CE-324 Soil Mechanics II

CE-324 Soil Mechanics II
Lec 5: Compressibility of Soil

Spring 2023
Dr. Abbas Haider

National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
1
Compressibility of Soil
Compression the soil can be resulted of:

1. Relocations of soil particles
2. Expulsion of water or air from the void spaces
3. Deformation of soil particles
The compression of soil can be defined as soil settlement which occurs in three
different states:
1. Elastic settlement (or immediate settlement)
2. Primary consolidation settlement
3. Secondary consolidation settlement
2
The total settlement (ST) can be expressed as

𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝑒 + 𝑆𝑐 + 𝑆𝑠
Se is the elastic settlement (change on the vertical scale not the volume)
Sc is the primary consolidation settlement (dissipate of the water)
Ss is the secondary consolidation settlement (plastic adjustment of soil fabric)
3
Elastic settlement (Se)
The magnitude of the contact settlement will depend on the flexibility of the
foundation and the type of material on which it is resting
Elastic settlement profile and contact pressure in clay: Elastic settlement profile and contact pressure in Sand:
(a) flexible foundation; (b) rigid foundation (Das & Sobhan (a) flexible foundation; (b) rigid foundation (Das & Sobhan4
2014) 2014)
Elastic settlement (Se)
Even it occurs at all types of soil, but sometime (not recommended) can be ignored on
the fine grained soil?
Due to the high amount of primary consolidation on the fine grained soil compare with
the elastic settlement
Elastic settlement usually consider in the shallow foundation design
5
Elastic settlement (Se)-Calculation
Theoretically, if the foundation is perfectly flexible the
settlement may be expressed as:
′
1 − 𝜇𝑠2
𝑆𝑒 = ∆𝜎 𝛼𝐵 𝐼𝐼
𝐸𝑠 𝑠 𝑓
where ∆σ is net applied pressure on the foundation
𝜇𝑠 is Poisson’s ratio of soil
𝐸𝑠 is the average modulus of elasticity of the soil under the
foundation measured from z = 0 to about z = 5B
𝐵′ is B/2 for center of foundation or = B for corner of
foundation
1−2𝜇𝑠
𝐼𝑠 is the shape factor (Steinbrenner, 1934) 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹
1−𝜇𝑠 2
𝐷𝑓 𝐿
𝐼𝑓 is the depth factor (Fox, 1948) 𝐼𝑓 = 𝑓 , 𝜇𝑠 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐵 𝐵
𝛼 is the factor that depends on the location on the foundation
where settlement is being calculated
(Das & Sobhan 2014) 6

Elastic settlement (Se)-Calculation (cont.)
1
𝐹1 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1
𝜋′
𝑛
𝐹2 = tan−1 𝐴2
2𝜋
′
1 + 𝑚′2 + 1 𝑚′2 + 𝑛′2
𝐴0 = 𝑚 ln
𝑚′ 1 + 𝑚′2 + 𝑛′2 + 1
𝑚′ + 𝑚′2 + 1 1 + 𝑛′2
𝐴1 = ln
𝑚′ + 1 + 𝑚′2 + 𝑛′2 + 1
𝑚′
𝐴2 =
𝑚𝑛′ + 1 + 𝑚′2 + 𝑛′2 + 1
7
For calculation of settlement at the center of the foundation
𝛼=4
′
𝐿
𝑚 =
𝐵
𝐻
𝑛′=
𝐵
2
For calculation of settlement at the corner of the foundation
𝛼=1
𝐿
𝑚′ =
𝐵
𝐻
𝑛′ =
𝐵
8
The elastic settlement of a rigid foundation can be estimated as
𝑆𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 ≈ 0.93𝑆𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒,𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒
Due to the variation soil elastic modulus with the depth, Bowles
(1987) recommended using a weighted average value of 𝐸𝑠
σ 𝐸𝑠(𝑖) ∆𝑧
𝐸𝑠 =
𝑧ҧ
Where
𝐸𝑠(𝑖) is the soil modulus of elasticity within a depth ∆𝑧
𝑧ҧ is H or 5B, whichever is smaller
ahaider@nice.nust.edu.pk
(Das & Sobhan 2014)
9
(Das & Sobhan 2014)

