Human Anatomy and Physiology (CCST4083)

Part 2
Chapter 7:
Integumentary System
Skin, Hair, Nails and Cutaneous glands

HKU SPACE Community College

Copyright 2020
 The Integumentary System (Skin and Its Appendages)
Five Major Functions:
Skin is the largest organ composed of
several layers physicallayer
to Ptd 1. Protection skin
as an external covering of the body
a tough and waterproof outer layer
against infection
a deep middle layer severaltime
以㟅 in 2. Water Retention wp bodyfluid
Other structures in the integumentary
system: 3. Sensation
pain temp
change
Hair, nails & cutaneous glands feel
with receptors (sensory neurons)
(sebaceous and sweat glands) sensorand
temp
These structures contain a structural 4. Thermoregulation an
body

It
fii
Keratin which maintains body temperature through
provides toughness and rigidity sweating, dilation or constriction of
the skin blood vessels
tough
in 5. Vitamin D synthesis
collagen protein
extracellular
lhealth
Done homeostasis
http://purplefive.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/latest-makeup-tips-for-dry-winter-skin-43982.jpg calcium 2
 Skin consistsGlwudwdeyi
of 3 tissue layers
tissue
Epithelial
2. Dermis the middle layer
1. Epidermis the outermost layer
Dense irregular connective tissue layer

nith
consists of
epithelium (protective layer) generate
fibroblasts (connective-tissue cells)
consists of tough and flattened cells
collagen and elastic fibers
(Keratinocytes/Epidermal cells) sensation
can modify into cutaneous glands and nails
nerves
blood vessels
ngmds uwet.MN
iii i
Physical layer
Glands
i

connective
tinég
tissue
connective
nyftallllipoytes
made

3
http://childrenshospital.org/az/Site784/Images/SKINANATOMY.gif
 The Epidermal Sub-layers Epithelial 相比withoutpacked
bloodvessels

机鼠化熱比 dog itis inI. Epidermis

死⽪ layer Nobleeding since
Horny
lnutin justcutthe
thepolen
keep epitnn
aaketlegwgh Stratified squamous epithelium
Most cells are called keratinocytes
戵
Granular layer

dǎinm (keratin epidermal cells); Cells produce

keratin when they are young
Prickly layer
They are flattened and waterproof
Regenerative layer keratinocytes.

(contain basal cells)

Cells are tightly and closely packed and
held together by tight junctions (cell
junctions)
The Sub-layers of the Epidermis
1. Horny layer [Stratum corneum]lmtutnelyey Most cells move to the surface and
dead keratinocytes Separate internal extend then die. (Dead-cell layer)
mmoumeyj Forms the outermost protective layer
2. Regenerative layer [Stratum basale] (physical barrier)
the base of the epidermis
For water retention and as the body's
contains basal cells (stems cells for
first line of defense
making new keratinocytes)
newcells pushingto thetop pathogen
though
http://www.pgbeautygroomingscience.com/assets/images/wosc/Chapter%201/Epidermis%202.jpg
xwteeym 4
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_gamHvtSFquE/RrvnGVd9cFI/AAAAAAAAAb4/tMzfnOT5CKw/s320/skinlayers.jpg
 Epidermis

The thickest epidermis is found

on the palms of the hands and
soles of the feet (~1 mm) while
the thinnest was found in the
breast in women (~0.07 mm)
Different epidermal
thickness at different body
sites

Epidermis requires continual

renewal to stay healthy 最厚
⼿掌腳掌表⽪
胸部最薄

5
http://a rtofdermatology.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/TCA-Peel.jpg
 Renewal Process of Epidermis
It takes a new skin cell about 15 days to move from
the bottom to the surface of the skin
Horny layer: Dead flattened cells
Dead epidermal cells are completely
filled with keratin Old/Dead cells
Cells are closely packed and form
interlocking barrier manyalljnuct.ms
Shed from the surface

