CHAPTER 1 The Language of Chemistry TATEST SYLLABUS ~ SCOPE OF SYLLABUS - THE LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY symbol of an element; valency; formulae of radicals & formulae of compounds. Balancing of simple chemical equations. Symbol ~ definition; symbols of the elements used often. Valency ~ definition; hydrogen combination & number of valence electrons of the metals & non-metals; mono, di, tri and tetra valent elements. Radicals ~ definition; formulae & valencies Compounds ~ name & formulae. Chemical equation ~ definition and examples of chemical equations with one reactant & two or three products, fwvo reactants & one product, two ractants & two products & two reactants & three or four products; balancing of equations. (by hit & trial method). Relative Atomic Masses (atomic weights) & Relative Molecular Masses (molecular weights): either -standard H atom or I/12th of carbon 12 atom. Definitions Calculation of Relative Molecular Mass & percentage composition of a compound. A. SYMBOLS THE TERM A SYMBOL REPRESENTS - A short form of an element. The qualitative and quantitative meaning of the term - ‘symbol’. . A symbol represents - a specific element or one atom of an element. e.g. ‘S' represents one atom of the element sulphur. + Asymbol also represents - the weight of the element equal to its atomic weight [ie. it represents how many times an atom is heavier than one atomic mass unit [a.m.u.] which is defined as 1/,9th the mass of a carbon atom C17] INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPT OF A SYMBOL - Symbols of elements used often | + In 1807 - John Dalton suggested - figurative symbols for atoms of elements. ‘Examples of figurative symbols _| _ Examples of molecule representation O10 |@] O | ao | ceo | O80 Oxygen |Hydrogen| Sulphur | Nitrogen | Ammonia _| Sulphur dioxide |Hydrogen sulphide The above method was cumbersome and later abandoned. In 1814 - Berzelius suggested - a simple system of representing elements with symbols. He put forward certain points for presentation. In most cases the first letter of the name of an element ~ was taken as the symbol for that element and written in capitals. [Carbon In cases where the first letter is already adopted - Siulpine the initial letter in capital together with its small leter from its name were used,| C2 Icium The symbols for some metals were derived from their - Latin names. (Si Hon * Copper - Cuprum [Cu] © Silver - Argentum — [Ag] * Tron - Ferrum [Fe] * Lead - Plumbum [Pb] * Potassium — - Kalium —[K] Sodium - Natrium [Na] * Gold > Aurum [Au] Mercury - Hydrargyrum [Hg]VALENCY with or displace ~ > bine The number of drogen atoms which can com! f ysrog 1 eo as to form a compound. ‘one atom of the element or radical ep eonsidered positive. The valency of all metals and hydrogen akon as negative. The nalency of al nore ee nn aned_[Valeney oem | | Combining atom _ | floride [Chlorine loxygen | Nitrogen | + One atom of hydrogen One atom of chlorine [Hydrogen © + Two atoms of hydrogen (One atom of oxygen [Water | + Three atoms of hydrogen |One atom of nitrogen | Ammonia eee metal. is frons ~ lost per atom of the meta’ Valency of a metal is the number of elec ae craton of realent +K-1e 3K" univalent; + Mg-2e° > Me™ -metal. Valency of anon-metal is the mumber of electrons ~ gained per atom of ee ; sClile > Cl univalent; +S+2e"3 S divalent; + N*3e 9 NUTONE VARIABLE VALENCY VARIABLE VALENCY Certain metals exhibit more than one valency q+ | 2+ 3+ | 4+ hence showing - variable valency. cu | Cu Reasons for exhibiting variable valency ~ Hg | Hg An atom of an element can sometimes lose more electrons Ag Ag than are present in its- valence shell ie. loss from penultimate [i.e. last but one] shell and — Aw hence exhibit - more than one or - variable valency. Fe e.g. Cuprous [Cul] & Cupric [Cx]. Pb {Cu=29(2,8,181) The outermost shell has ‘one electron & the pemiltimate Sn shellcontains 18electrons. However the penultimateshellhasnotattained Mn stability and one or more electrons somtimes jumps to the outermost shell Pt thereby increasing the valency electron. Hence the atom has new configuration 2817.2) | Therefore copper exhibits Cul & Cie* valency. RADICALS Bee ‘A radicalis a group of atoms of elements that behaves likea single unit & shows a valency. Positive radical - Ammonium [NH,!