VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)

IBRAHIMBAGH, HYDERABAD-31
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Name of the Course: Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Assignment – 2
Name of the Faculty: Dr. Nagaratna P Hegde Date of submission: 03/11/2022
Class: 3/4
Section: CSE-B
Sem: V Semester Academic Year: 2023-24

SET-1 : 1602-21-733-121,96,102.84.076.100,119 , 073,090,110

Q.N Question Marks BTL Mapped
o. (1/2/3/4/5/6)
CO PO
1. Decide whether the following sentence is valid, satisfiable 1 3 2 1,2

((Smoke ∧ Heat) ⇒ Fire) ⇔ ((Smoke ⇒ Fire) ∨ (Heat ⇒

Fire))

2. Suppose we have a 5x5 Wumpus world with the usual rules, 1 3 2 1,2
as shown below. Represent knowledge when agent moves 3
cells in upward direction

3 Give a forward chaining proof of the sentence 7<=3+9. 1 3 2 1,2

Consider the following knowledge base:
1. The-humidity-is-high v the-sky-is-cloudy. 2. If the-sky-is-
cloudy then it-will-rain
3. If the-humidity-is-high then it-is-hot.
4. it-is-not-hot and the goal : it-will-rain.
Prove by resolution theorem that the goal is derivable from
the knowledge base.
4. 1. Anyone passing his history exams and 1 3 3 1,2
winning the lottery is happy.
2. Anyone who studies or is lucky can
pass all his exams.
3. John did not study but he is lucky.
4. Anyone who is lucky wins the lottery.
Prove that John is happy!

5 Given the following information 1 3 3 1,2

1. Everyone is like him/her self.

2. If someone is a member of a club, then they
 want to be a member and the club will accept
them.
3. John does not want to be a member of any club
that will accept anyone like him.

Prove that John is not a member of any club.

Set II : 1602-21-733-068,69,70,71,72,74,75

Q.N Question Marks BTL Mapped

o. (1/2/3/4/5/6)
CO PO
1 1 3 2 1,2
Convert the following sentences to clausal form.
(a) p ∧ q ⇒ r ∨ s
(b) p ∨ q ⇒ r ∨ s
(c) ¬(p ∨ q ∨ r)
(d) ¬(p ∧ q ∧ r)
(e) p ∧ q ⇔ r
2. Consider the following axioms: 2 3 3 1,2

1.Whoever can read is literate.

2. Dolphin are not literate.
3. Some dolphins are intelligent.
.Represent these axioms in predicate calculus prove that .
Some who are not intelligent can not read
3. Convert the given formula into clausal form 1 3 3 1,2
∀Z∃Y∀X(f(X,Y) <=> (f(X,Z) ∧~f(X,X)))
4 Rewrite the following sentences in FOL: 1 3 3 1,2
1. Coconut-crunchy is a biscuit.
2. Mary is a child who takes coconut-crunchy.
3. John loves children who take biscuits.
4. John loves Mary.

Set III : 1602-21-733-077,78,79,80,81,82,83,

Q.No. Question Marks BTL Mapped

(1/2/3/4/5/6)
CO PO
1. Obtain DNF of the formula 1 3 2 1,2

2. Let’s consider a propositional langiage where 2 3 2 1,2

• A =“Angelo comes to the party”,
• B =“Bruno comes to the party”,
• C =“Carlo comes to the party”,
• D =“Davide comes to the party”.
Formalize the following sentences:
 1. “If Davide comes to the party then Bruno and Carlo
come too” 2. “Carlo comes to the party only if Angelo and
Bruno do not come”
3. “Davide comes to the party if and only if Carlo comes
and Angelo doesn’t come”
4. “If Davide comes to the party, then, if Carlo doesn’t
come then Angelo comes”
5. “Carlo comes to the party provided that Davide doesn’t
come, but, if Davide comes, then Bruno doesn’t come”
6. “A necessary condition for Angelo coming to the party,
is that, if Bruno and Carlo aren’t coming, Davide comes”
7. “Angelo, Bruno and Carlo come to the party if and only
if Davide doesn’t come, but, if neither Angelo nor Bruno
come, then Davide comes only if Carlo comes”
3. Consider the following sentences 1 3 3 1,2
John likes all kinds of food; Apples are food; Chicken is
food; Anything anyone eats and isn’t killed by is food; Bill
eats peanuts and is still alive; Sue eats everything bill eats;
Prove that john likes peanuts using Resolution
4 Convert the given formula into clausal form 1 3 3 1,2

