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International Conference on Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 800 (2021) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/800/1/012024

Coconut sugar production of Dwarf coconut varieties

H Novarianto, M A Tulalo* and S Mawardi

The Indonesian Palma Crops Research Institute (IPCRI)ICERD-IAARD, Mapanget

street,PO Box 1004, Manado 95001, Indonesia
*
E-mail : tulalomeity@gmail.com

Abstract. One alternative coconut product of high economic value is coconut sugar. Coconut
sugar is processed from tapped sap collected from bunches. Nationally, coconut sugar production
reaches around 300,000 tonnes / year. The demand for coconut sugar in Indonesia, especially as
a raw material for sweet soy sauce production, is increasing by 10% every year. Due to sluggish
demand, the availability of raw materials for the coconut sugar soy product has been decreasing
in recent years. The shortage of coconut climbers collecting coconut sap is the cause of this issue,
which is caused by a number of factors, including the fact that young tappers are less interested
in climbing tall coconut palms. To solve this problem, it is important to determine the potency
of dwarf coconuts, which have a shorter trunk and bear fruit earlier. This study was aimed to
evaluate and conduct selection of Dwarf coconut varieties that have high yield potential as a
producer of sap and coconut sugar. The research was conducted in North Sulawesi Provinces by
evaluating nine Dwarf coconut varieties. The results of research on the production of coconut
sap and sugar from nine Dwarf coconut varieties with different plant ages, obtained mixed results
among coconut varieties. The time length of tapping sap varies between 31.42 and 43.21
days/bunch, the amount of sap varies between 1.1 and 3.3 liters/tree/day, the sap pH ranges from
6.49 to 7.86, Brix ranges from 14.01 to 17.64, sugar yield ranges from 14.54 to 18.95%, and
sugar production ranges from0.16 to0.42 kg/tree/day. Waingapu Red Dwarf (WRD), Salak
Green Dwarf (SGD), and Nias Yellow Dwarf (NYD) are the Dwarf coconut varities with highest
potential sap and sugar yields, with potential sugar yields of 2.09 tons, 1.64 tons, and 1.56
tons/month/ha, respectively. These Dwarf coconut are hoped to be grown in several provinces
that produce coconut sugar to assist coconut farmer.

1. Introduction
The coconut palm can generate sap or neera by tapping bunches of flowers, in addition to producing
fruit that can be transformed into a variety of high-value items. The sap is a clear liquid found in a
coconut bunch that has not been opened and tapped by farmers and tappers. Each bunch can produce 2-
4 liters of sap per palm per day [1]. According to the findings of an economic analysis, coconut sap
yielded from coconut palms and converted into coconut sugar is more profitable for coconut farmers
than coconuts processed into copra or sold as coconut fruit and from some reports,palm sugar 5-10 times
higher in income than copra products. The main advantage of coconut sugar is that its glycemic index
value is relatively low at 35-42, so it can be a safe sweetener for diabetics [2]. Coconut sugar also has
sufficient nutrition compared to granulated sugar (cane sugar). There are about 30 developed products
of coconut sap, and are categorized based on recommendations ofMSME in Banyumas District such as
suitable category i.e. white crystalline sugar, fresh drinks, and jelly drinks, slightsuitable category i.e.
syrup, candy, soy sauce, nectar, yakult, and yogurt, and unsuitable category i.e. kefir [3].
Coconut sugar, also known as Javanese or brown sugar, is made from the processing of coconut
palms and has distinct flavor that cannot be replaced by other sugars. Javanese sugar is used as a brown
colorant in addition to being a sweetener. Javanese sugar is made from coconut sap, which is cooked in
a traditional way by a family of farmers, then printed with bamboo molds, and sold to small traders
(baskets). Java sugar items are sold to collectors from this basket, and the collectors are then resold to
dealers/suppliers who supply and sell directly to soy sauce factories in large quantities [4]. The effect of
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International Conference on Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 800 (2021) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/800/1/012024