*]; Negative radical - Hydroxide [OH™] CHEMICAL FORMULA Saas Chemical formula - A molecule of a substance i.e. element or compound ~ could be represented by symbols. Representation known as ‘chemical formula’. ‘An element is referred to as monoatomic when it existsasa | Sodium [Nal single atom & represented by a single symbol of that element. | Potassium IK] When an element exists as a molecule a number representing | Hydrogen (43) its atomicity is written as a subscript after the symbol of Oxygen [03] the element, thereby representing its formula. . ‘A compound contains whole number of atoms of the 1 atom of calcium & carbon component elements, indicating that the elements are in 3 atoms of oxygen chemical combination, thereby representing its molecular formula. | Calcium carbonate [CaCO3] A molecular formula also indicates the number of units of the | 1 atom of calcium radicals present in a compound with the proper subscript 2 Hydroxide radicals outside the unit of the radical. e.g. 2 outside Ca(OH) Caleitan hydroxide [Ca(O¥D] |c. VALENCY CHART POSITIVE IONS/RADICALS MRR CSS aro are NEGATIVE IONS/RADICALS | VALENCY 1 - Monovalent elements | VALENCY 1 - Monovalent elements POTASSIUM K'*_ | CHLORIDE ar SODIUM. Nal+ | CHLORATE clo,! LITHIUM Lit | HYPOCHLORITE clo HYDROGEN H™ | BROMIDE Bre AMMONIUM NH,"| 1O0DIDE rr |. Variable valencies HYDROXIDE Ont Cuprous {Copper {I} ] NITRITE No,! Argentous { Silver [I] ] NITRATE NO,! Mercurous [Mercury [I] ] HYDROGEN [BI] CARBONATE HCO! Aurous [Gold [1] HYDROGEN [BI] SULPHITE HSO,! HYDROGEN [BI] SULPHATE so, VALENCY 2 - Divalent elements ee i ALUMINATE Alo, CALCIUM Ca2+_ | PERMANGANATE MnO,)- + ale Mg’ | VALENCY 2 - Divalent elements BARIUM Ba**+ | SULPHITE so,* NICKEL Ni2* | SULPHATE SO COBALT Co**_| SULPHIDE se URANIUM U% | CARBONATE co,* Variable valencies CxDE oO Cupric [Copper [I1]] Cutt] | CHROMATE cro, Argentic [Silver [IN]}__—-Ag?*| | DICHROMATE Cr,07" Mercurie [Mercury [11] Hg?*| | PEROXIDE o> Ferrous (Uron [10] Fee 2 Plumbous [Lead [II]] Pet eyes Si0s Stannous [Tin [I] sn2+ | | ZINC. zn0¥ Platinous [Platnium [11]] Pe | | PLUMBITE PbO,? Manganous — [ Manganese [II] Mn**| | VALENCY 3 - Trivalent elements VALENCY 3 - Trivalent elements _| PHOSPHATE PO NITRIDE Ne ALUMINIUM A PHOSPHITE Po CHROMIUM et | VALENCY 4 - Tetravalent elements + Variable valencies | 7 Ferrie [Iron 1] Fe | | CARBIDE ct ‘Auric [Gold (11]] Au3+| [Compounds formed from elements with variable valency Element Valency [Compound formed VALENCY 4 - Tetravalent elements | [Copper +Cuprous | 1 |Copperlij oxide Cu,0 + Variable valencies 1] * Cupric 2 |Copper [M1] oxide CuO Plumbic [Lead [IV] ] Pott [ron * Ferrous 2. [Tron [IT] oxide FeO. Stannic [ Tin [IV]] Sn** * Ferric 3 |Iron[III] oxide Fe,03 Platinic [Platinum [IV]]_ Pett fercury *Mercurous| 1 |Mercury [I] oxide Hg,0. | L_Manganic [Manganese [[V]] Ma‘ +Mercuric | 2 |Mercury [I] oxide HgOD. Cc MPOUNDS Bos DS - Term, example & characte! COMPOUND - The term A compound is - * 8 pure substance, composed of - two or more elem combined chemically - in a fixed proportion: ents. COMPOUND - Example Water - HO * Composed of two elements - hydrogen and oxygen x (®)+{ @ }+(@ * Elements combined in a - fixed proportion by weight. Ow) Compound - Water * Properties of water are - different from those of its constituent elements COMPOUND- Characteristics 1, Components present in - a definite proportion. e.g. compound : Iron [II] sulphide — elements iron é& sulphur combined in - a definite proportion. . Compound is always - homogeneous. . Particles in a compound - are of one kind. e.g. compound : Iron [II] sulphide composition - cannot be varied, hence uniform composition — components ~ may not be seen separately. _ Compound has a - definite set of properties. Components in a compound - do not retain their - original properties and - can be separated - only by chemical means. e.g. compound : Iron [Il] sulphide particles in iron [II] sulphide - are chemically combined & hence ~ iron in iron [II] sulphide cannot be attracted by a magnet and - does not give Hy gas with dil. acid. sulphur present in iron [lI] sulphide - is insoluble in