∃x∀y[∀z p(f(x), y, z) ⇒ (∃u q(x, u) ∧ ∃v r(y, v))]

∀Z ∃Y ∀X (f(X,Y) <=> (f(X,Z) & ~f(X,X)))

Set IV : 1602-21-733-086,88,89,90,91,92,93

Q.No. Question Marks BTL Mapped

(1/2/3/4/5/6)
CO PO
1. Find whether given sentence is valid or not 1 3 2 1,2
(p v ˥q) ^ (q →r) v (r v p)

2 Let’s consider a propositional language where • p means 1 3 2 1,2

“Paola is happy”, • q means “Paola paints a picture”, • r
means “Renzo is happy”.
Formalize the following sentences:
1. “if Paola is happy and paints a picture then Renzo isn’t
happy” 2. “if Paola is happy, then she paints a picture”
3. “Paola is happy only if she paints a picture”

3. 1.Marcus was a man. 2. Marcus was a Pompeian. 3. All 2 3 3 1,2

Pompeians were Romans. 4. Caesar was a ruler. 5. All
Pompeians were either loyal to Caesar or hated him. 6. Every
one is loyal to someone. 7. People only try to assassinate
rulers they are not loyal to. 8. Marcus tried to assassinate
Caesar. Prove that Marcus hate Caesar.
4 Convert the given formula into clausal form 1 3 3 1,2
i. ¬∀x∃y¬((P(y,x)∧Q(y))→(∃zR(x,z)∧∃zS(z)))
ii. ∃X ( ∃Y (p(X,Y) & q(Y)) => ∃Z (p(Z,X) & q(Z)) )
Set V : 1602-21-733-094,95,97,98,99,101,103

Q.N Question Marks BTL Mapped

 o. (1/2/3/4/5/6) CO
1. Which of the following propositions is tautology? 1 3 2 1,2
A. (p v q) →q v q
B. p v (q→p) →q
C. p v (p→q) →q

2 Use the truth table method to verify whether the following 1 3 2 1,2
formulas are valid, satisfiable or unsatisfiable:
i. (p ∨ q) ∧ (p → r ∧ q) ∧ (q → ¬r ∧ p)
ii. (p → (q ∨ r)) ∨ (r → ¬p)
3. Convert the following into clausal form 1 3 3 1,2
i. ∀X ∀Z (p(X,Z) => ∃Y ~ (q(X,Y) V ~r(Y,Z)))
ii. – (∀x) ((∃y) P(x, y) → ~ ((∃z) Q (z) Λ R(x)))
4 Represent the sentences into FOPL 2 3 3 1,2
Every investor bought [something that is] stocks or bonds.
If the Dow-Jones Average crashes, then all stocks that are not
gold stocks fall.
If the T-Bill interest rate rises, then all bonds fall.
Every investor who bought something that falls is not happy.
Set VI : 1602-21-733-104,105,106,107,108,109,111

Q.No. Question Marks BTL Mapped

(1/2/3/4/5/6) CO PO
1. Consider the following sentence 1 3 2 1,2
[(Food=>Party ) V (Drinks =>Party )] => [(Food ˄
Drinks )=> Party ].
Determine using enumeration, whether this sentence is valid
, satisfiable or unsatisfiable .
2 Convert the given statement into clausal form. 1 3 2 1,2
∀x[Brick(x) ⊃ (∃y[On(x,y) ∧ ¬Pyramid(y)] ∧¬∃y[On(x,y)
∧ On(y,x)] ∧∀y[¬Brick(y) ⊃ ¬Equal(x,y)])]
3. Assume the following facts 2 3 3 1,2
I. Ram likes only easy courses.
II. Engineering courses are hard
III. All courses in arts are easy
IV. AR04 is an arts course
i) Convert the sentences into clausal form
ii) Use resolution to answer the question that
“What courses would Ram like”

4 Convert the following into clausal form 1 3 3 1,2

∀X ∀Y (q(X,Y) <=> ∀Z (f(Z,X) <=> f(Z,Y)))

Set VII : 1602-21-733-112,113,114,115,116,117,118

Q.N Question Marks BTL Mapped

o. (1/2/3/4/5/6)
CO PO
1. Show that 1 3 2 1,2
P⇔Q≡(P∨Q)⇒(P∧Q)
 (P→Q)∧(Q→R) ≡ (P→R)∧[(P⟺Q)∨(R⟺Q)]