soaking tube with anti inverse solution and sodium metabisulphite concentration addition for naturally
fermented coconut sap for8 hours showed that the best parameter based on physicochemical properties
were obtained by adding500 ppmsodium metabisulphite and 3000 ppm anti inverse concentration [5].
Coconut sap sugar can be used as sugarsubstitutedue to its low glycemic index and α – amylase
inhibitory activity, but it can also be used as a preventive agent in treatment of type II diabetes mellitus
[6].
Nationally, coconut sugar production reaches around 300,000 tonnes / year. The demand for coconut
sugar in Indonesia, especially as a raw material for sweet soy sauce production, is increasing by 10%
every year. Due to sluggish demand, the availability of raw materials for the coconut sugar soy product
has been decreasing in recent yearsThe shortage of coconut climbers collecting coconut sap is the cause
of this issue, which is caused by a number of factors, including the fact that young tappers are less
interested in climbing tall coconut palms. To solve this problem, it is important to determine the potency
of dwarf coconuts, which have a shorter trunk and bear fruit earlier.
The type of coconut that has a short stem morphology is the Dwarf coconut. The Indonesia Palma
Crops Research Institute, IAARD has several Dwarf coconut varieties collected as germplasm from
several regions in Indonesia, such as: Nias Yellow Dwarf (NYD), Raja Brown Dwarf (RBD), Salak
Green Dwarf (SGD), Sagerat Orange Dwarf (SOD), Jombang Green Dwarf (JGD), Tebing Tinggi Dwarf
(TTD) and Bali Yellow Dwarf (BYD), and so on. In this regard, research into the production of coconut
sugar from Dwarf coconut varieties is needed.Differences in palm variety and age are thought to be the
source of sap production differences.Younger coconut palms have higher yields than older plants, in
addition to the skills of tappers [7].
The purpose of this study was to determine and obtain the Dwarf coconut varieties suitable for
coconut sugar production. It is expected that the results of this research can develop Dwarf coconut
varieties as a sap for producing palm sugar.

2. Material and Methods

The research was carried out in the Mapanget and Paniki Experimental Garden, IPCRI, North Sulawesi
forsix months starting from January-June 2016. The materials used in this study are productive trees of
Dwarf coconut varieties.
The study used Single Block Design with 10 treatments. The treatments were 9 Dwarf coconut
varieties and 1 Hybrid Coconut variety:
1. Tebing Tinggi Dwarf (TTD)
2. Bali Yellow Dwarf (BYD)
3. Nias Yellow Dwarf (NYD)
4. Jombang Green Dwarf (JGD)
5. Nias Green Dwarf (NGD)
6. Waingapu Red Dwarf (WRD)
7. Raja Brown Dwarf (RBD)
8. Sagerat Orange Dwarf (SOD)
9. Salak Green Dwarf (SGD)
10. Hybrid Coconut (KHINA 1)
The observed variables consisted of:
1. Stem height (m), measured from the bottom of the trunk to the old petiole of the crown of the leaf,
2. Bunch length (cm), measured from the base to the end of the bunch before starting the first tapping
process,
3. Bunch circle (cm), measured in the middle of the bunch,
4. Sap production per bunch / day, measured the volume of sap per bunch per day (twice tapping),
5. Sap production per palm, measured volume of sap produced by each palm (for 6 months).
6. Sap sugar levels, measured using a refractometer.
7. The level of acidity (pH) of the sap.
8. Time period for tapping per bunch.

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International Conference on Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 800 (2021) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/800/1/012024

9. Number of bunches harvested for 6 months per tree (bunches).

10. Yield of coconut sugar produced (%).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Palm age, stem height, and morphology of bunch

The nine varieties of Dwarf coconut with different ages and hybrid coconut were evaluated in the
Mapanget Experimental Garden for coconut sap and palm sugar production (Figure 1). The average time
for tapping / bunch of nine Dwarf coconut varieties and one hybrid coconut variety (KHINA 1, as a
control) were evaluated as well as the morphological characteristics of the stems and bunches are
presented in Table 1.