solvent CS,COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS - Name & formula - important compounds COMPOUND ELEMENTS IN THE COMPOUND. — ‘ACIDS 1, Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen, chlorine Hcl 2, Nitric acid Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen HNO; 3, Sulphuric acid Hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen H,SO, 4, Carbonic acid Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen HCO, 5, Phosphoric acid Hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen HPO, 6, Acetic acid Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen CH,COOH B 1, Potassium hydroxide 2. Sodium hydroxide 3. 4, 5. Calcium hydroxide Zinc hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Potassium, oxygen, hydrogen Sodium, oxygen, hydrogen Calcium, oxygen, hydrogen Zinc, oxygen, hydrogen Magnesium, oxygen, hydrogen KOH NaOH Ca(OH) Zn(OH), Mg(OH)2. Ss 1. Lead nitrate 2, Potassium bromide 3. Calcium chloride 4, Rock salt 5. Gypsum [dihydrate] 6. Blue vitriol [pentahydrate] 7. Epsom salt [hectahydrate] 8. Green vitriol 9. Glauber’s salt [decahydrate] 10. Washing soda [decahydrate] Lead, nitrogen, oxygen Potassium, bromine Calcium, chlorine Sodium, chlorine Calcium, sulphur, oxygen, hydrogen Copper, sulphur, oxygen, hydrogen Magnesium, sulphur, oxygen, hydrogen Iron, sulphur, oxygen, hydrogen Sodium, sulphur, oxygen, hydrogen Sodium, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen Pb(NO3)2 KBr CaCl Nacl CaSO,.2H,0 CuSO,.5H,0 MgSO,.7H,0 FeSO,,7H,O Na,SO,.10H,0 Na,CO3.10H,O HYDROCARBONS 1. Methane 2. Ethane 3. Propane 4, Butane Carbon, hydrogen Carbon, hydrogen Carbon, hydrogen Carbon, hydrogen CHy OH, C3Hs CaHio ALCOHOLS 1, Methanol Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen CH,OH 2. Ethanol Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen CjH;OH 3. Propanol Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen C3H;OH [Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing carbon & hydrogen only]mical Compounds E, WRITING THE FORMULA OF - Che: STEP Write the symbol of ~ j the positive atom or radical on the ~ left side and # the negative atom or radical on the - right side. $e so, < a as a 50, oe 804 ca > |CaSO, Calcium sulphite Ca*S0,% CaSO, Calcium sulphate ca*COX |CacO, Calcium carbonate catto® — cad Calcium oxide Ca®*Si0;* |CaSiO, Calcium silicate CaN |CayNy Calcium nitride IMg*iMe2*cl!- |MgCl, —_|Magnesium chloride IMg?*OH!- |Mg(OH), [Magnesium hydroxide IMg?*NO,I" | Mg(NO,), |Magnesium nitrate Mego? |Mgo ‘Magnesium oxide Mg®N*- |[Mg3N,__| Magnesium nitride Zn2*\znt+ci- |ZnCl, _|Zine chloride Zn%*S0,- |ZnSO, _| Zine sulphate Zn*CO;* |ZnCO3 Zinc carbonate ZnO —|zn0 Zine oxide [zngNH.),JSO,| Tetra amine zine sulphate Zn2*OH!- |Zn(OH), [Zinc hydroxide Zn*NO,}- |Zn(NO3)_ |Zinc nitrateIMPORTANTS FORMULAS [Contd] A+) ie T ie Cult icurcr Tevet {Copper [I] chloride Cult — |Cu,0 | Copper [i] oxide | {[cuprous] cults cys | Copper [I] sulphide 24H yah | Cu*icucr- lcuci, — {copper {ll} chloride curso, |cuso, | Copper [I sulphate | Copper [It] sulphide i Cu*OH |cu(oH) [Copper hydroxide | curs? [cus ICu2*NO4! | Cu(NOs), {Copper [II] nitrate cu0* — |Cu0 | Copper [Il] oxide [cupric] |[C4NH),]S0,) Tetra amine copper fu) sulphate | Fe lect |Feci, {tron [lt] chloride FeSO, |FeSO, Iron [IT] sulphate Fe*OH- | Fe(OH), _ [Iron [I] hydroxide Felts? [FeS Iron [II] sulphide IFe*NO3! | Fe(NO,)y |lron [Il] nitrate Fetto> — [FeO | Iron [II] oxide [ferrous] FeCl | FeCl, lIron [111] chloride Fe¥S0,% [Fe,(SO,)3 | Iron [III] sulphate Fe*OH' | Fe(OH); [Iron [III] hydroxide Fes? |Fe,S;, Iron [III] sulphide IFe3*NO5!- |Fe(NO,)s |Izon [III] nitrate Fe#0* — [Fe,03 Iron [III] oxide [ferric] IPb?*cl!- | PbCl, —_{Lead [II] chloride Pb’*s0,2- |PbSO; Lead [Il] sulphate Pb2+ Br | PbBr, _[Lead [II] bromide PbO? [PbO Lead [II] oxide IPb*OH!- |Pb(OH), [Lead [II] hydroxide IPb2*NO;}- | Pb(NO3),_ |Lead [II] nitrate Aluminium sulphate lae*cH- |Alcl; [Aluminium chloride JAP*OH- | AI(OH); {Aluminium hydroxide | Al*S® — ALS, Aluminium sulphide Aluminium oxide ‘MnCl, — [Manganese chloride Manganese sulphate |Chromium chloride Chromium sulphate CrCl; Chromium oxide lagi*cr- ‘Agi*| NAY ‘AgCl __|silver chloride I{Ag(NH;),]C} Diamine silver chloride INHJ*cl- |NHCl [Ammoniumchloride | NH,!