10
Elastic settlement (Se)-Example
A rigid shallow foundation 1 m X 1 m. Calculate the
elastic settlement at the center of the foundation?
Answer
1- Calculate 𝐸𝑠
σ 𝐸𝑠(𝑖) ∆𝑧
𝐸𝑠 =
𝑧ҧ
2- Calculate 𝛼, 𝑚′ , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛′
𝐿 𝐻
𝛼=4 𝑚′ = 𝐵 𝑛′ = 𝐵
2
11
Answer
3- Find 𝐹1 and 𝐹2
12
(Das & Sobhan 2014)
Answer
3- Find 𝐹1 and 𝐹2
13
(Das & Sobhan 2014)
Answer
4- Calculate 𝐼𝑠 and 𝐼𝑓
1−2𝜇𝑠
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹
1−𝜇𝑠 2

A rigid shallow foundation 1 m X 1 m. Calculate the elastic settlement at the center of the
foundation?
Answer
5- Calculate the elastic settlement for flexible foundation
2
1 − 𝜇𝑠
𝑆𝑒 = ∆𝜎 𝛼𝐵′ 𝐼𝐼
𝐸𝑠 𝑠 𝑓
6- Calculate the rigid settlement for flexible foundation

𝑆𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 ≈ 0.93𝑆𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒,𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒
15
Elastic settlement (Se)-Improved Relationship for Elastic Settlement
Mayne and Poulos (1999) produced an improved relationship for calculating the elastic settlement of foundations
where considering :
1- Foundation rigidity
2-Depth of embedment of the foundation
3- Increase in the modulus of elasticity of soil with depth
4-Location of rigid layers at limited depth
16
Consolidation settlement, fundamentals of Consolidation
“The time-dependent deformation of saturated clayey soil
can be best understood by considering a simple model
that consists of a cylinder with a spring at its center” (Das
& Sobhan 2018)
𝑃
∆𝑢 = 𝐴
Where u is the pore water pressure, P is the applied
load, and A is the cross-section area.
In general, P = Ps + Pw
If the valve close, P = Pw where Ps = 0
If the valve open, P = Ps + Pw where Ps > 0 and P > Ps
After relative long time P = Ps where Pw = 0
17
(Das & Sobhan 2018)
Consolidation settlement , Fundamentals of
Consolidation
Effect of the applied pressure on
head variation with clay layer
18
(Das & Sobhan 2018)
Consolidation
Effect the applied stress and time on total pressure (σ),
effective pressure (σ’), and pore water pressure (u)
A- At time t = 0
∆𝜎 = ∆𝑢 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝜎 ′ = 0
A- At time ∞ > t > 0

∆𝜎 = 𝜎 ′ + ∆𝑢
A- At time t = ∞
∆𝜎 = 𝜎 ′ 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 ∆𝑢 = 0
19
Consolidation
Effect the applied stress and time on total pressure (σ),
effective pressure (σ’), and pore water pressure (u)
A- At time t = 0
∆𝜎 = ∆𝑢 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝜎 ′ = 0
A- At time ∞ > t > 0

∆𝜎 = 𝜎 ′ + ∆𝑢
A- At time t = ∞
∆𝜎 = 𝜎 ′ 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 ∆𝑢 = 0
20
Consolidation settlement , One-Dimensional Laboratory Consolidation Test
Oedometer
“The one-dimensional consolidation testing procedure was first suggested by
Terzaghi. This test is performed in a consolidometer (sometimes referred to as
an oedometer)” (Das & Sobhan 2018)

Consolidation settlement - Void Ratio–Pressure Plots
To get the relation between deformation with time, the voids and pressure plots should be calculated
1- Calculate the height of solids (Hs)
𝑊𝑠 𝑀𝑠
𝐻𝑠 = =
𝐴𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 𝐴𝐺𝑠 𝜌𝑤
where 𝑊𝑠 is the weight of the specimen
𝑀𝑠 is the dry mass of the specimen
A is the area of the specimen
Gs is the specific gravity of soil solids
𝛾𝑤 is the unit weight of water
𝜌𝑤 is the density of water

Consolidation settlement - Void Ratio–
Pressure Plots (cont.)
2- Calculate the initial height of voids

𝐻𝑣 = 𝐻 − 𝐻𝑠
Where H is the initial height of the specimen
3- Calculate the initial void ratio 𝑒0 of the

specimen
𝑉𝑣
𝑒0 = but 𝑉 = 𝐻𝐴
𝑉𝑠
Thus
𝐻𝑣 𝐴 𝐻𝑣
𝑒0 = → 𝑒0 =
𝐻𝑠 𝐴 𝐻𝑠

Consolidation settlement - Void Ratio–
Pressure Plots (cont.)
4- For the first incremental loading, 𝜎1

