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Classical and Generalized Coupled Thermoelasticity of a Layer

Conference Paper · January 2010

DOI: 10.1115/ESDA2010-25340

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 Proceedings of the ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis
CLASSICAL AND GENERALIZED COUPLED THERMOELASTICITY OF A LAYER
S.K. Hosseini zad
Graduate Student
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Amirkabir University of Technology
Tehran, IRAN
Email: k.hosseinizad@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
A one-dimensional thermoelastic region is modeled based
on the classical and generalized coupled thermoelasticity
theories, and a finite element scheme is employed to obtain the
field variables directly in the space and time domains. The
problem is solved for two different types of boundary conditions
(BCs), and the behavior of temperature, displacement and
stress waves according to these BCs and based on the classical
and generalized coupled thermoelasticity theories are shown
and compared with each other. Several characteristics of
thermoelastic waves are examined according to this analysis,
and comparison between the behavior of classical and
generalized coupled thermoelasticity theories in extended
period of time is made to examine the damping effects of each
theory.
INTRODUCTION
The classical theory of thermoelasticity is based on
Fourier’s heat conduction equation. Because of the parabolic
nature of this equation, thermal disturbances propagate at
infinite speed. This prediction is applicable to many
engineering problems, while it is unrealistic from the physical
point of view, particularly in situations like those involving
very short transient durations, sudden high heat flux exposures
and at very low temperatures near the absolute zero. Therefore,
the concept of hyperbolic nature for the heat propagation is
proposed resulting into the generalized thermoelasticity
theories. According to this concept, thermal disturbances
propagate at finite speed and thus overcome the problem of
classical theory. The most common generalized theories are
Lord-Shulman (LS) [1], Green-Lindsay (GL) [2] and Green-
Naghdi (GN) [3], where the later has three different types.
According to the LS theory, Fourier’s law of heat conduction is
ESDA2010
July 12-14, 2010, Istanbul, Turkey
ESDA2010-25340
M.R. Eslami*
Professor and Fellow of the Academy of Sciences,
ME Dept., Amirkabir Univ. of Tech.,
Tehran, IRAN
Email: eslami@aut.ac.ir
modified by introducing the relaxation time. In the GL theory
two relaxation times are introduced by modifying the Duhamel-
Neumann relationships and the entropy density relation. Green
and Naghdi have formulated three models of thermoelasticity
for homogeneous and isotropic materials [4], which are labeled
as models I, II and III. Francis [5], Ignaczak [6] and
Chandrasekharaiah [7, 8] have reported reviews of this topic.
In this paper, the behavior of thermoelastic waves in a one-
dimensional thermoelastic region and distributions of these
waves through the domain are examined by using direct finite
element method to obtain the field variables directly in the
space and time domains. The aim of this simulation is to show
the behavior of thermal and elastic wave propagations under
different types of thermal and mechanical loads using different
thermoelasticity theories.
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Consider a homogeneous isotropic thermoelastic material.
The fundamental equations of the classical model are the
equations of motion and the first law of thermodynamics as: [9]
, (1)
,
(2)
, ,
The constitutive equations and energy equation can be
written as [9]
, , , (3)
, , (4)
1 Copyright © 2010 by ASME
 where is the displacement tensor, is the temperature
change with respect to the uniform reference temperature ,
is the mass density, is the specific heat, is the coefficient of
thermal conduction, 3 2 in which is the
coefficient of linear thermal expansion, and are the Lame
constants, is a material constant characteristic associated
with the GN theory. The terms and are unifier parameters
[9]. By choosing these parameters, different theories can be
achieved according to Table (1). Here, is the relaxation time
proposed by Lord and Shulman and , are the relaxation
times proposed by Green and Lindsay. Parameters and are
terms introduced to consolidate all theories into a unified
system of equations. To obtain GN theory type II from the
equations of GN theory type III we put 0. While 0,
the equations of GN theory type III reduces to those of GN
theory type I, which is identical with the classical theory of
thermoelasticity. The interesting and outstanding property of
the thermal theory of type II is that it conserves energy, i.e. it
does not involve energy dissipation, and it leads to a hyperbolic
energy equation. Thus, GN theory type II is known as the
thermoelasticity without energy dissipation.
Table 1. DEFINITION OF THE PARAMETERS FOR
DIFFERENT THEORIES [9]
2 (8)
where and are dimensionless speeds of purely elastic
dilatational and shear waves and is the thermoelastic
coupling parameter.
As the initial conditions, we assume that the body is
initially at rest and the initial values of temperature change and
the rate of temperature are zero.
The thermal boundary conditions are satisfied by either of
the equations
, (9)
where , is the gradient of temperature change along the
normal to the surface boundary , and are either constants
or given functions of temperature on the boundary. The
mechanical boundary conditions are specified through the
traction vector on the boundary. The traction components are
related to the stress tensor through Cauchy's formula given by
(10)