如以
Regenerative layer:
Regenerative/ basal cells
Box-like stem cells Young
in
Produce a continuous supply of new
keratinocytes (epidermal cells)
New cells are pushed upwards to form
the epidermal layer

6
http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2009/September/Flour/images/Vulnerable_skin_www_MF_fig_2.jpg
 Functions of Integumentary System: Learning Objectives
Tough
Epidermis
1. UV protection
2. Body defense

Dermis
Vitamin D3 synthesis (absorbs sunlight)
Sensation
Excretion

Functions of the Integumentary System

Thermoregulation

7
http://www.nanavatihospital.org/articles/images/dermatology%20center%20in%20mumbai.jpg
 VitaminDi
all
demgeskin
to
cancer
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Skin 8
 Functions of Epidermis: UV Protection
Block
Melanocytes are specialized epidermal
WB.dghf ru
cells that
undergo
exocytosis胞
吐
Ultraviolet (esp. UVB) can damage skin cells produce Melanin 0
恐恐恐 ǐiytes
and lead to skin cancer A brown-black pigment absorbs
UV light
Thus, some UV can be blocked
from reaching stem cells and
dermis chance getting
reduce
Blackcolours
Skincancer
4uelauoyt
Melanin intersperses among others
epidermal cells
Melanin Also gives skin color
The amount of melanocytes and
melanin of an individual can be
willnotgeneral keratin䚠的 determined by UV intensity exposed
xkeratinocytescells and genes
4Wsqmelanyte
epidermal Black people have more melanin
and melanocytes
9
http://blog.dearbornschools.org/renkom/files/2010/10/melanocyte.jpg
 Functions of Epidermis: Body Defense

Epidermal immune cell

(Langerhans' cell)
I
ng
It is a star-shaped tissue macrophage
Found in the epidermal layer
Against microorganisms

find⼼
嚼

http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/ 10
2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%202%20Review/05-02ab_Epidermis.JPG
 Functions of Integumentary System: Learning Objectives

Epidermis
1. UV protection
2. Body defense

Dermis (connective tissue)

Vitamin D3 synthesis (using sunlight)
Sensation
Excretion

Functions of the Integumentary System

Thermoregulation

substances
Nonpolar cmbeǜǚinb以11
7
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 ffnt
them

Ǚii
soluble
㖄 it
Dermis: Vitamin D Synthesis nwacannd

A certain amount of sunlight reaches the skin layer (dermis)

Fat molecules (cholesterol) are converted into the inactive form of vitamin D3
i
Kidneys form
Vitamin D is the hormone to maintain calcium homeostasis (to enhance Ca2+
absorption from the digestive tract)

inactive
form

品
1 岱 熊㗊器tvitaD
苡品惢 homme
fsf
⼝
Disatiuevita bloodall absorb
Active Vitamin D
callredCal
small
ncal
intestine
homeostasis

Vitamin D3 are carried by vitamin D binding

protein (DBP) in blood
local7and disat
http://www.wardelab.com/img/reports/sun_skin.gif implement
http://www.elements4health.com/images/stories/vitamin-d.gif
12
 巒
Sensation

Skin is a iichiǐǎge Mechauomg

With many nerves
(with sensory neurons)
Most nerves contain receptors
in the dermis (some are close
to the epidermis)
Fingertips and lip have more
receptors than the dorsal side
of the body
Fingertips and lip are
sensitive
4 4sensitive
Mechanoreceptors respond to
touch, pressure and distortion
of Epithemns
thickness

13
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/ChemicalSomaticSenses_files/image020.jpg
 Sensation
sonety
have

to

cn lv
Mechanoreceptors
Send nerve impulses to the
brain when they are
physically pulled or touched

pressurewith
distortion

⼀ 埠前器 gi 問筑 ⼀年amount
望 large
Thermoreceptors
change t.mn ⼀⼼ 只
They are sensitive to temperature change
想 stimulus gated
sodium

Nociceptors (pain receptors)

