Short Questions

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

1. What is the basic principle of thin layer chromatography (TLC)?
2. Name the two main phases involved in TLC.
3. Why is TLC considered a quick and simple technique for separation?
4. Explain the mechanism of separation in thin layer chromatography.
5. What role does the stationary phase play in TLC?
6. How does TLC differ from other chromatographic techniques in terms of setup and
equipment?
7. Describe the factors influencing the selection of a suitable stationary phase in TLC.
8. How does the Rf value help in identifying compounds separated by TLC?
9. Discuss the importance of the choice of mobile phase in TLC separation.
10. Elaborate on the theory behind the use of locating reagents in TLC.
11. Compare and contrast high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) with
traditional TLC.
12. How does the thickness of the adsorbent layer effect the efficiency of a TLC separation?

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

13. What is the basic principle of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)?

14. Name the two main phases involved in HPLC.
15. What does HPLC stand for, and how does it differ from traditional liquid
chromatography?
16. Name adsorbent used in HPLC column.
17. What is pre column in HPLC?
18. Explain the mechanism of separation in HPLC, emphasizing the role of the stationary and
mobile phases.
19. What are the basic parts of an HPLC system?
20. Define retention time in the context of an HPLC chromatogram.
21. Discuss the factors influencing the selection of a stationary phase in HPLC.
22. Differentiate between isocratic and gradient elution in HPLC.
23. Define Retention Time in HPLC.
24. Explain the advantages and limitations of HPLC.
25. What is reverse mode phase in HPLC?
 Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS)
26. What is the basic principle of Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS)?
27. What are the two main components combined in GCMS for compound separation and
identification?
28. Give three types of open tubular column in gas chromatography.
29. What is the selection criteria for gas in GC?
30. Briefly explain the mechanism of GCMS.
31. What are the essential components of a typical gas chromatography system?
32. What types of samples are suitable for analysis by GCMS, and why?
33. How does temperature selection play a crucial role in GCMS, especially in the gas
chromatography process?
34. Compare and contrast packed and capillary columns in GCMS.
35. Explain the function of mass analyzers in GCMS.
36. Discuss the principles of quadrupole mass analyzers.
37. Briefly describe the working principle of Time of Flight (TOF) mass analyzers used in
GCMS.

Spectroscopy
38. What does FES stand for, and how does it differ from FAAS?
39. What is thermal analysis?
40. What is the basic principle of Flame Emission Spectroscopy?
41. Explain the difference between continuous and line sources in spectroscopy.
42. Briefly describe the construction of a Hollow Cathode Lamp used in atomic
spectroscopy.
43. Why is the choice of a suitable flame important in Flame Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy?
44. What does UV/Vis stand for, and what is the basic principle of UV/Vis spectroscopy?
45. Provide an example of an application where UV/Vis spectroscopy is commonly used.
46. Name two thermal analysis techniques and briefly describe their principles.
47. Give two applications of UV/Vis spectroscopy in the field of chemistry.
48. Define Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC):
49. How does UV/Vis spectroscopy relate to the color of substances, and what information
can be obtained?
 Long Questions
TLC
1. Explain the basic principle of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and its application in
separation techniques.
2. Describe the mechanism of separation in thin layer chromatography, emphasizing the
interaction between the sample components and the stationary phase.
3. Discuss the factors influencing the choice of a suitable stationary phase in thin layer
chromatography. Provide examples of stationary phases and their applications in
different types of samples.
4. Elaborate significance of Rf values in thin layer chromatography. How can Rf values be
used for the identification of compounds?
5. Explain the principles and applications of thin layer chromatography (TLC). Discuss their
respective advantages and limitations.
6. Explain the role of the mobile phase in thin layer chromatography. Provide examples of
different types of mobile phases and their applications.

HPLC
7. Explain the basic principle behind High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and
how it separates components in a mixture.
8. Describe the roles of the stationary and mobile phases in an HPLC system, and how they
contribute to the separation process.
9. Discuss the mechanism of separation in HPLC, emphasizing the interactions between
sample components, the stationary phase, and the mobile phase.
10. Describe various types of columns in HPLC.
11. Describe the basic components of an HPLC. Briefly explain the function of each part.
12. Define retention time in the context of an HPLC chromatogram and explain its
significance in compound identification and quantification.
13. Discuss the factors that influence the choice of a stationary phase in HPLC, and provide
examples of different stationary phases and their applications.
14. Differentiate between isocratic and gradient elution in HPLC.
15. Compare and contrast different types of HPLC detectors, including refractive index,
UV/Vis, photodiode array, and fluorescence detectors.
16. Discuss how the concept of theoretical plates relates to column efficiency and
separation quality.
17. Give Applications and Advantages of HPLC.
18. Describe different problems while using HPLC.
 GCMS
19. Explain the basic principle of GCMS. How it integrates gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry.
20. Discuss the significance of stationary and mobile phase selection in GCMS. Explain the
types of stationary phases commonly used.
21. Describe the essential components of a gas chromatography system. Explain the role of
each component in the overall function of the system.
22. Describe instrumentation of GCMS with the help of diagram.
23. Discuss the types of mass analyzers used in GCMS, focusing on the principles of
operation.
24. Provide explanation of quadrupole mass analyzers and Time of Flight (TOF) mass
analyzers, highlighting their strengths and applications.
25. Explore the diverse applications of GCMS in various scientific disciplines.

Spectroscopy
26. Describe the basic principles of Flame Emission Spectroscopy (FES) and Flame Atomic
Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS).
27. Explain the construction of a Hollow Cathode Lamp used in FAAS and its significance in
the analytical process.
28. Differentiate between continuous and line sources in the context of spectroscopy.
29. Discuss common applications of UV/Vis spectroscopy in scientific research and
industries.