x y x →+∞ x x →−∞

( a ) = a
xy
e −1x
lim =1
x →0 x
∀x ∈ ℝ ; 1x = 1 : ‫ أن‬,% ‫و‬ :  5 ‫و‬
 e x

∀a ∈ ℝ − {1} ; ∀x ∈ ℝ; a = e
*
+
x x ln a  xlim
∀n ∈ ℕ;  →+∞ x n
= +∞
 lim x n e x = 0
 x →−∞