They detect pain/ cellular injury
恻
飍1iiioiit噬 iifn.im
to gniand
electrical
7
巨 细胞
Ǘaaophagel
generate
a比
近
戀䉭 Ptuty
tissue ˇ
get thepathogen
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14
 secretory t
all havemany
vessides.atapical
surface
signal to
Dermis- Sweat Glands brain
prepcu 知curldirectly
exocytosis throughan
pass the
through
membrane.also
secutyseut.my
secretion be
vesicleswill
Duringthe
theseug
onlyreleased

Two types of sweat glands: and

1. Merocrine sweat glands 扣 themrgktm excretion排泄 of al
The most numerous sweat glands: over the body surface
epithel
large
amount

flowin
Epidermallayer
qiExcrete water and metabolic wastes i.e. urea ⼀流步以 蕊gum
Produce sweat to cool down the body (evaporation of water) coiledstructure
Excretion and thermoregulation 4sweat ⼼右 heat
濫倒
absorbbody

2. Apocrine sweat glands special smell臭狐 雀

moresubstances

fiin
mnenes.cm
the heat thwyhevapwatn
Sweat is thicker (salty protein-and-lipid-richǎy
bring 吵
fluid)inutnutsl
Found at armpits, groin, anal region, begins at puberty

find
Sweat is metabolized by bacteria producing unpleasant odor
Ducts open into hair follicle send biglumen
lipids
P.119, Sa ladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub) bgmddegenerate 15
http://www.2classnotes.com/images/12/science/Zoology/types_of_exocrine_glands_according_to_modes_of_secretion.gif
 L 彬
Functions of Dermis- Oil Secretion
ofthe Mid
aponm twgh Special
he 11
sweet
gtniseweteen.int
acid amwacìq protein sat
Thefluidcontain
nutrients

Nearhearfollicle coiledstructure
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands vs sweatglmdlx amount offat an
insteadwithlarge
Secrete sebum (oil)
acidic
Acidic (pH 5.5): antibacterial effect
Sebum allows skin to be waterproof and
supple softandmpe
The ducts open into hair follicle (exocrine)
Holocrine secretion

whole epithelial
cellnnl

dischy
tanast extemeleni sewe.hn
cellshave lgenmnfof
lysosomes
l withenzymes
organelle
acidic

http://www.homebusinessandfamilylife.com/images/sebaceous_follicle.jpg 16
http://www.2classnotes.com/images/12/science/Zoology/types_of_exocrine_glands_according_to_modes_of_secretion.gif
 The 3rd layer of Skin 7 意wigr insulincan
脂肪
⽪下 fat all can it
sfatleugystout.nl
Hypodermis- Subcutaneous Tissue (Fat) absorbgmase
Thick adipose tissue (connective tissue)
Males: 1.65 mm to 14.65 mm, Females: 3.30 mm to 18.20 mm
Ngtchangenutrientsintofat
Stores energy
Acts as a shock absorber and insulator

t.in
Highly vascular
能
vessels
fyvasscnw
blood
晶

17
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 ǎww malfunction
below35 above 年0 all became

Mgeic ⼭
death or Mness
Functions of Integumentary System: Learning Objectives

Epidermis
1. UV protection
2. Body defense

Dermis
Vitamin D3 synthesis (absorbs sunlight)
Sensation
Excretion

Functions of the Integumentary System

Thermoregulation

18
http://www.nanavatihospital.org/articles/images/dermatology%20center%20in%20mumbai.jpg
 Functions of the Integumentary System:
Thermoregulation morethan38了 sailing
mechanism
1skin Heatgenerating
Heating and Cooling MechanismsJ
Sensors: Thermoreceptors (sensors) in skin and some internal organs (i.e. brain)
Integrating center: Thermoregulatory center at the hypothalamus inside my
Effectors: Sweat glands and cutaneous blood vessels, skeletal muscles and fat tissues IT
EM amounty by
few
heatcan

idyune

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 仙街 gtatenuwe
impulse
transduction
rapidsignal
Thermoregulation t
tideMdml Hypothalamus
brain
pggg
of
Sensors:
1. Peripheral (skin) thermoreceptors
2. Visceral (internal organs) thermoreceptors temp
bloodtemp
i Ydlectinformation
i.e. in the deep brain and other visceral organs
measure the core body temperature tmy
activateeffector