Table 1.The average length of tapping / bunching of nine Dwarf coconut varieties and one hybrid
coconut variety and the morphological characteristics of stem and bunches that are tasted in
Mapanget Experimental Garden

Palm Average of Average of Average of Average of time

No. Varieties age stem height bunch bunch for tapping/
(years) (m) length (cm) circle (cm) bunch (days)
1 Waingapu Red
Dwarf (WRD) 17 5.43 63.26 26.32 43.21
2 Salak Green
Dwarf (SGD) 15 4.93 50.32 21.66 31.42
3 Nias Green
Dwarf (NGD) 38 10.33 54.25 21.08 42
4 Nias Yellow
Dwarf (NYD) 39 9.61 56 22.27 37.7
5 Jombang Green
Dwarf (JGD) 38 9.43 48.92 22.79 36.33
6 Sagerat Orange
Dwarf (SOD) 30 7.2 57.44 17.19 36.13
7 Raja Brown
Dwarf (RBD) 36 8.66 61.22 19.64 34.9
8 Tebing Tinggi
Dwarf (TTD) 37 8.24 50.2 23.53 33.9
9 Bali Yellow
Dwarf (BYD) 10 4,06 51.09 21.53 32.21
10 KHINA-1
hybrid (Control) 38 11.9 64.13 26.75 50

The hybrid coconut of KHINA-1 (NYD x Tenga tall) has longesttime for tapping of 50 days,
according to the results of the observations in Table 1. Of the nine Dwarf coconut varieties, MRD has
the longest tapping time of 43.21 days and the shortestwas SGD for 31.42 days. The results of these
observations indicate that the tapping time is not affected by the age of the palm and the length of the
bunch that is being shown. Other experiment has opposite statement that the difference in sap production
is thought to be caused by differences in variety and age of palms [7]. The younger coconut palms have
higher yields than older palms. this research have found that the thickness of the bunches affected the
time for the tapping, this is evident in WRD and Khina 1, which have a greater bunch diameter and the

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International Conference on Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 800 (2021) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/800/1/012024

longest tapping time of all the varieties. The period of the tapping is determined by the thickness of the
bunches, but not by the length of the bunches.

Bali Nias Nias

Yellow Yellow Green

Jombang Tebing Waingapu

Green Tinggi Red

Raja Sagerat Salak

Brown Orange Green
Figure 1. Nine of Dwarf coconut varieties in Mapanget Experimental Garden

In general, the production of one bunch of sap in the first week of tapping is still below 500 ml, then
increases in the second week, stable until the third week thereafter begins to fall in the fourth week. But
in the next bunch, sap production in the first week on average above 1,000 ml/bunch/day and in the
second week has reached above 2,000 ml/bunch/day. The process of tapping sap in Dwarf coconut
variety can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Tapping sap on Dwarf coconut in Mapanget Experimental Garden

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International Conference on Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 800 (2021) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/800/1/012024

3.2. The sap and coconut sugar production of dwarf varieties

Table 2 shows the results of measurements of the number of palms examined, the average amount of
sap per tree per day, and the production of sugar per palm per day. Since the palm conditions in the field
are already very high, and some palms are considered to be quite dangerous to be checked, and tappers
have limitations, the number of palms of the nine Dwarf coconut varieties is not uniform.The highest
production of sap / palm / day and sugar / palm / day was found in hybrid coconut (KHINA-1), with sap
/ palm / day production 3.58 ml and sugar / palm / day production 0.67 kg, according to the results of
observations in Table 2. While the average sap / palm / day output and the highest sugar /palm / day
production of the nine Dwarf coconut varieties evaluated from March to June 2016 were found in WRD,
namely sap / palm / day production and sugar /palm / day production, respectively 2.60 liter. The output
of sugar palm per day is 0.45 kg, followed by SGD and NYD (Figure 3).The results of this observation
are quite stable for four months of observation. Other research found that the coconut variety of WRD
produced more sap compare to SGD, and RBD, the yield of sap are as follow 1,007 ml, 741 ml, and 628
ml/palm/day, respectively[8]. Since certain sample palms were not ready to be climbed and tapped by
tappers, previously it was expected to use 20 sample palms per coconut type, but the actual number of
palms used varied from 2 to 20.