2 Translate the following English sentences to Propositional 1 3 2 1,2

Logic. Propositions: (R)aining, Liron is (S)ick, Liron is
(H)ungry, Liron is (HA)appy, Liron owns a (C)at, Liron owns
a (D)og

i. It is raining if and only if Liron is sick

ii. If Liron is sick then it is raining, and vice versa
iii. It is raining is equivalent to Liron is sick
iv. Liron is hungry but happy
v. Liron either owns a cat or a dog

3. Prove that ‘Some who are not intelligent can not read’ from 1 3 3 1,2
the following knowledge using resolution refutation method
.Whoever can read is literate. 2. Dolphin are not literate. 3.
Some dolphins are intelligent.
4. Write axioms describing the predicates Grandchild, 2 3 3 1,2
Greatgrandparent, Ancestor, Brother, Sister, Daughter, Son,
FirstCousin, BrotherInLaw, SisterInLaw, Aunt, and Uncle.
write down the basic facts depicted in the family tree.

Set VIII : 1602-21-733-120,122,123,124,125,126,127

Q.No. Question Marks BTL Mapped

(1/2/3/4/5/6)
CO PO
1 Convert the following set of sentences to clausal form. 1 3 2 1,2
S1: A ⇔ (B ∨ E).
S2: E ⇒ D.
S3: C ∧ F ⇒¬ B.
S4: E ⇒ B.
S5: B ⇒ F.
S6: B ⇒ C
2 Show that 1 3 2 1,2
(p∧q)→(p∨q)≡(p∨¬p)∧(q∨¬q)
3. Prove that ‘angle B and C are equal’ from the following 2 3 3 1,2
knowledge using resolution refutation method.
i) If a triangle is equilateral then it is isosceles.
ii) If a triangle is isosceles then two sides AB and
AC are equal.
 iii) If AB and AC are equal then angle B and C are
equal.
iv) ABC is an equilateral triangle.
4. Suppose you are given the following axioms 1 3 3 1,2

Give a backward chaining proof of the sentence 7<=3+9.

Set IX : 1602-21-733-128.129,130,131,132,133,134

Q.No. Question Marks BTL Mapped

(1/2/3/4/5 CO PO
/6)
1. According to some political pundits, a person who is radical 1 3 2 1,2
(R) is electable (E) if he/she is conservative (C), but
otherwise is not electable.
a. Which of the following are correct representations of this
assertion?
(i) (R ∧ E) ⇐⇒ C
(ii) R ⇒ (E ⇐⇒ C)
(iii) R ⇒ ((C ⇒ E) ∨¬E)
b. Which of the sentences in (a) can be expressed in Horn
form?
2. Let’s consider the interpretation v where v(p) = F, v(q) = T, 1 3 2 1,2
v(r) = T. Does v satisfy the following propositional
formulas?
1. (p → ¬q) ∨ ¬(r ∧ q)
2. (¬p ∨ ¬q) → (p ∨ ¬r)
3. ¬(¬p → ¬q) ∧ r
4. ¬(¬p → q ∧ ¬r)
3. Consider the the following knowledge 2 3 3 1,2

1. For every mall, there is some Santa who is at

the mall.
2. Every child who visits anywhere talks with
every Santa who is at the place visited. [Don't
make a predicate for ``the place visited''; it
should just be a variable.]
3. Every child who is a city child visits some mall.
4. Every child who is good or who talks with
 some Santa gets some toy.

Prove that If every child who is not a city child is

good, then every child gets some toy.
4 Convert the given formula into clausal form 1 3 3 1,2
(∀x )(∃y) P(x, y) → ( (∃y) P(x, y) )

Set X : 1602-21-733-308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315

Q.No Question Marks BTL Mapped

. (1/2/3/4/5 CO PO
/6)
1. Obtain CNF of the formula 1 3 2 1,2

2. If P and Q are statements, is the following statement 1 3 2 1,2

true? (P∨Q)∧¬(P∧Q)≡(P∧¬Q)∨(Q∧¬P)
3. Consider the following axioms: 1 3 3 1,2

1. Anyone who buys carrots by the bushel owns either

a rabbit or a grocery store.
2. Every dog chases some rabbit.
3. Mary buys carrots by the bushel.
4. Anyone who owns a rabbit hates anything that
chases any rabbit.
5. John owns a dog.
6. Someone who hates something owned by another
person will not date that person.

Prove that If Mary does not own a grocery store, she

will not date John.
4 Consider the following axioms: 2 3 3 1,2

1. Every boy or girl is a child.

2. Every child gets a doll or a train or a lump of
coal.
3. No boy gets any doll.
4. No child who is good gets any lump of coal.

Prove that If no child gets a train, then no boy is good.