(total load/unit area of specimen), which
causes a deformation ∆𝐻1 , calculate the
change in the void ratio:
∆𝐻1
∆𝑒1 =
𝐻𝑠
Where ∆𝐻1 is obtained from the initial
and the final dial readings for the loading
stage 1
At the end of the stage 𝜎1 = 𝜎1′
24
Consolidation settlement - Void Ratio–Pressure
Plots (cont.)
5- Calculate the new void ratio after consolidation

caused by the pressure increment as
𝑒1 = 𝑒0 − ∆𝑒1
For the next loading, 𝜎2 (note: 𝜎2 equals the
cumulative load per unit area of specimen), which
causes additional deformation ∆𝐻2 , the void ratio
at the end of consolidation can be calculated as
Thus
∆𝐻2
𝑒2 = 𝑒1 −
𝐻𝑠
At the end of the stage 𝜎2 = 𝜎2′

Consolidation settlement - Void Ratio–Pressure
Plots (cont.)
plot of e against log 𝜎 ′
26
(Das & Sobhan 2018)
Consolidation settlement - Void Ratio–Pressure Plots (cont.)
Example
Following are the results of a laboratory consolidation test on a soil specimen obtained from the field: Dry mass of
specimen = 128 g, height of specimen at the beginning of the test = 2.54 cm, Gs = 2.75, and area of the specimen =
30.68 cm2
Effective pressure, 𝜎 ′ (kN/m2) Final height of specimen at the end of
consolidation (cm)
0 2.54
50 2.488
100 2.465
200 2.431
400 2.389
800 2.324
1600 2.225
(Das & Sobhan 2018)
3200 2.115
27
Example
30.68 cm2
Answer:
1- Calculate the height of solids (Hs)
𝑊 𝑀 128
𝐻𝑠 = 𝐴𝐺 𝑠𝛾 = 𝐴𝐺 𝜌𝑠 = 30 𝑋 2.75 𝑋1
𝑠 𝑤 𝑠 𝑤
28
Example
30.68 cm2
Answer: Effective pressure, 𝜎 ′ Final height of specimen at the 𝐻𝑣 𝐻𝑣
𝑒 =
2 = 𝐻 − 𝐻𝑠 𝐻𝑠
1- Calculate Hv & e using: (kN/m ) end of consolidation (cm)
𝐻𝑣 = 𝐻 − 𝐻𝑠 0 2.54 1.02 0.671
𝐻𝑣
𝑒= 50 2.488 0.968 0.637
𝐻𝑠
100 2.465 0.945 0.622
200 2.431 0.911 0.599
400 2.389 0.869 0.572
800 2.324 0.804 0.529
1600 2.225 0.705 0.464
3200 2.115 0.595 0.39
29
Consolidation settlement - Normally Consolidated and
Overconsolidated Clays
• The soil will be considered as normal consolidated if the

present overburden pressure is highest pressure that
the soil subjected to.
• The overconsiderated soil occur when the present
overburden pressure is less the overburden pressure
that the soil subjected to in the past.
• The maximum pressure that the soil subjected to called
preconsolidation pressure
• The ratio between the preconsolidation pressure of soil
(𝜎𝑐′ ) to present effective vertical pressure of soil (𝜎 ′ )
called the overconsolidation ratio (OCR)
𝜎𝑐′
𝑂𝐶𝑅 = ′
𝜎
Consolidation settlement - Normally Consolidated and
Overconsolidated Clays
Determine preconsolidation pressure (𝝈′𝒄 ) and present effective
vertical pressure (𝝈′ )
Casagrande (1936) suggested a simple graphic construction to
determine 𝝈′𝒄 from the laboratory e-log 𝝈′ plot:
1. By visual observation, establish point a, at which the e-log 𝜎 ′ plot

has a minimum radius of curvature.
2. Draw a horizontal line ab.
3. Draw the line ac tangent at a.
4. Draw the line ad, which is the bisector of the angle bac.
5. Project the straight-line portion gh of the e-log 𝜎 ′ plot back to
intersect line ad at f. The abscissa of point f is the preconsolidation
pressure 𝜎𝑐′
31
(Das & Sobhan 2018)
Consolidation settlement
Effect of Disturbance on Void Ratio–Pressure
Relationship and compression index
A soil specimen will be remolded when it is subjected
to some degree of disturbance
The compression index Cc represent the slope of the

virgin consolidation curve in the oedometer test. The
calculation of Cc will depend on the type of
consolidated soil and degree of disturbance of the
sample
32
(Das & Sobhan 2018)
Consolidation settlement-Compression index (Cc) - Calculations
Normally Consolidated Clay of Low to Medium Plasticity