*SO2+(NH,),SO, | Ammonium sulphate INH,*OH™|NH,OH [Ammonium hydroxide= G, CHEMICAL EQUATIONS A CHEMICAL EQUATION - NH,OH - Two reactants and two products. Mg + 2HCI (dil.] —> MgCl + Hp __ - Two reactants and three or four products. ~.K,Cr,07+ 14HCI [cone.] 9 2KC1+2CrCl, + 7H{O + 3Cly INFORMATION AND LIMITATIONS - Of a chemical equation Information provided Limitations A chemical equation tells us about : |A chemical equation does not tells us about: The concentration - of both reactants and products The nature - of elements’ & radicals involved, | The speed of the reaction - or the reactants involved. The chemical nature - of reactants & products. The direction - of the reaction Changes in colour occurring - during the reaction S25, Gveverible’ © 25S: reversible Completionofthereaction- ie, whether thereaction is completed or not. The state of matter—in which substanceis present.| Changes in evolution of - light or sound energy| e.g. Solid [s], Liquid [I], Gas [g.} during the occurrence of the reaction. BALANCING OF EQUATIONS - WHAT IS A BALANCED EQUATION. - A balanced equation is one in which the - munber of atoms of each elements - the same on the side of the reactants & on the side of the products. WHY SHOULD AN EQUATION BE BALANCED. - All equations must be balanced in order to comply with the - ‘Law of Conservation of Matter’, which explains that - matter is neither created nor destroyed in the course of a chemical reaction. An unbalanced equation would imply that atoms have been created or destroyed. HOWIS ANEQUATION BALANCED. - Thereisno definite rule governing the balancing of an equation - and it is generally balanced by ~ hit and trial method or partial equation method. ~ In order to balance an equation - the formula of the reactants and products in an equation are fixed & hence an equation can be balanced by taking - appropriate numbers ~ of the atoms or molecules of the reactants & the products concerned.H. BALANCING OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS _ ‘Hit and Trial Method : 12a] the - BALANCING OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION - Hit & TH ite Trial marae mber of atoms of each element on # Hit & Trial Method consists of - counting the nu! lise the number. Teactant/s & product/s side and trying to equa ah cts Reactants Pree a +HO +Ch K,CrnO, + Hcl > aa O=1 Cl=2 No. of atoms Cr=2, O=7 He1Ce1 >) . Balance the potassium and chromium atoms. K,C,0, + Ha > No. of atoms [K=2]Gr=2] 0=7 He1,Cl-1 + Cl +@CrCl; + H,O Cragicl-6 H=2,0=1 Cle2 v Balance the oxygen atoms. 7 K,Cr0, + HCl 2Kel + «2CrCl, +(7H,O__+ Ch No. of atoms [K=2]Cr=2]0=7] He1,Cl=1 cr=jcl-6 H=14, Balance the hydrogen atoms. K,Cr0, + GHC 3| 2KCl + 2CrCl + 7H,O + Ch No. of atoms [K=2]Cr=2| H=14] cl=14 >| [K=2JCl=2 cregici=6 [H=14/0=7 | Cl=2 Balance the chlorine atoms. vv 8 ; a 9 8 +3)Ch, K,Cr,07 + 14HC! >| 2KCl + 2CrCl, + 7H,0 No. of atoms | K=2|Cr=2|0=7 Heja-14) >| [ke2]cir2 [Gegci-6 [H=14]O=7 Jcl= Total Cl ={14) Hence the equation is balanced - since the total number of K, Cr, O, H and Cl atoms — on the left hand side is equal to the number of the given atoms on the right hand side. BALANCING OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION - Partial Equation Method Re Partial Equation Method: Balancing can be done easily by supposing - i] The complex reaction to take place in steps ii] Writing equation for the individual steps _ iii] Finally adding the steps. Example: 1] Reaction of KI [potassium iodide] & H,O, [hydrogen peroxide] a] HO decomposes to give water and nascent oxygen [O] b]_ Nascent oxygen obtained oxidises KI in presence of HO to give KOH & iodine. a] H,O, > HjO + Jol b] 2KI+ EKO + JO] > 2KOH +h [cancel what is common on opposite sides] 2KI + H,O, > 2KOH + The balanced equation - on totalling [a] & [b] 2] Oxidation of HS [hydrogen sulphide] by KMnO, [acidified potassium permanganate]. a] Potassium permanganate reacts with sulphuric acid to give potassium sulphate, manganese sulphate, water and nascent oxygen. b]_ Nascent oxygen obtained above oxidises hydrogen sulphide to sulphur a] 2KMnO, + 3H,SO, > K,SO, + 2MnSO, + 3H,0 + 546] [cancel what is common on b] HS +101 > H0+S x5 oppositesides- addrenctants