Embedded & IOT

assignment

• TEAM MEMBERS

• P. G O P I K A

• S . P. S A R I G A

• S . N IVETHA
MICROPROCESSOR
• A microprocessor is like the brain of a computer. It's a small electronic chip that can
process and execute instructions to perform various tasks, such as calculations, data
manipulation, and controlling other parts of a device.

• It's what makes computers and many other electronic devices work by handling all the
necessary computations and operations. Think of it as the command center that tells
your device what to do based on the input it receives.
Representation of
microprocessor
• _ ___________________________

• | Control Unit |

• | ____________________________|

• | |

• | ____________________________|

• | Arithmetic |

• | & Logic |

• | Unit |

• | ____________________________|

• | |

• | ____________________________|

• | Registers |

• | ____________________________|

• | |

• | |

• | Memory |

• | |

• | ____________________________|
Evolution of microprocessor
The starting stage of microprocessor evolution was marked by the development of the first
microprocessor.

It is opened the door to a new era of computing.

• Invention of the Microprocessor: The starting point was in 1971 when Intel Corporation
introduced the Intel 4004, the world's first commercially available microprocessor. It was a 4-bit
processor initially designed for use in calculators but paved the way for more complex
applications.

• Limited Capabilities: The early microprocessors had limited processing power and were mainly
used in specialized applications such as calculators, cash registers, and simple control systems.
• Advancements in Architecture: Despite their limitations, engineers quickly realized the potential of
microprocessors and began developing more powerful and versatile architectures. This led to the
introduction of 8-bit microprocessors like the Intel 8008 and 8080, which expanded the range of
applications for microprocessors.
• Growing Applications: As microprocessors became more capable, they found their way into
a wider range of devices and systems. They were used in early personal computers,
industrial automation, telecommunications equipment, and consumer electronics.
• Technological Progress: Concurrently, advancements in semiconductor technology allowed
for the miniaturization of transistors, enabling more complex and powerful microprocessors
to be developed. This progress was guided by Moore's Law, which predicted that the
number of transistors on a chip would double approximately every two years, leading to
exponential growth in processing power.
• Rapid Expansion: The demand for microprocessors grew rapidly as their capabilities
increased and manufacturing costs decreased. This fueled innovation and competition
among semiconductor companies, leading to a steady stream of new and improved
microprocessor designs.
microcontroller
• it's a small chip that contains a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals all in one
package.
• Processor: This is the part of the microcontroller that does the thinking. It processes instructions and
carries out tasks based on the program it's given.
• Memory: Microcontrollers have built-in memory to store the program instructions and data
needed for their operation. This memory can be used to store both the program itself and
any data the program needs to work with.
• Input/Output (I/O) Peripherals: These are the parts of the microcontroller that allow it to
interact with the outside world. They can include things like input pins for sensors or buttons,
output pins for controlling lights or motors, and communication ports for connecting to other
devices.
 integrated circuit (IC)
Central processing unit (CPU)
combining CPU, memory, an
for general-purpose computing
peripherals for specific
tasks
applications.
Used in systems with varied and Designed for dedicated tasks like
complex tasks such as personal controlling appliances, robots,
computers, servers, etc. embedded systems, etc.
Integrates CPU, memory (ROM,
RAM, EEPROM), and various
Typically includes only the CPU core.
peripherals (GPIO, timers, UART,
etc.).
Less flexible but more specialized
Offers more flexibility for complex
real-time control and low-power
computations and multitasking.
applications.
Tends to be more expensive due to Generally more cost-effective due
higher complexity. integration of components.
Typically consumes more power,
Designed for low-power operation
on especially in high-performance
suitable for battery-powered devic
applications.
Found in embedded systems,
Widely used in desktops, laptops,
questions
• 1.Definition of microprocessor.
• 2. Explain about evolution of microprocessor.
• 3.Diagramatic representation of microprocessor.
• 4.Definition of microcontroller.
• 5. Brief comparison of microprocessor and microcontroller.