Table 2. Number of palms sample, sap volume/palm/day, sugar yield/palm/day and average coco
sugar/palm/day of nine Dwarf coconut varieties and hybrid KHINA-1 in Mapanget
Experimental Garden

Number of Average volume Average production coco

No. Varieties
palm sample sap/palm/day sugar/palm/day (kg)
1 BYD 20 1.56 0.29
2 SOD 7 1.36 0.23
3 RBD 5 1.33 0.22
4 WRD 10 2.6 0.45
5 TTD 7 1.48 0.27
6 JGD 6 1.28 0.23
7 SGD 11 2.07 0.35
8 NYD 4 1.91 0.33
9 NGD 2 1.48 0.30
10 KHINA-1 2 3.58 0.67

The production of sap and coconut sugar from nine Dwarf coconut varieties is lower than Hybrid
coconut, but the condition of Dwarf coconut palms which has slower stem growth and faster first
flowering of fruit bunches (2-3 years) than Hybrid coconut (3-4 years) and Tall coconut (5-7 years),
shows the great potential of Dwarf coconut to be produced in producing coconut sap and sugar.
Furthermore, since the spacing of Genjah coconut palms is denser than that of Tall coconut and Hybrid
coconut, the number of Dwarf coconut palms per hectare of land is greater than that of Tall and Hybrid
coconut and the seed nut needed for rejuvenation and growth are easier to obtain because they do not go
through an artificial pollination process like Hybrid coconut.

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International Conference on Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 800 (2021) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/800/1/012024

Figure 3. Coconut sugar production/palm/day of nine Dwarf coconut varieties and coconut hybrid
in Mapanget Experimental Garden

3.3. pH, brix and rendement of coconut sugar

The damage to the sap is characterized by a decrease in pH due to a breakdown of sugar into organic
acids by microbes, such as yeast (Saccharomyces sp.) and the bacterium Acetobacter sp. Sucrose is
revamped into glucose and fructose, then the fermentation process of glucose and fructose into ethanol
and CO2 ends with the process of formation of acetic acid, the process of changing ethanol into acetic
acid [9].
The values of pH, Brix and sugar yield of the period from March-June 2016 are presented in Table
3. The pH of the sap is observed when the sap is lowered from the coconut palm in the morning and
evening. The pH of the sap from the nine varieties of Dwarf and hybrid coconuts that were examined
was neutral, with an average of 6.80-7.44.In general, the sap variance for the nine sap varieties of early
matured coconut appears to be very minimal, implying that the sap pH is unaffected by the variety. From
the results of observations in the field, the pH of the sap is more likely to be influenced by the
preservatives used as well as the weather during erosion, for example in extremely hot weather the pH
the sap ofappearsto be lower than in moderately hot weather. The coconut brix value rangedfrom 14.20-
15.49 with GHJ having the maximum brix value of 15.49. The sugar content of the sap from seven
Dwarf coconut varieties in this study was almost the same as that obtained by other research, which was
14% in freshly tapped sap [10].

Table 3. The average of pH, Brix and rendement coco sugar of nine Dwarf coconut varieties and hybrid
KHINAin Mapanget Experimental Garden on periode March - June 2016

No. Varieties pH Brix Rendement

(%)
1. BYD 6.88 15.20 16.60
2. SOD 7.44 14.78 16.89
3. RBD 7.02 14.80 15.57
4. WRD 6.82 14.34 16.21
5. TTD 6.99 14.74 17.08
6. JGD 6.88 15.49 17.29
7. SGD 7.00 14.91 16.94
8. NYD 6.80 14.20 15.90
9. NGD 6.80 14.65 16.65
10. KHINA-1 7.30 15.45 17.64

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International Conference on Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 800 (2021) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/800/1/012024