where is the prescribed traction component on the

LS 1 1 0 0 0
boundary surface whose outer unit normal vector is .
GL 1 0 1 1 0
GN III 0 0 0 0 1 GALERKIN FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
To solve the governing equations in layer, we use the
It is convenient to define dimensionless variables as: Galerkin finite element technique. Components of the
displacement and temperature are approximated by the shape
1 1 2 functions as:

, , , , ,
1 (5) , , , , ,
1, 2, … , (11)

where is a characteristic length and is a characteristic Here, is the component of displacement and
speed. Substituting Eqs. (3), (4) and (5) into Eqs. (1) and (2), is the temperature change at each nodal point, all being
removing the bar for convenience, the governing equations are functions of time. The shape functions , , have
obtained as: been chosen in the form of linear Lagrangian shape functions.
Applying the weighted residual integral to Eqs. (1) and (2)
(6) with respect to the weighting functions , , , the
, , , ,
Galerkin approximation of the equations of motion and energy
, , equation become:
, ,
(7)

These equations must be simultaneously solved for the , 0 (12)

displacement components and temperature change
. Here
,

2 0
, ,
1, 2, … , (13)

2 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

 The weak formulation of the stress and heat flux gradient (18)
, , , yields:
0

(14)

where and are the boundary surface and (19)

component of the unit outer normal vector of the base element
, respectively. Substituting Eq. (14) in Eqs. (12) and (13)
gives: 0
2

(20)

, ,

(21)
1, 2, … ,
(15) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the following, we restrict ourselves to a particular layer
Using Eq. (10) in the first term of Eq. (15) and substitution with following characteristics:
Eqs. (3) and (4) in Eq. (15), and then by approximating the
displacement components and temperature change in the 1 ; 1 ; 0 ; 0.05
element with Eq. (11), Eqs. (15) for a one-dimensional ,
problem, in which and take the values 1 and 2, governing 1 ; 0 ; 1 ; 0.02
equations are obtained in following matrix form:
(22)
∆ ∆ ∆ (16)
This problem is solved for two different types of boundary
where: conditions (BCs) defined in Table (2).

∆ (17) Table 2. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS (BCs)

BCs (1) ; . *

The elements of the mass, damping, stiffness and the force ;

matrices of the base element are:
BCs (2) ; . **

0
;
*
Fun. 1 is defined in Eq. (23)
**
Fun. 2 is defined in Eq. (24)

1 1 (23)

3 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

 0
0 (24)

It is assumed that 400 and 40. These

parameters are selected in a way to . behave similar to a
Sine pulse. When parameter changes from 0 ∞,
temperature changes from 0 1. While tends to ∞, the
temperature load becomes a Heaviside unit step function.
Figure 1 shows the temperature profile with different values
of .

Figure 2. EFFECT OF ELEMENT NUMBERS ON

NUMERICAL NOISES.

Figure 1. THERMAL SHOCK LOAD PROFILES VERSUS

DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF
PARAMETER .
Figure 3. EFFECT OF ON NUMERICAL NOISES.