HS+{OJOHO+S *5 __orprodtucts on same side.] 2KMnO, + 3H,SO, +5H,S > K,SO, +2MnSO,+8H,0+5S The balanced equationRELATIVE ATOMIC MASS [RAM] [Atomic Weight] The relative mass of an atom or molecule is hence considered - * Gy considering a mass of alight atom & relating the mass of other atoms or molecules to it. , fiydrogen atom [being the lightest element] was initially chosen ~ as the standard unit and masses of other atoms or molecules compared to it. |. Carbon -12 atom [isotope of carbon] was later in 1961 considered ~ the standard for comparison of mass of other atoms or molecules. RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS [RMM] ATIVE ATOMIC MASS & RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS TIVE ATOMIC MASS [RAM] _& RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS [RMM] “ome ave extremely small and very Tight and hence - cannot be weighed directly. Indirect methods have been utilized to - determine the absolute mass of an atom. [Molecular Weight] RAM [atomic weight] of an element - is the number of times one atom of an element is heavier than - Yj the mass of an atom of carbon [C"]. Mass of one atom of the element (7/49) Mass of one atom of carbon [C2] RMM [molecular weight] of an element/ compound isthe numberof times onemolecule of the substance ¥/,, the mass of an atom of carbon [C7]. is heavier than - __ Mass of one molecule of the substance © (/;q) Mass of one atom of carbon [C2] Gram atomic mass - gram atom The relative atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is known as - gram atomic mass or gram atom of that element. Gram molecular mass - gram molecule The relative molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams is known as ~ ‘gram molecular mass or gram molecule of that element. Atomic & molecular weights - of some co mon elements on the C! standard scale Element | Symbol RAM [Gram atom | Substance ees 4) | Gram motecule ‘Aluminium AL 26.98 27g | Nitrogen 28.014 28g Carbon c | 12.0000 12g | Oxygen 31.998 32g Chlorine c 35.453 35.5 Chlorine 70.906 Ng Hydrogen H 1.008 1g |Carbondioxide | 43.998 44g Tron Fe 55.847 56g Sulphur dioxide 64.062 64g Nitrogen N 14.007 14g | Sulphuric acid 98.076 8g Oxygen ° 15.999 16g, Atomic weights are expressed in a.m. ‘Atomic weights are not whole numbers Atomic weights are expressed as simple numbers or in - atomic mass units [a.m.u.] Atomic mass unit is defined as - 1/49 the mass of a carbon atom C!?, Atomic weight of oxygen - is 16.000 a.m.u. ie. the weight of an oxygen atom is 16.000 amu on the scale on which carbon is 2amu. 12, Molecular wt. of SO, is 64 a.m.u, ie, 1 molecule of SO, is 64 times as heavy as }hz the mass of carbon atom C’ Natural elements are mixtures of - two or more isotopes of constant composition. The atomic weight - is the weighted average of the atomic weight of its natural isotopes eg. Chlorine exists as two isotopes 81 & fei in the ratio 3:1. Hence the weighted average is 35.43 a.m.u- igsa ~ J._ CALCULATIONS OF - RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS [Mol. wt} TO CALCULATE - The relative molecular mass [mol. wt.] of acompound Relative molecular mass is calculated by adding together - the relstive atomic masses [atomic weights} of all the various atoms present in the m . 1. Calculate the relative molecular mass of nitrogen dioxide [NO2}- [Atomic weight of nitrogen = 14; Atomic weight of oxygen = 16]: Method: Mol. wot, of NO, =At. wt. of nitrogent 2 [At. wt. of oxygen] 2 14 +2x 16 Answer: Molecular wt. of nitrogen dioxide [NO] = 46 v - Calculate the molecular weight of calcium sulphate [CaSO,]. [Atomic weight of Ca = 40; Atomic weight of S = 32; Atomic weight of O = 16}. Method: Mol. wt. of CaSO, = At wt of caldum +At wt of sulphur+4 [At wt of oxygen] = 40 + 32 +4x 16 Answer: Molecular wt. of calcium sulphate [CaSO,] = 136 3, Calculate the relative molecular mass of suphuric acid [H,SO,]- [At. wt. of hydrogen = 1; At. wt. of suphur = 32; At. wt. of oxygen = 16]. Method: Mol. wt. of HSO, = 2 [At wt. of H] + [At wt ofS] + 4 [At. wt. of O] = 2x1 + 32 + 4x16 Answer: Molecular wt. of sulphuric acid [H,SO4] = 98 4. Calculate the relative molecular mass of ammonium sulphate [(NH,)75O,]. [At. wt. of N = 14; At. wt. of H = 1; At. wt. of