1- Determine the preconsolidation pressure 𝜎𝑐′ = 𝜎 ′ (that is, the
present effective overburden pressure). Knowing where 𝜎𝑐′ = 𝜎 ′ ,
draw vertical line ab.
2- Calculate the void ratio (𝑒0 ) in the field using the below
equations. Then draw horizontal line cd
𝐻𝑣 𝑊 𝑀
𝑒0 = Where 𝐻𝑣 = 𝐻 − 𝐻𝑠 & 𝐻𝑠 = 𝐴𝐺 𝑠𝛾 = 𝐴𝐺 𝜌𝑠
𝐻𝑠 𝑠 𝑤 𝑠 𝑤
3-Calculate 0.4 𝑒0 and draw line ef. (Note: f is the point of

intersection of the line with curve 2)
4- Join points f and g. Note that g is the point of intersection of lines
ab and cd. This is the virgin compression curve
33
(Das & Sobhan 2018)
Consolidation settlement-Compression index (Cc) - Calculations
Overconsolidated Clay of Low to Medium Plasticity

1- From curve 2, determine the preconsolidation Pressure 𝜎𝑐′ Draw
the vertical line ab.
2-Determine the field effective overburden pressure 𝜎 ′ . Draw
vertical line cd.
3- Calculate the void ratio (𝑒0 ) in the field using the below
equations. Then draw horizontal line fg. The point of intersection of
lines fg and cd is h
𝐻𝑣 𝑊 𝑀
𝑒0 = 𝐻𝑠
Where 𝐻𝑣 = 𝐻 − 𝐻𝑠 & 𝐻𝑠 = 𝐴𝐺 𝑠𝛾 = 𝐴𝐺 𝜌𝑠
𝑠 𝑤 𝑠 𝑤
4-Draw a line hi, which is parallel to curve 3 (which is practically a

straight line). The point of intersection of lines hi and ab is j.
5-Join points j and k. Point k is on curve 2, and its ordinate is 0.4 𝑒0 .
34
(Das & Sobhan 2018)
Calculation of Settlement from One-Dimensional
Primary Consolidation
Let us consider a saturated clay layer of thickness H
and cross-sectional area A under an existing average
effective overburden pressure 𝜎𝑜′ , Because of
an increase of effective pressure, ∆𝜎𝑜′ , let the primary
settlement be Sc. Thus, the change in volume can be given by: (Das & Sobhan 2018)
∆𝑉 = 𝑉0 − 𝑉1 = 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻 − 𝑆𝑐 𝐴 = 𝑆𝑐 𝐴
where 𝑉0 and 𝑉1 are the initial and final volumes, respectively. However, the change in the total volume is equal to the
change in the volume of voids, ∆𝑉𝑣
35

Primary Consolidation (cont.)
Hence,
∆𝑉 = 𝑆𝑐 𝐴 = 𝑉𝑣0 − 𝑉𝑣1 = ∆𝑉𝑣
where 𝑉𝑣0 and 𝑉𝑣1 are the initial and final void
volumes, respectively. From the definition of void ratio, it follows that
∆𝑉𝑣 = ∆𝑒𝑉𝑠 (Das & Sobhan 2018)
where ∆𝑒 change of void ratio. But
𝑉𝑣 𝑉𝑣 𝑉0 𝑉 0 𝐴𝐻
𝑒= →𝑒+1= + 1 → 𝑒0 + 1 = → 𝑉𝑠 = 1+𝑒 = 1+𝑒
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 0 0
where 𝑒0 initial void ratio at volume 𝑉0 . Thus, from