The temperature wave propagation of a one-dimensional

thermoelastic region based on the LS theory has been plotted in
Figs. 2 and 3. This case is considered to examine the effects of
the number of elements and in Eq. (30) on the behavior of
wave propagation through the domain. The number of elements
in Fig. 2 is selected to be 500 elements in the x-direction, which
leads to results with minimum numerical noises. Therefore, 500
elements has been selected for analysis in this paper. On the
other hand, it is clear from Fig. 3 that the magnitude of
numerical noises increases when tends to infinity. By
increasing , the slope of the temperature profile becomes
sharper and it produces numerical noises in temperature curves.
The value = 100 is used to eliminate the noises and simulate
the shock load. This value for is also more compatible with
what exist in the practical problems.
Temperature, displacement and stress distribution in a one-
dimensional medium with dimensionless length of 1 at
different dimensionless times 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.25 are
considered for validation. Figure 4 shows temperature wave
propagation using the GN theory type II in comparison with
Ref. [10]. As expected from this theory, it may be seen that the
energy does not dissipate and the wave front propagates with
constant amplitude through the thickness and when reaches to
the boundary reflects with two times of its value. Since it is
assumed that 1, the wave-front is located at 0.75
on 0.75, which proves thermal wave propagates with
speed of unity.

4 Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Figure 4. VARIATION OF DIMENSIONLESS
TEMPERATURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS x FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES CONSIDERING GN II THEORY.
Figures 5 and 6 show displacement and stress wave
propagation using the GL and LS theories, respectively. It can
be seen that the results are in good agreement with the
references.
Figure 5. DISTRIBUTION OF DIMENSIONLESS
DISAPLCEMENT ALONG x DIRECTION FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES USING GL THEORY.
Figure 6. STRESS WAVE PROPAGATION ALONG x
DIRECTION FOR DIFFERENT TIMES CONSIDERING LS
THEORY.
A layer with dimensionless speeds, which are defined in
Eq. (22), is analyzed here based on the LS theory setting and
, , , according to Table (1) and BCs (1) in Table (2).
History of wave propagations for 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.25 has
been shown in Figs. (7) to (9) for different types of
thermoelastic waves. In Fig. (7) temperature distribution is
presented for different time steps. This figure shows that
temperature wave-fronts are damped through the layer as time
is increased. Based on this figure, the speed of temperature
wave ( ), which is assumed to be 1, could be verified. The
displacement and stress waves are shown in Figs (8) and (9) for
various dimensionless times. Distribution of temperature
through the thickness of the slab for BCs (1) based on the
classical, GL, GN II and III are shown, respectively, in Figs.
(20)-(23) in ANNEX A.
Figure 7. VARIATION OF DIMENSIONLESS
TEMPERATURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES CONSIDERING LS THEORY (BCs 1).
Figure 8. DISTRIBUTION OF DIMENSIONLESS
DISPLACEMENT ALONG DIRECTION FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES USING LS THEORY (BCs 1).
5 Copyright © 2010 by ASME
 Figure 9. STRESS WAVE PROPAGATION ALONG
DIRECTION FOR DIFFERENT TIMES CONSIDERING LS
THEORY (BCs 1).
We also calculate the temperature, displacement and stress
distributions in the considered one-dimensional layered media
at different dimensionless times for 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.25
setting and , , , according to Table (1) for the LS
theory. The boundary conditions are selected according to BCs
(2) in Table (2). In Fig. 10 temperature distribution is shown in
different dimensionless times. This figure shows that
temperature wave-fronts are damped through the layer as time
is increased. Based on this figure, the speed of temperature
wave ( ), which is assumed to be 1, could be verified. The
displacement and stress waves have been shown in Figs. 11 and
12 for various dimensionless times. Distribution of the
temperature through the thickness of the slab for BCs (2) based
on the classical, GL, GN II and III are shown, respectively, in
Figs. (24)-(27) in ANNEX B.
Figure 10. VARIATION OF DIMENSIONLESS
TEMPERATURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES CONSIDERING LS THEORY (BCs 2).
Figure 11. DISTRIBUTION OF DIMENSIONLESS
DISPLACEMENT ALONG DIRECTION FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES USING LS THEORY (BCs 2).
Figure 12. STRESS WAVE PROPAGATION ALONG
DIRECTION FOR DIFFERENT TIMES CONSIDERING LS
THEORY (BCs 2).
Propagation of temperature, displacement and stress waves
based on the LS theory, with and , , , according to
Table (1), for this theory and BCs (1) in which the parameter T
is replaced by (heat flux) are shown in Figs. (13) to (15).
History of wave propagation for 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.25 has
been shown for these thermoelastic waves. In Fig. 13,
temperature distribution is shown for different dimensionless
times. It is found that the distribution of temperature and
displacement waves through the domain is smoother when heat
flux is applied to the boundaries. In addition, the coupling
factor in the applied type of the heat flux loading changes the
slope of the temperature waves, while for the temperature
shock loading it produces additional wave in front of the wave-
front. The displacement and stress waves have been shown in
Figs 14 and 15 for various dimensionless times.
6 Copyright © 2010 by ASME
 Additionally, the magnitude of temperature, displacement
and stress in the middle of a slab for different thermoelastic
theories has been shown in Figures 16-19. Temperature shock is
applied to the left side, and coupling factor is equal to
0.02. The damping effect of each theory is obvious based on
this analysis. It must be noted that the GN type II is not
included in this analysis because of the non energy dissipation
nature of this theory, which is applicable to very short time
periods after applying the shock loading.

