Hellen Keller (1880-1968

Roselle Ambubuyog (1980)

A person’s ability to engage in
meaningful interactions with other
people, his /her surroundings, and the
things around him or her, is rooted in
the human capacity for self-awareness
and transcendence.

Nicholas James “Nick” (1982)

Intersubjectivity refers to the shared
awareness and understanding among
persons. It is made possible by the
awareness of the self and the other.
 The
relationship
between the
self and the
other enables
the person to
relate to
others,
establish and
maintain
meaningful
relationships.
“Seeming” actions refers to the way a person presents
himself or herself when dealing with others. This is
considered a natural and often unconscious act.
Some people, however, engage in seeming actions to
deceive and manipulate others.
A deep and genuine
relationship between persons
is called a dialogue. Dialogue
happens when two persons
truly acknowledge each
other’s presence and treat
each other as equals.
Empathy is an important aspect of
intersubjectivity and is driven by a person’s
awareness of the emotions and thoughts of
other people.
It enables a person to
place himself or herself
in the shoes of others
and leads to a greater
understanding and
appreciation of others.
Availability refers to the willingness of a
person to be present for another and to
render assistance to another.
The theory on the ethics of care
emphasizes the moral dimension
of human interactions. It believes
that people have a moral obligation
to respond to the needs of others,
and encourages individuals to
extend help to people in need.
Alienation refers to a state when a person
ceases to view the other as a distinct and
authentic person. Rather, the person
considers others
as merely
objects or
means to satisfy
personal
interests
or desires.
Meaningful and beneficial human relationships
are founded on the values of acceptance,
openness,
and respect.

As humans,
we are driven by
our shared dignity
to treat each other
with respect
and acceptance.
 1. Have you had an
opportunity to apply the
Page ethics of care in your
110 everyday life? Describe your
experiences.
 2. Do you believe that
people who are
Page disabled and
110 underprivileged are still
able to contribute to
society? Explain your
answer.
 3. How will you be able
to show appreciation
Page for the skills and
110 talents of persons
with disabilities and
the underprivileged?
APPLY: Have you ever engaged in a genuine and
meaningful interaction with another person?
Write a reflection paper describing this encounter
and how it affected you.
Identify an individual whom you consider to
embody the concept of “a person for others.”
Research and create a profile of your chosen
individual, highlighting his or her significant
achievements. Present your work in class.
APPLY: Research on a person with
disability who has lived a productive
and meaningful life despite his or her
disability. Discuss his or her
background, significant achievements,
as well as the traits that enabled him
or her to succeed in life.
APPLY:
Organize or participate in an outreach
program serving the underprivileged or
marginalized sectors in your community.
You may also organize a talent show that
will involve persons with disabilities or
underprivileged individuals. Write a
reflection paper on your experience.
Self Description.
Complete the
following
statements.
In my family, I am the …
My family has made me…
In my school, I consider myself…
My school has helped me become…
In my community, I am a …
My community has enable me to…
1. How has your family defined your
identity as a person?
2. In what way has your school and
community influenced your growth?
3. In what way do you see yourself
making a significant contribution to
society?
1. Recognize how individuals form societies
and how individuals are transformed by
societies.
2. Compare different forms of societies and
individualities.
3. Explain how human relations are
transformed by social systems; and
4. Evaluate how social systems transform
human relationships, and how societies
transform individual human beings.
Pages 112-114
Society is an organization or club formed for a
particular purpose or activity or companionship or
friendly association with others, an alliance, a
community or a union.
Society greatly influences the
individual, as it determines to a certain
extent a person’s identity. Society makes
the possible emergence of certain
individualities, which are the result of
the person’s interaction with other
members of society.
 Jean Jacques
Thomas Hobbes Rousseau
Pages 114-116
Enlightenment philosophers and most prominent
social theorists who tackled the origins of human society.
They imagined humans as living in a so-called “natural state”
removed from modernity and civilization.