𝐴𝐻
∆𝑉 = 𝑆𝑐 𝐴 = ∆𝑒𝑉𝑠 = ∆𝑒
1 + 𝑒0
∆𝑒
→ 𝑆𝑐 = 𝐻
1 + 𝑒0
36
∆𝑒
𝑆𝑐 = 𝐻
1 + 𝑒0
The Conditions of primary consolidation
A- For normally consolidated clays
𝜎0′ +∆𝜎′
∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐 log
𝜎0′
𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝜎0′ +∆𝜎′
→ 𝑆𝑐 = log
1+𝑒0 𝜎0′
(𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝜎) ∗ 𝐻 𝜎2′
→ 𝑆𝑐 = 1+𝑒0
log 𝜎′ the general equation
1
Where 𝜎0′ is the effective overburden pressure from the soil surface to the (Das & Sobhan 2018)
middle of the target layer
37
(𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝜎) ∗ 𝐻 𝜎2′
𝑆𝑐 = log ′
1 + 𝑒0 𝜎1
B- For overconsolidated clays and 𝜎0′ + ∆𝜎 ′ ≤ 𝜎𝑐′
The slope of the rebound curve Cs is referred to as the swell index
𝜎0′ + ∆𝜎 ′
∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑠 log
𝜎0′
𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝜎0′ + ∆𝜎 ′
→ 𝑆𝑐 = log
1 + 𝑒0 𝜎0′
(Das & Sobhan 2018)
38
(𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝜎) ∗ 𝐻 𝜎2′
𝑆𝑐 = log ′
1 + 𝑒0 𝜎1
C- For overconsolidated clays and 𝜎0′ + ∆𝜎 ′ > 𝜎𝑐′
There will be two types of index (compression and swelling)
𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝜎𝑐′ 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝜎0′ + ∆𝜎 ′
→ 𝑆𝑐 = log ′ + log
1 + 𝑒0 𝜎0 1 + 𝑒0 𝜎𝑐′
(Das & Sobhan 2018)
39
Calculation of Settlement from One-
Dimensional
Correlations for Compression Index (Cc)
Skempton (1944) suggested the following
empirical expression for the compression index
for undisturbed clays
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009 𝐿𝐿 − 10 (Das & Sobhan 2018)
Rendon-Herrero (1983) gave the relationship
for the compression index in the form
2.38
1 + 𝑒0
𝐶𝑐 = 0.141𝐺𝑠1.2
𝐺𝑠
Nagaraj and Murty (1985)
𝐿𝐿%
𝐶𝑐 = 0.2343𝐺𝑠
100
40
Calculation of Settlement from One-
Dimensional-Primary Consolidation (cont.)
Correlations for Swell Index (Cs)
𝐿𝐿%
𝐶𝑠 = 0.0463𝐺𝑠
100
Rendon-Herrero (1983) gave the relationship
for the compression index in the form (Das & Sobhan 2018)
2.38
1 + 𝑒0
𝐶𝑐 = 0.141𝐺𝑠1.2
𝐺𝑠
𝐿𝐿%
𝐶𝑐 = 0.2343𝐺𝑠
100
41
Calculation of Settlement from One-Dimensional-Primary Consolidation
(cont.)
Example 1
Given the results of a laboratory consolidation test
a. Draw an e-log 𝜎0′ graph and determine the preconsolidation pressure Effective pressure,
𝜎𝑐′ . 𝜎^′ (kN/m2) Viod ratio Remarks
b. Calculate the compression index and the ratio of Cs /Cc. 25 0.93Loading
50 0.92
c. On the basis of the average e-log 𝜎 ′ plot, calculate the void ratio at 100 0.88
𝜎0′ =1000 kN/m2. 200 0.81
400 0.69
800 0.61Loading
1600 0.52
800 0.535Unloading
400 0.555
200 0.57
(Das & Sobhan 2018)
42
Calculation of Settlement from One-Dimensional-Primary
Consolidation (cont.)
Example 1 (cont.)
Given the results of a laboratory consolidation test
a. Draw an e-log 𝜎0′ graph and determine the
preconsolidation pressure 𝜎𝑐′ .
b. Calculate the compression index and the ratio of Cs /Cc.
c. On the basis of the average e-log 𝜎 ′ plot, calculate the
void ratio at
𝜎0′ =1000 kN/m2.
(Das & Sobhan 2018)

43
Calculation of Settlement on field
(Das & Sobhan 2018)
Example 2
what is the settlement of the clay layer caused by primary consolidation if
a. The clay is normally consolidated
b. The preconsolidation pressure 𝜎𝑐′ = 200𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
1
c. 𝜎𝑐′ = 150𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (use 𝐶𝑠 ≈ 5 𝐶𝑐 )
44
Compressibility of Soil (Das 2016)
Calculation of Settlement under foundation
∆𝜎𝑡′ +4∆𝜎𝑚′ +∆𝜎′

′ 𝑏
∆𝜎𝑎𝑣 =
6
′
𝑞0 𝐵𝐿
∆𝜎𝑎𝑣 =
𝐵+𝑧 𝐿+𝑧
In case of q is the induced pressure in kPa
′
𝑃
∆𝜎𝑎𝑣 =
𝐵+𝑧 𝐿+𝑧
In case P is the induced load in kN