Figure 13. VARIATION OF DIMENSIONLESS

TEMPERATURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES CONSIDERING LS THEORY (BCs (1) IN WHICH THE
PARAMETER T IS REPLACED BY (heat flux)).

Figure 16. DIMENSIONLESS TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS AT

MIDDLE OF THE DOMAIN FOR DIFFERENT TIME STEPS.

Figure 14. DISTRIBUTION OF DIMENSIONLESS

DISPLACEMENT ALONG DIRECTION FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES USING LS THEORY (BCs (1) IN WHICH THE
PARAMETER T IS REPLACED BY (heat flux)).

Figure 17. DIMENSIONLESS DISPLACEMENT VARIATIONS AT

MIDDLE OF THE DOMAIN FOR DIFFERENT TIME STEPS.

Figure 15. STRESS WAVE PROPAGATION ALONG

DIRECTION FOR DIFFERENT TIMES CONSIDERING LS
THEORY (BCs (1) IN WHICH THE PARAMETER T IS REPLACED
BY (heat flux)).

7 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

 increased. In addition, the GN model type II shows the
temperature wave distribution without damping, and the GN
model type III predicts a smooth temperature wave distribution
through the thickness that is similar to the classical theory.
Displacement distribution through the layer based on the LS
and GN type II is similar, although there are some differences
in the magnitude of displacement in two theories. Additionally,
the classical and GN type III theories predict similar
displacement distribution through the layer.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank the National Elite Foundation
for the grant that was provided to support this research project.
Figure 18. DIMENSIONLESS STRESS VARIATIONS AT MIDDLE
OF THE DOMAIN FOR DIFFERENT TIME STEPS.
REFERENCES
[1] Lord, H.W., and Shulman, Y., 1967. “A Generalized
Dynamical Theory of Thermoelasticity”. J. Mechanics and
Physics of Solids, vol. 15, pp. 299-309.
[2] Green, A.E., and Lindsay, K.E., 1972. “Thermoelasticity”.
J. Elasticity, vol. 2, pp. 1-7.
[3] Green, A.E., and Naghdi, P.M., 1993. “Thermoelasticity
without Energy Dissipation”. J. Elasticity, vol. 31, pp. 189-208.
[4] Green, A.E., and Naghdi, P.M., 1991. “A Re-examination of
the Basic Postulates of Thermomechanics”. Proc. Roy. Soc.
London Ser. A., vol. 432, pp. 171-194.
[5] Francis, P.H., 1972. “Thermomechanical Effects in Elastic
Wave Propagation: A Survey”. J. Sound Vib., vol. 21, pp. 181-
192.
[6] Ignaczak, J., 1981. “Linear Dynamic Thermoelasticity”.
Shock Vib. Dig.: A Survey, vol. 13, pp. 3-8.
Figure 19. DIMENSIONLESS STRESS VARIATIONS AT MIDDLE [7] Chandrasekharaiah, D.S., 1985. “Thermoelasticity with
OF THE DOMAIN FOR DIFFERENT TIME STEPS.
Second Sound: A Review”. Appl. Mech. Rev., vol.39, pp. 355-
375.
[8] Chandrasekharaiah, D.S., 1998. “Hyperbolic
Conclusion Thermoelasticity: A Review of Recent Literature”. Appli. Mech.
In this study, a one-dimensional thermoelastic region is
Rev., vol. 51, pp. 705-729.
modeled based on the classical and generalized coupled
[9] Hetnarski, R.B., and Eslami, M.R., 2009. “Thermal
thermoelasticity theories, and a finite element scheme is
Stresses-Advanced Theory and Applications”. Springer
employed to obtain the field variables directly in the space and
Series:SOLID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, vol.
time domains. The aim of this simulation is to show the
158.
behavior of thermal and elastic wave propagations under
[10] Bagri, A., Taheri, H., Eslami, M.R., and Fariborz, S., 2006.
different types of thermal and mechanical loads using different
“Generalized Coupled Thermoelasticity of a Layer”. J. Thermal
thermoelasticity theories.
Stresses, vol. 29, pp. 359-370.
Several characteristics of thermoelastic waves are found
according to this analysis. First, it is found that the distribution
of temperature and displacement waves through the domain is
smoother when heat flux is applied to the boundaries. In
addition, the coupling factor in the applied type of the heat flux
loading changes the slope of the temperature waves, while in
temperature shock loading it produces additional wave in front
of the wave-front. Comparison between the generalized
thermoelasticity theories shows that under thermal shock
loading, the LS and GL theories predict similar temperature
distributions through the layer, which are damped as time is