The tapping process is carried out twice a day, inthe morning and evening, and from each palm two
bunches can be tapped. The process of tapping and storing affects the freshness of the sap because the
sugar in the sap is very easily fermented [11]. The yield of cocounut sugar rangedfrom 15.57-17.29%,
the average yield of JGD is 17.29%, TTD 17.08%, SGD 16.95%, SOD 16.89%, BYD 16.60 %, NGD
16.65%, WRD 16.21%, NYD 15.90% and RBD 15.57%, respectively. This data shows that to get as
much as 1 kg of coconut sugar about 6 liters of palm sap is needed.
The results of showed that the nine Dwarf coconut varieties d could produce good quality sap and
coconut sugar with varying production potential. The potential ofsugar /palm / month production and
the potential of sugar / month / hectare production from Dwarf coconut planted with spacing of 8 mx 8
m and hybrid coconut 9 m X 9 m is presented in Table 4. This shows that the nine Dwarf coconut
varieties are potential to be developed for the production of sap and coconut sugar, but of the nine
varieties evaluated there are three very potential varieties with the highest sugar / hectare / month
production potential, namely WRD coconut of 2,106 kg, evidenced by SGD 1,638 kg and 1,544 kg
NYD. This is not only based on the production of sap and sugar, but also based on palm morphology
such as the amount of flower bunches being tasted and visually more palms performance in the field
Based on the experience of tappers during the ripening of Dwarf coconut that from the nine varieties
of Dwarf coconut, there are two varieties that are less favored when being checked which are BYD and
RBD because the leaf midrib acts as a buffer for the fruit being tested as well as a buffer for the tappers,
and the midrib leaf is easily separated. The state of this plant is thought to be capable of causing tapper
to collapse when tapping.

Table 4. Potential and sap production and coco sugar of nine Dwarf varieties in Mapanget
Experimental Garden

Coco Coco Potential coco

Varieties
sugar/palm/day (kg) sugar/palm/month(kg) sugar/month/ha (kg)
WRD 0.46 13.37 2,106
NGD 0.3 8.85 1,404
NYD 0.33 10.01 1,544
JGD 0.23 6.94 1,076
SOD 0.23 7.02 1,076
RBD 0.23 7.02 1,029
TTD 0.27 8.17 1,263
BYD 0.29 8.6 1,357
SGD 0.35 10.54 1,638
KHINA-1 0.67 20.13 2,436

The process of cooking sap to produce coconut sugar is shown in Figure 4. Coconut sap that has
been damaged or fermented when processed will produce coconut sugar with a texture that is difficult
to become crystal sugar, resulting in losses for coconut sugar quality [12].To overcome this problem, it
is necessary to provide preservatives in the sap container when tapped [13]. Usually the husband of the
family will tap the sap every day, in the morning and afternoon, and the sap will be cooked to coconut
sugar by the housewife.

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International Conference on Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 800 (2021) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/800/1/012024

Figure 4. Processing Dwarf coconut sap to produce coconut sugar

4. Conclusion
The thickness of the bunches not the length of the bunches affetcs the time for tapping. The production
of palm sap and coconut sugar from nine Dwarf coconut varieties with different palm age, was varies
among coconut varieties. The length time for tapping varies between 31.42 and 43.21 days / bunch, the
sap volume ranges from 1.1 - 3.3 liters / tree / day, the sap pH ranges from 6.49 to 7.86, Brix ranges
from 14.01 to 17.64, sugar yield ranges from 14.54 to 18.95%, and sugar production ranges from 0.16
to 0.42 kg / palm / day. Waingapu Red Dwarf (WRD), Salak Green Dwarf (SGD), and Nias Yellow
Dwarf (NYD), were considered very potential varieties with the highest production of
sugar/hectare/monthand yield of 2.09 tons, 1.64 tons and 1.56 tons / month / ha.

Acknowledgements
Thank you to PT. Unilever for the collaboration in this research with the IPCRI, ICERD and IAARD,
and supporting the budget for this coco sugar research. Special thanks to Mrs. Sinta Kaniawati, Mr.
Pujuh Kurniawan, Mr. Rinaldi Sadewo, Mr.Clement Jaloux, and other stafs of PT.Unilever. Many
thanks to workers of tapping sap from East Lampung Region, Lampung Province, whose work in
Mapanget Experimental Garden, North Sulawesi for doing this activity. Last but not least Mr. Leman L.
Raranta as Manager of Mapanget Experimental Garden, and all staffs have make sucess this research
activity.

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