Individuals who establish societies
enter into a “social contract” - an
agreement where individuals
sacrifice an amount of their
freedom and submit to a higher
authority.
Persons in their natural states
are governed by their desires
and these often lead to
conflict with their fellowmen.
Society, therefore, is the
means by which people seek
to control their natural
tendencies and impose order.
He considered persons in their
natural states as more
cooperative, reasonable and
that society is formed through
the consent of the individuals
that organized it. This concept
consent
is known as the
of the governed.
Rousseau believed that even if the
people are the ones who organized
society and established an authority or
government, in extreme cases, the
government is able to imposed its will
on the people. This is based on the Jean Jacques
Rousseau
assumption that the people have “ideas on the
empowered the government to act on social contract
their behalf, and that it is considered led him to
advocate the
to be the best judge of what is most concept of the
beneficial for society. “general
will”
 Redefined the social
contract and explained
that human beings
Introduced a approach social
version of the cooperation in a rational
natural state
manner in order to meet
which he called
their individual
the original
self-interests.
position.
 Described people’s
self-interests as a
significant factor in building
and maintaining societies.
David Gauthier
People choose to cooperate since it is
beneficial to meet their self-interests. But
this selfish interest benefits society as a
whole, since the actions of individuals in
meeting their individual needs also further
the interests of the other members of
society.
It is important to note that society is
founded on the concept of the
common good.
Common Good refers to the social conditions
which enable persons and groups to fulfill their
goals and achieve well-being e.g. peace w/in the
community, clean & safe public spaces, efficient
transport system & efficient public services.
 DISCUSS
1. What are the factors or influences
that drove human beings to
establish societies?
2. Reflect on the groups that you
interact with regularly. How do
these groups uphold the common
good?
7. What are the different forms of societies?

7.2 Pastoral Society – This type of

society is characterized by the domestication of
animals for food for a more stable and predictable
food supply. It has larger population than HGS and
remain longer in one place. Produces surplus food
and resources w/c they trade w/other societies. This
relative prosperity enables the people to engage in
other activities apart from those necessary of
survival, such as handicrafts. This eventually leads
to the emergence of specialized tasks in the
community.
7. What are the different forms of societies?
7.1 Hunting and gathering society (HGS)
– This is recognized as the earliest and simplest
form of society. It is generally characterized by its
small size and is composed mainly of families. They
are nomadic because they spend most of their time
searching for food and thus, have no permanent
territory. The hierarchy is this type of society is not
very varied. Its members are generally treated
equally and decisions are usually arrived at through
a consensus. Because of this, the roles of its
members and the division of labor is not very
clearly defined.
7. What are the different forms of societies?

7.3 Horticultural Society –

Engages in the small-scale cultivation of plants,
fruits and vegetables and the domestication of
animals. It is semi-nomadic w/c means that they
travel to another place when they have already
depleted the resources in one area. In this society,
roles and responsibilities are more clearly defined
with many tasks assigned according to gender.
Similar to the pastoral society, there is also a
surplus of goods, w/c sometimes leads to
inequalities among its members.
7. What are the different forms of societies?

7.4 Agrarian Society –

It involves the large-scale and long-term
cultivation of crops and domestication of
animals. This society is characterized by
improved technology and the use of tools to
aid in farming. Improved technology and
farming methods results in increased
production, giving rise to a growing
population in agricultural societies. The large
population of agricultural societies leads to a
more structured social system that helps
manage resources and its members.
7. What are the different forms of societies?

7.4 Feudal Society – It is based on the

ownership of land. Arose out of developments in Western
Europe during Medieval times, when rival kingdoms wre
engaged in conflict over resources, particularly land. Rulers
grant their followers or vassals the right to manage parcels
of land. These vassals, in turn are served by peasant
workers who cultivate the land and tend to the animals in
the farms. In return for their services they are provided
military protection.
Members of society were organized based on status.
7. What are the different forms of societies?

7.5 Industrial Society – It is

based on the use of specialized machinery in the
production of goods and services. Tha advances in
science and technology in the late 18th century
resulted in the industrial Revolution, w/c in turn
gave rise to new production and industrial
methods, as well as innovations in transportation
and communication. These technological advances
resulted in improved trade and commerce and
better life conditions for many people. Work done in
factories and public education is more prevalent.
7. What are the different forms of societies?