8 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

 ANNEX A

DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE IN DIFFERENT THERMOELASTICITY THEORIES (BCS 1)

A layer with dimensionless speeds defined in Eq. (25) is

considered in this part, and distribution of temperature through the
thickness of this slab based on different thermoelasticity theories
has been presented. Figures (20) to (23) show the distribution of
temperature through the thickness based on the classical, GL, GN
type II and III, respectively. These figures are obtained for BCs
(1) in Table (2).

1 ; 1 ; 0 ; 0.05

1 ; 0 ; 1 ; 0.05

1 ; 1 ; 1 ; 0.05

(25)
Figure 22. VARIATION OF DIMENSIONLESS
TEMPERATURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES CONSIDERING GN II THEORY (BCs 1).

Figure 20. VARIATION OF DIMENSIONLESS

TEMPERATURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES CONSIDERING CL THEORY (BCs 1).
Figure 23. VARIATION OF DIMENSIONLESS
TEMPERATURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES CONSIDERING GN III THEORY (BCs 1).

Figure 21. VARIATION OF DIMENSIONLESS TEMPERATURE

VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS FOR DIFFERENT TIMES
CONSIDERING GL THEORY (BCs 1).

9 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

 ANNEX B

DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE IN DIFFERENT THERMOELASTICITY THEORIES (BCS 2)

A layer with dimensionless speeds defined in Eq. (26) is

considered in this part, and distribution of temperature through the
thickness of this slab based on different thermoelasticity theories
has been presented. Figures (24) to (27) show the distribution of
temperature through the thickness based on Classical, GL, GN type
II and III respectively. These figures are obtained for BCs (2) in
Table (2).

1 ; 1 ; 0 ; 0.05

1 ; 0 ; 1 ; 0.05

1 ; 1 ; 1 ; 0.05

(26) Figure 26. VARIATION OF DIMENSIONLESS

TEMPERATURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES CONSIDERING GN II THEORY (BCs 2).

Figure 24. VARIATION OF DIMENSIONLESS

TEMPERATURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES CONSIDERING CL THEORY (BCs 2). Figure 27. VARIATION OF DIMENSIONLESS
TEMPERATURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES CONSIDERING GN III THEORY (BCs 2).

Figure 25. VARIATION OF DIMENSIONLESS

TEMPERATURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS FOR DIFFERENT
TIMES CONSIDERING GL THEORY (BCs 2).

10 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

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