The thermoregulatory center is at the

produce
ǎii
hypothalamus
receives nerve impulses from the visceral and sknarhòl
to
peripheral thermoreceptors
produces appropriate responses to the 淼
m
effectors
vessel
smallblood

ri
ii
Effectors: betweencapiuymdwty
ennnrfoutwlauomtdbloodflowtohpwting感 器
1. Skin arterioles
2. Sweat glands
(small arteries)
mechanism
iiwn temp
3. Skeletal muscles Heating
4. Fat tissues weatiwe
my

歐
http://www.siemenslab.de/images/thermoregulatoryPathways.jpg
20
 Thermoregulation: Effectors ⼼
is
a channel sihevmoueaptrgenerate 淫 前
cerebral corte
贔器
sodium
empchangesactivatestimulusgated
Effectors regulate the amount of heat in the body
heat evaporatesweat
_evaporation
1. Sweating (perspiration)Imewwineswentglmd

囉
sweat glands secrete sweat (watery fluid)
sweating promotes heat loss
evaporation of sweat from body surface has a
moleculeshavehighspan
cooling effect sincewater absorb abye
heatcapacity can
⼤ 州 州
鼠 蟲鼠
lowers the body temperature
叫boy
as a leavethe
can ǎnhvdy
2. Control the amount of blood flowing to skin 前
比 Blwd 批 inside
surface
PM
恐批 70
less blood ⼀⼀
Skin arterioles constrict : retains body heat
patient
heatSkin arterioles dilate: promotes heat loss won
body
eep temp in constantgetnuwwy
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flow
bloodwill
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21
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Hinifln 㖄
MǗBlood onflow
l
to skinsuhe

thedeep
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Heatlosscan be
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 Thermoregulation: Effectors
3. Skeletal muscle activity
8
嘴蠟
Muscle activity is the major control of heat production
Shivering thermogenesis (involuntary motor response)

heatz_z.huctim int 㞽
increases skeletal muscle activity to generate more body heat
muscle tone
produces more heat to increase body temperature

weauatimttlnt aseyhed.mu clothes

muscleshivaal
skeletal
批
hàlsm
wen

22
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 Thermoregulation below His snthm

When body temperature is lower than the set point (i.e. 37.5 degree Celsius), ⼗ ⼀⼀
Skin兜巒
Thermoreceptors inform the thermoregulatory center (hypothalamus)
lessblood批 and sign_
sknnmnsci bvesselny.PK1white t.nuthe effectors
The thermoregulatory center then triggers
1. Vasoconstriction of cutaneous arterioles uamahed 峢
2. Promotes shivering thermogenesis muscle tone)generate
3. Curl up
more
heat
唦
clothes

9鼠咒

http://i 41.photobucket.com/albums/e270/duglas/Endof%20Feb/shivering.gif 23
http://www.apsubiology.org/anatomy/2020/2020_Exam_Reviews/Exam_4/24-27_BodyTempReg.JPG
 tissue
Fat
Non-shivering Thermogenesis
Shivering is the common way to generate body heat to
increase body temperature in adults.