7.6 Post-Industrial Society –

It is marked by the establishment of
societies based on knowledge,
information, and the sale of
services. Lead by the human mind
and aided by highly advanced
technology, the trend has shifted
from industry to the generations,
storage, manipulation and sale of
information. Eg. Virtual Society
THINK
Relate the discussion on
the development of the forms
of society to the historical
development of Philippine
society. Make a timeline
identifying which period in or
history corresponse to each
form of society. Present and
discuss your work in class.
How does society
influence our development
as persons?
The person and the society have a
very dynamic relationship in which one
cannot exist without the other. Society
influences our development as persons
in various ways.
How does society influence our
development as persons?
Society influences the interactions
of its members through the
establishment of NORMS w/c are a set of
traits and behavior that society
considers acceptable, and are thus
encouraged and passed on to other
members. E.g. Pagmamano
What rule in our society would result in
chaos if it were change?
LAWS are more formal and
stringent norms that establish and
define acceptable behavior of
citizens. These also prescribe the
consequences or penalties that will
be imposed on violators.
FOLKWAYS are less formal norms that arise from
tradition and do not result in punishment when
violated.
Norms, laws, and other rules that regulate
human interactions give rise to a social system,
w/c is an organized or patterned set of
relationships among individuals and groups that
compose a society. Each member is assigned a
social role, w/c are actions and behaviors
expected of a certain individual.
Individuals who share similar backgrounds or perform
similar roles are grouped together into social groups
or social classes. Certain groups that perform vital
functions in society are recognized as social
institutions, and these include the family, school,
government and religion.
Society also transforms human
relations, w/c leads to the
transformation of its members.
Another way society shapes us is through Social
values. Values such as cooperation, obedience to the
law, concern for others, and respect for others are
considered vital to maintaining an orderly society. In
the same way, you were born into a generation that
has unique experiences and characteristics. This
disparity in experience and views brings about the
“generation gap” w/c often leads to conflict among
people of different ages when discussing certain
topics.
DISCUSS
1. How has your community influenced
you as a person? What traits or
behavior can you directly attribute to
your upbringing in society?

2. Which society or values identify us as

Filipino? Why are these traits and values
considered important by Philippine
society?
THINK
Reflect on how your relationships and roles in society
have changed throughout your life. Copy the table below
and complete it by writing the required information.
(Page 124)
Period I often relate to the I performed the following
following groups … roles . . .
Early Childhood
Elementary
High School
What significant changes have you noticed in your relationships
with others throughout your life? What role did society play in
these changes?
How does society enable me to become a better
person?
Society recognizes the capability of the
person to develop, and provides its
members with opportunities to better
themselves.

Person can also undertake to contribute

to society through their decisions and
actions.
How does society enable me to become a better
person?
Organized action is often the best means
to bring about changes in society, and the
concerted effort of many groups often bring
about a social movement, w/c is a large-scale
action done by various groups and
organizations in pursuits of a common goal to
bring about change.
DISCUSS 1. How does society enable its
members to develop and
achieve well-being?
2. How can individuals
contribute to bringing change
in society?
3. How can you uphold the
common good in your
respective societies?
4. What positive changes have
occurred in your community?
What brought about these
changes?
Get ¼ Sheet of paper and answer
page 127 to 128
10 minutes
Answer for 1. Society 6. John Rawls
Page 127 2. Common 7. Norms
good
Letter A
3. Social 8. Social
Contract System
4. Thomas 9. Social
Hobbes Group
5. John Locke 10. Social
Values
Answer
for Page
1. G 6. A
128 2. E 7. F
Letter B
3. A 8. G
4. D 9. E
5. B 10. C
REFLECT
1. Do you believe that your community and
society have enabled you to become a better
person? In what way has society contributed
to your growth as a person?

2. What positive changes, in your

view, should occur in our society?
How will you be able to help
achieve that change?
APPLY
1. Research on an individual who has made a positive
impact on Philippine society. Make a profile of your
chosen individual. Describe his or her background
and significant achievements and deeds. Present
your work in class.
2. Create a photo journal showing the individuals,
groups, and institutions that have significantly influenced
you throughout your life. Describe the positive
influences they had on your development as a person.
Mary Grace L. Batoon
Subject Teacher