Example 3
Calculate the settlement of the 3-m-thick clay that will
result from the load carried by a 1.5-m-square footing. The
clay is normally consolidated. Use the weighted average
method to calculate the average increase of effective
pressure in the clay layera. The clay is normally
consolidated
′
∆𝜎𝑡′ + 4∆𝜎𝑚′
+ ∆𝜎𝑏′
∆𝜎𝑎𝑣 =
6
′ =
𝑞0 𝐵𝐿
∆𝜎𝑎𝑣
𝐵+𝑧 𝐿+𝑧

Example 3
Calculate the settlement of the 3-m-thick clay that will
result from the load carried by a 1.5-m-square footing. The
clay is normally consolidated. Use the weighted average
method to calculate the average increase of effective
pressure in the clay layer. The clay is normally consolidated
′ ′ + ∆𝜎 ′
′ =
∆𝜎𝑡 + 4∆𝜎 𝑚 𝑏
∆𝜎𝑎𝑣
6
Also use vertical stress increase below the center of a
rectangular area
∆𝜎𝑧 = 𝑞𝐼4
𝐿
𝑚1 =
𝑧𝐵
𝑛1 =
𝑏
𝐵
𝑏=
2
Example 3 (cont.)
Variation of I4 with m1 and n1 (Das & Sobhan 2018)

48
Time Rate of Consolidation
The total settlement caused by primary consolidation can be calculated by the use of one of the three equations
𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝜎0′ +∆𝜎′ 𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝜎0′ +∆𝜎′ 𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝜎𝑐′ 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝜎0′ +∆𝜎′
𝑆𝑐 = log → 𝑆𝑐 = log 𝑆𝑐 = log ′ + log
1+𝑒0 𝜎0′ 1+𝑒0 𝜎0′ 1+𝑒0 𝜎0 1+𝑒0 𝜎𝑐′
However, they do not provide any information regarding the rate of primary consolidation.
Terzaghi (1925) proposed the first theory to consider the rate of one-dimensional consolidation for saturated clay soils.
The mathematical derivations are based on the following six assumptions
1. The clay–water system is homogeneous.
2. Saturation is complete.
3. Compressibility of water is negligible.
4. Compressibility of soil grains is negligible (but soil grains rearrange).
5. The flow of water is in one direction only (that is, in the direction of compression).
6. Darcy’s law is valid
49

CE-324 Soil Mechanics II - Lec 5 - Compressibility of Soil

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Lec 5: Compressibility of Soil

Dr. Abbas Haider

Compression the soil can be resulted of:

The total settlement (ST) can be expressed as

Elastic settlement usually consider in the shallow foundation design

(Das & Sobhan 2014) 6

𝑆𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 ≈ 0.93𝑆𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒,𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒

(Das & Sobhan 2014)

(Das & Sobhan 2014) 14

6- Calculate the rigid settlement for flexible foundation

A- At time ∞ > t > 0

A- At time ∞ > t > 0

(Das & Sobhan 2018) 21

(Das & Sobhan 2018) 22

2- Calculate the initial height of voids

3- Calculate the initial void ratio 𝑒0 of the

(Das & Sobhan 2018) 23

4- For the first incremental loading, 𝜎1

5- Calculate the new void ratio after consolidation

(Das & Sobhan 2018) 25

plot of e against log 𝜎 ′

• The soil will be considered as normal consolidated if the

1. By visual observation, establish point a, at which the e-log 𝜎 ′ plot

The compression index Cc represent the slope of the

Normally Consolidated Clay of Low to Medium Plasticity

3-Calculate 0.4 𝑒0 and draw line ef. (Note: f is the point of

Overconsolidated Clay of Low to Medium Plasticity

4-Draw a line hi, which is parallel to curve 3 (which is practically a

Calculation of Settlement from One-Dimensional

where 𝑒0 initial void ratio at volume 𝑉0 . Thus, from

(Das & Sobhan 2018)

(Das & Sobhan 2018)

(Das & Sobhan 2018)

(Das & Sobhan 2018)

(Das & Sobhan 2018)

Calculation of Settlement under foundation

∆𝜎𝑡′ +4∆𝜎𝑚′ +∆𝜎′

(Das & Sobhan 2018) 45

(Das & Sobhan 2018) 46

Variation of I4 with m1 and n1 (Das & Sobhan 2018)

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