S = 32; At. wt. of O = 16]. Method: + Mol. wt. of (NHq)2SO, = 2 [At wt of N]+ 8 [At wt of H]+[At. wt. of S] + 4 [At wt of O] e 2x4 + 8x1 ba 32 + 4x16 Answer: Molecular wt. of ammonium sulphate [NH S04] = 132 FOR YOUR PRACTISE: Calculate the molecular weight of a] SO b] Na;CO, c] Ca(NO [At. wis, are S = 32, O= 16, H= 1, Na=23, C12, Cas ay eee uy.K CALCULATIONS OF -PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION -ofacompound TO CALCULATE - The percentage composition of a compound | jculate the percentage composition of carbon dioxide [CO,]. " [Atomic weight of carbon = 12; Atomic weight of oxygen = 16] Method: : Mol. wt. of CO, = At. wt. of carbon + 2 [At. wt. of oxygen] = 12 * Ze Molecular wt. of carbon dioxide [CO] = 44 44g. of CO; contains 12 g. of carbon 100 g. of CO, contains Z x 100 = 27.27% of carbon [percentage] Similarly + g. of CO, contains 32 g. of oxygen |. 100 g. of CO, contains oe x 100 = 72.73% of oxygen Answer: Carbon dioxide contains 27.27% of carbon and 72.73% of ox (2, Calculate the percentage composition of sodium hydroxide [NaOH]. [At. wt. of sodium = 23; At. wt. of oxygen = 16; At. wt. of hydrogen = 1]. Method: Mol. wt. of NAOH = At.wtofNa + At. wtofO + At. wt. of H = 23 + 16 = 1 Molecular wt. of sodium hydroxide [NaOH] = 40 + 40g. of NaOH contains 23 g. of sodium +. 100 g. of NaOH contains B x 100 = 57.5% of sodium [percentage] + Similarly 40 g. of NaOH contains 16 g. of oxygen <. 100 g. of NaOH contains 15 x 100 = 40% of oxygen Similarly 40 g. of NaOH contains 1 g. of hydrogen +. 100 g. of NaOH contains a x 100 = 2.5% of hydrogen Answer: Sodium hydroxide contains 57.5% of sodium & 40% of oxygen & 2.5% of hydrogen. FOR YOUR PRACTISE: ae 1. Calculate the percentage composition of a] KNO3 b] Ca3(PO,)> [At. wts. are K = 39, N = 14, O = 16, Ca = 40, P = 31]. 2. Calculate the percentage loss of mass of hydrated copper[I1] sulphate[CuSO,5H20] when it is completely dehydrated, [CuSO,5H,O > CuSO, + 5H,0] [At wts. are Cu = 64, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1]. 13a . Chp.1- Refer a For additional questions on 11D. 1X BY DR. VIRAF}. p ‘OBJECTIVE WoRKBOOK FOR eames CSE eee ae smistry for Std, xy A Supplementary work book for “Simplified 1. C.$.E. Questions cs & the hydroxide of the metal x 1 _XChis the chloride ofa metal X. State the formula ofthe sulphate 87 f X in oxygen ion o 2. _An-element X is trivalent. Write the balanced equation for the combustion 1991 ai Hi te i] its hydroxid 1. ‘The formula ofthe nitride ofa metal X is XN, state the formula of :i its sulphate i] its hydroxide 1992 1. Whats the valency of nitrogen in: iJ NO, ii]N,O, iii] NO, 1995 [discontinued] Additional Questions ; 4 1. What is meant by the term ‘symbol’. Give the qualitative and quantitative meaning of the term ‘sym’, 2. Name three metals whose symbols are derived from: a] the first letter of the name of the element, b] from their latin names. 3. Explain the meaning of the term ‘valency’. ane State why the valency of the metal potassium is +1 and of the non-metal chlorine is -1. 4. What is meant by the term ‘variable valency’. Give a reason why silver exhibits a valency of +1 and +2 5. Give examples of eight metals which show variable valency. State the valency of sulphur in : a] SO}, b] SO,, 6. State the valency in each case and name the following elements or radicals given below. (The first two have been done for you] 1] K_ [Ans:K1* ~ potassium] 2] CxO, [Ans: Cr,0;?-- dichromate] i a : 4 Ni 4] C10, 6] CO; 7) Ba 8] HCO, 9] NO, 10] Na 1) Br 12] Zn 13] Mg 14] 0 15] Co 16] CrO, 17] Clo 18) MnO, 19) Li 20) 1 21) OH 22] 0, 23) ZnO, 24] SiO, 25] NO, 26] SO; 27] SO, 28] PO, 29) N 30) C 31] PO, 32] Al 33] Ca 34] H 35] PbO, 36] HSO, 37] AlO, 38] Cr 39] HSO, 40) NH, 7. State the variable valencies of the following elements and give their names. [The first one have been done for you] a] Cu [Ans: Cu!