Non-shivering thermogenesis uses brown fat tissues

Brown adipose tissue (a special type of fat tissue) can
increase heat production in the newborn infants

neub ij lv
http://d3e3jwjal5zk9x.cloudfront.net/content/jexbio/214/2/242/F5.large.jpg 24
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 I

Neumlt
Neaptos
add on fat all
carbohydrates
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itbreak down Tvygfaridesctipdlfx into
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Nuwet shiny all on
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 25
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4bodytemps
enhanceenzymatic albiǎhǎiite blood

all
Fever cumin of
activity Hypothalamus

Inflammation 疑
4metabolic

sgnaǐwlemlessyíiatesǐginlate
we spend our
resources
Body temp. set-point is elevated by 4 癍thermoregulatory center
the lggluuej
all
Infection can trigger hypothalamus to increase the body
temperature set-point 37.5 740
Increases heat production (i.e. shivering) and reduces heat
loss (i.e. vasoconstriction, curl up body)
More body heat, body temperature
Leads to hyperthermia

t
好緊

http://i ntensivecare.hsnet.nsw.gov.au/icwiki/images/c/c9/Temperature.png 26
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叫itǚǖtmogmsis
i
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system
leak to shiveny.lu vascular

l
Shut down
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Tǜǖlooks pale
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 Burns

Caused by hyperthermal damage (high

heat)
紅腫熱脹
tinntdmyel
Leads to inflammatory response 湖
Life-threatening condition because of
fluid loss
infection
toxic effects of eschar (dead tissue)

跳
Ǚdstuamstgmi
出
i swevfh
t
以 27
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 The 1st Degree Burn (Partial-Thickness Burn)
Epithermas

Only epidermis
Usually localized
Redness, slight edema, and pain
t
Sunburn

(For Your Information Only)

28
P.125, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 The 2nd Degree Burn (Partial-Thickness Burn)

Epidermis and part of dermis

Red, tan, or white
⽔泡and painful
Blistered
May cause damage to hair follicles,
nerve endings, and cutaneous glands
Sunburns and scalds
(For Your Information Only)

29
P.125, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 The 3rd Degree Burn (Full-Thickness Burn)
seven

Epidermis and dermis

are completely destroyed
Contracture and
disfigurement can result
(For Your Information Only)

30
P.125, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 Skin Disorders
Skin is frequently exposed to irritants and
microorganisms
inflamed easily Eczema

Skin cancer is usually caused by excessive exposure

to sunlight
Nails and hair disorders may be due to localized
diseases or general health problems
Ghwecarnihnets proteinchange Dermatitis

Examples:
Allergy, hypersensitivity (inflammation)
濕疹 (causes itching, redness, dryness, and
Eczema
withouttissue
iy
cracking of skin)
⽪膚
Contact 炎
dermatitis (skin inflammation due to
allergic reaction or direct irritation of chemicals)

31
http://www.abc.net.au/news/image/2874470-3x2-940x627.jpg
 Acne 暗癌

Acne is the blockage and inflammation of the

sebaceous glands
Changing in hormones increases sebum
production (during adolescence)
Harmless bacteria living on the skin contaminate
the plugged hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
This causes skin inflammation and infection.
Leads to small, red spots, blackhead and plugs on
the face, neck, upper chest and back

http://omega3-supplements-benefits.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/acne.jpg 32
http://www.enetmd.com/sites/default/files/dermnet_rm_photo_of_psoriasis_on_fingernail.jpg
 Skin Appendages: Hair
Epidwmh tough
Filament from keratinized epidermal cells watwpuef
(tough and waterproof)
Grows from hair follicle
Grows almost everywhere:
except: lip, nipple, palm and sole

Hair has different functions according to where it is

growing.
Hairs on limbs and face:
sensory function, enhance facial expression
⼀⼀
Hairs on head: protection, heat retention

Other function: Dispersal of sexual scents

33
http://hairtx.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/hair_anatomy.gif
 Skin Appendages: Nails (For Your Information Only)

Fingernails and toenails (keratinized)

Protect the sensitive tips of finger and toe
Grip objects
Scratch itches

Structure: Hard Nail Plate

Root (embedded in the skin)
Nail body
Free edge

The nail matrix develops the nail plate (keratin

structure) and pushes the plate forward

Fingernails grow 3 times faster than toenails

34
P.118, Sa ladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
END

Beauty is only skin-deep

but skin is pretty deep.

35