* - Copper [I] ie. cuprous; Cu? Copper [ll] ie. cupric] blag clHg dJFe e]Pb f]SnglMn. HIP if Au 8. State which of the following elements or radicals are divalent - a] Lithium b] Nickel c] Ammonium d] Bromide e] Sulphite f] Nitride 8] Carbide h) Chromium i} Bisulphite J Dichromate ¥] Permanganate 9. Explain the meaning ofthe term ‘compound’ with a suitable example. State the main characteristics of* compound with special reference tothe compound ion {supine 10. Name the elements in the compound & give the formula - ofthe fo a] Nitricacid b] Carbonic acid c] Phosphoric acid @] Blue vitriol f] Green vitriol g] Glauber’ssalt hh} Ethane 4 lowing compounds: d] Acetic acid i] Ethanol.sqplain the term ‘chemical formula’ State why the molecular formula of zine carbonate yi. EXPY 2B. ua. 15. 16. V7. 18, 2 is'Zncoy. Write the formula of the following compound: Potassium - a} chloride b] nitrate c] carbonate 4G] bisulphate q ce] sulphite f] dichromate gl permanganate —h]_zincate i] plumbite j]_ sulphate Kk] bicarbonate 1 aluminate m] hydroxide n} iodide 0] nitrite Pl bisulphite +) Sodium - a] chloride b] nitrate c] carbonate dd] bisulphate 1 ce] sulphite f] dichromate“ g]_ permanganate hy} zineate i] plumbite j] sulphate k] _ bicarbonate 1) aluminate m] hydroxide n]_ iodide ~~ o} nitrite Pl bisulphite 3] Calcium a] chloride b] nitrate cc] carbonate d] _bisulphite e] sulphite f] sulphate 8] bicarbonate h] hydroxide 4] Magnesium - a] chloride b) nitrate c] carbonate d] sulphate e] bicarbonate f]_hydroxide g] oxide 5) Zine - a] chloride b] nitrate ¢] carbonate d] sulphate e] hydroxide f] oxide 6] Aluminium - a] chloride b] nitrate ¢] carbonate d) sulphate e] hydroxide oxide 7\ Copper - Copper [I] chloride; Copper [II] chloride Copper [I] oxide; Copper [II] oxide Copper [I] sulphide; Copper [II] sulphide Copper{Il} nitrate; Copper II] sulphate Tetra amine copper (II] sulphate 8} Tron - Iron [UI] chloride; Iron [Ill] chloride Iron [Il] oxide; Iron [IIT] oxide Iron [II] sulphate; Iron [III] sulphate Iron [II] sulphide; Iron [Ill] sulphide Iron [II] hydroxide; Iron [Ill] hydroxide 9} Lead - Lead [Il] chloride; Lead [II] oxide; Lead [Il] hydroxide; Lead [II] nitrate Lead [II] sulphate 10] Silver - Silver [I] chloride; Silver [II] chloride; Diamine silver chloride Write the names of the following compounds : a] KAO, b] HCO, c] NaClo, d} AIN, e]_ K,Cr,0,, f]. KMnOy g} CasNy, fh] Cas(PO4)>, i] H,S03, j] HCl, k) HNO, 1] H,SO, m) NH,OH, n] NaOH, ©] H,COs, p]_ HNO, q] Mg(HCO,)),r]_ NaAlO,,s}_ KPO, t] _Cry(SO,)3 u]_Na,O Explain the term ‘chemical equation’. What is meant by ‘reactants’ and ‘products’ in a chemical equation. Give an example of a chemical equation in which two reactants form - a] oneproduct —b]_ two products <] three products d]_ four products MnO, 2KCIO; —> 2KCI + 30,[g] - is. balanced equation. a] State what is a ‘balanced equation’. b]_ Give a reason why the above equation is balanced. ¢] State why the compound MnO, is written above the arrow. What do the symbols — I> i= ity@ iv] () v1 (g) vi] (aq.)__ present ina chemical equation, mean. CaCO, + 2HCI [dil] > CaCl, + H,O + CO, [g] a] State the information provided by the above chemical equation. 4] State the information not conveyed by the above chemical equation. 1519, 20. Bal, lance the following, simple equations: Wc * ¢ > aN, + es = oO 31 Zs + > , = aA Al + Oy > a My 4+ Ny > + Ng > + 0} > + 0} = + Ch > : a 7 + HCl + Ch 2 _ ¢ 7 + HO + CO; + Co > 2c 16) Ca(OH), + HNO; > + Ho 7 Kk eo uD 18] Ca + HO > CaOH, + Fe 19) Al + HO > ALO; , 20] Fe + HO = FeO, + Hy 21) Zn + NaOH > NajZnO, * Hy 22) Zn + HCl > ZnCl, + 23), Al + H80, > Al(SO); + Ha 2 Hy + O > HO oof Ny + Hy, = NH; 26) FeO, + Hy > Fe + HO 27] KBr 7 + Ch > kd + Bry 28] NaOH ae cs > NaCl = Naclo 2 2 HO 29) NaHCO, + HS0, > NaSO, + HO + CO, 30) Mg + CO, > MgO = 31], Fe,03 + CO > Fe + sare) + Hel > CaCl, + HO Write balanced equations for the following word equations : 1] Potassium nitrate > Potassium nitrite + Oxygen 2] Calcium + Water > Calcium hydroxide + Hydrogen 3] Iron + Hydrochloricacid > Iron[Il]chloride + Hydrogen 4] Nitrogen dioxide + Water + Oxygen > Nitric acid 5] Lead dioxide {lead (IV) oxide] > Lead monoxide + Oxygen 6) Aluminium + Oxygen > Aluminium oxide 7) tron + Chlorine > Iron [tl] chloride 8] Potassium bromide + Chlorine > Potassium chloride + Bromine 9] Potassium bicarbonate > Potassium carbonate + Water + Carbon dioxide 10] Calcium hydroxide + Ammonium chloride > Calciumchloride + Water + Ammonia 16ance the following important equations: Bal CO. + > Nag0, + HO + Co. my Ne 2 + a > Naso, + H,0 2 2 py(NOs)2 + NaCl > NaNO, + PbCl, re) + NaOH > ~ Na,SO, + Fe(OH), 4 Fecy ie] INSOME | go. (Nat + Fe(OH); 5) Cus, + NaOH 5 NaS, + Cu(OH), 1 FeCly + NHOH > NH,Cl + Fe(OH); Ua) + NaOH > Najznd, + HO 8) ByOH2 + NaOH > Na,PbO, + HO 3) ALOj2H,0 + NaOH > NaAlo; + HO 4 NaAlO, + HO > NaOH + AlOH) (OH) > ALO. + #0 a ae + [f + $0, ta) Fe03 + al > AL; + Fe is) Al + Gh > Alc 36) NaCl + HS0, > Naso, + HC im Fe + Ha > FeCh + FH, 18] Na,CO, + Hal > Nacl SEO) cos 39} P(NOs)> + Ha > Pec, + HNO, 20) Agcl + NHOH > Ag(NH,),Cl+ HO 21) MnO, Sci > Mnc, + HO + Ch 2} PbsOs + HC > Ped, + HO + G 23] KMnOy + Hal > xa + MnCh + HO +d, 24] K,Cr07 + Ha > xd + GCh + HO +d, 25) NH,Cl GO, 9) | cick + HO + Nis 36) (NH,)S0, + NaOH > Naso, + H,O + NH, 27] Mg3No + HO > MgOH), + NH, 28] | AIN + #0 > AIOH; + NH 29] NH + 0 > N, + HO [buming of NH) 30] NH [Os > NO + HO [eatalytic oxidation of NH] 31] NH,OH + ESO, > (NH)S0, + HO 32] NH3 + co > cu + HO + N 33] NH . cy > Hel + NClg {nitrogen trichloride] 34] HINO, > HO + NO, + Q 35] Ca(HCO,), + HNO; 3 ca(NO), + HO + CQ 36) C + HNOgeone) 3 CO) | HG. No. a7] Ss + HNOsglconc] > HO, + HO + NO, 38] Cu + HNOseone] > Cu(NOs)) + HO + NO, 39) «C + HySOgleone] > CO, + HO + $0, 40) Ss + HySO,lcone) > — $03 + H,0 4] Cu + HySOgleone] > CuSO, + HO + SO 2. Give balanced equations for 1] & 2] by partial equation method. [steps are given below] 1] Reaction of excess ammonia with chlorine - Ammonia as a reducing agent a] Ammonia first reacts with chlorine to give hydrogen chloride & nitrogen. b] Hydrogen chloride then further reacts with excess ammonia to give ammonium chloride, 2] Oxidation of Lead [II] Sulphide by Ozone a] Ozone first decomposes to give molecular oxygen & nascent oxygen. b] Nascent oxygen then oxidises lead [Il] sulphide to lead [II] sulphate. Define the terms - a] Relative atomic mass b] Relative molecular mass. State why indirect methods are ufilised to determine the absolute mass of an atom. Explain in brief the indirect method used. a 24. 1} Calculate relative molecular mass of a] ZnCO3 b] CaSO, [Zn = 65,$ = 32, O = 16, Ca= 40, C= 2] Calculate the percentage composition of - a] calcium chloride b] calcium nitrate [Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5,N= 14,0 = 16] 2B 7Uni . 30 m. nit Test Paper 1 — The Language of Chemistry a 5 AtoQ. (Q.1 Match the names of ions and radicals from 1 to 10-with their correct answer from A 10 15] 2 H:N* —1:NO,1 MnO,!- C:Sn!* D: Pb?* Q:cl0;'" K:Hgl* 1:80, M:ClO' Ni Zi 5 “'s. Nitide 1. Hypochlorite 2. Permanganate 3. Plumbous. + Zineate 6. Mercurie 7. Stannic & Nitrite a Q2 State which of the following formulas of compounds A to J are incorrect. 5 If incorrect write the correct formula. B CuPO, A: (NH));S0, B: NaZnO. Cc: KCr0; Dee i an = F: Mg(S0,)3 G: KNO, H: Naclo IE; N20 /- Q3 Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the words in brackets: 5 1. A symbol represents a short form of a/an_—_—— [atom / element / molecule] [heterogencous/ homoge Senet wom (he 2. Compounds are alway neous) in nature. 3. Variable vatency is exhibited, since electrons are lost fro [valence / penultimate] shell. ‘A chemical equation is a shorthand form for a____— [physical / chemical] change Relative molecular mass of an element/compound is the number of ti of the substance is heavier than ~ 1/;2!" the mass of an atom of carbon. imes one ————______ [C?] [atom/ion/ molecule} ye which is incorrectly balanced and write the Q44 Underline the compound in each equation given below, no correct balancing for the same. [One is completed for you]. 2NH,OH + H;S0, — > (NH,),50, + ee 1. NaSO, + HCl > 2Nacl + + SO, 2 Cac, + Ny > 2aCN, + 3. Fe,O3 + 2H, > we + 3H,0 4. Cl + 2H,0 + SOQ, —» 4HCI + HSO, 5. 6NAOH + 3C, __» 6NaCI + NaClO;+ 3H,0 6 GH;OH + 30, _y CO; + 2H,0 7 NaOH + CO, > NaCO, + HO 8. 2H,0 + 2Ch = —> 2HCl +O 9. 3Cuo + NH; —» 3Cu + 3HO + N, 10. PbO, + 4HCL —» PbCL, + HO + Ch Q.5 With reference to a chemical equation, state which of the statements 1 to 5 pertain to A or B. 5) A: Information provided by a chemical equation. B: Limitations of a chemical equation The nature of the individual elements, ‘The speed of the reaction. ‘The state of matter in which the substance is present, The completion of the reaction. YF eps The direction of the reaction. 18