Dr.

Doaa Naeem
Tel.: 01116532211
e-mail: doaa.abdelnaeem@ejust.edu.eg
danaieem@zu.edu.eg 1
 2

Chapter 2
Sets and
Probabilities
Population

Sample

Probability

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem

Important Definitions

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 4

 Sample

1. Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment. It is denoted

by S and can contain discrete or continuous outcomes.

‫كل المخرجات الممكنه للتجربه محل الدراسة‬

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem

 Sample
1. Sample Space: ‫كل المخرجات الممكنه للتجربه محل الدراسة‬

• Ex_1: Section
❑ S= {girl , boy}
❑ S= {Excellent, very good, good,….}

• Ex_2: Cards
❑ S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, boy, girl, king}

• Ex_3: Rolling a dice

❑ S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Dr. Doaa A. Naeem
 Sample
1. Sample Space: ‫كل المخرجات الممكنه للتجربه‬ 2. Sample Point: Every element in the sample
‫محل الدراسة‬ space. n(S) = N
3. Event: is a subset of the sample space which
• Ex_1: Section
has a specific property.
❑ S= {girl , boy}
• EX: E= {boy, girl, king}
❑ S= {Excellent, very good, good,….}

• Ex_2: Cards
❑ S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, boy, girl,
king}

• Ex_3: Rolling a dice

❑ S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Dr. Doaa A. Naeem
 Sample
1. Sample Space: ‫كل المخرجات الممكنه للتجربه محل الدراسة‬
• Ex_2: Cards
❑ S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, boy, girl, king}
2. Sample Point: Every element in the sample space. n(S) = N

3. Event: is a subset of the sample space which has a specific property.

• EX: E= {boy, girl, king}

n(E) = 3
Special Events:

n(E) = N : Certain event n(E) = 0 : Impossible event n(E) = 1 : Elementary event

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem
Representation of Sample Space and Events
Simple Complex

Listing Listing

Vann Diagram Vann Diagram

Tree Diagram Tree Diagram

Lattice Grid

Cross Product

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 9

 Listing:
• Ex: Rolling a dice

❑ S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Sample Points
• E: Event the number on the Dice is more than or equal 4
• E= {4, 5, 6}

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 10

 Vann Diagram:

Ex: Rolling a dice

S
E
❑ S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 1 3 5

2 4 6
Sample Points

E is an event that the number is more than or equal 4

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 11

 Vann Diagram:

S
A E
1 3 5

2 4 6
Sample Points

E is an event that the number is more than or equal 4

A is an event that the number is less than 3

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 12

 Tree Diagram:
• Tossing a coin : S= {H, T}
H

T
• Tossing a coin twice

H H

T
T
H
T
• S= {HH, HT, TH, TT}
Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 13
 Cross Product:

• Tossing a coin first time : S1= {H, T}

• Tossing a coin second time : S2= {H, T}

• Tossing a coin Twice: S1 X S2

• S1 X S2 = {HH, HT, TH, TT}

• n(S1 X S2) = n(S1) * n(S2) = 2 * 2 = 4

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 14

 Cross Product:

• Tossing a coin: S1= {H, T}

• Rolling a Dice: S2= {1,2,3,4,5,6}

• Tossing a coin then Rolling a Dice: S1 X S2

• n(S1 X S2) = n(S1) * n(S2) = 2 * 6 = 12

• S1 X S2 = { (H,1), (H,2), (H,3), (H,4), (H,5), (H,6), (T,1), (T,2), (T,3),

(T,4), (T,5), (T,6)}

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 15

 Lattice Grid:
6

4
Dice 2
3

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Dice 1
Sample Points
• Rolling two Dices
Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 16
 Lattice Grid: E

4
Dice 2
3

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Dice 1
Sample Points
• Event E: the summation of dots of the two Dices is more than 9
Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 17
EX. List the elements of the sample space of the experiment of drawing the items from a box
that contains 2 good items (G1, G2,) and 1 defective item (D) until the defective item is found.

G1 G2 D

G2 D
G1
D
G2
G1 D
D
D

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem

EX. List the elements of the sample space of the experiment of drawing the items from a box
that contains 2 good items (G1, G2,) and 1 defective item (D) until the defective item is found.

G2 D
G1
D
G2
G1 D
D
D
• S= {G1 G2 D, G1 D, G2 G1 D, G2 D, D} • C={G1 D, G2 D, D }
• A, At least 2 good items are drawn. • D, At least 2 defective items
• A= {G1 G2 D, G2 G1 D } • D={ }= Ǿ
• B, AT MOST 2 good items are drawn.
• B= {G1 G2 D , G1 D , G2 G1 D , G2 D , D }
• C, Less than 2 good items are drawn.
Dr. Doaa A. Naeem
 Operations between Events
• A∩B Event A and Event B, both A and B
Ex.: A={4,5,6} B={2,3,4)
A ∩ B = {4}

• AUB Event A or Event B, at least one of them

Ex.: A U B = {2,3,4,5,6}

• 𝐴ሗ not A
Ex.: 𝐴ሗ ={1,2,3}

• A−B A not B, Difference between A and B

Ex.: A − B ={5,6}
Dr. Doaa A. Naeem
 Operations between Events
• 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 𝑐ư at most one of them

• 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 𝑐ư non of them, neither A nor B

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem

 Some Rules
1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴
S
2. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 A B
3. 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶
C
4. 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 22

 Some Rules
S
5. 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)
A B

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 23

 Some Rules
6. 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
S
A B

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 24

 Some Rules
7. Demorgan Rule:
S
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵ത = 𝐴ҧ ∩ 𝐵
A B

S
A B

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 25

 Some Rules
S
8. A and B are Mutually Exclusive events A B

If 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 26

Ex.: Represent the Sample Space of the random experiment of rolling two Dices.
Event A: one of the two Dices at least has two dots
Event B: the summation of dots of the two Dices is more than 9
Event C: number of Dots on the first dice is less than the second one.
6

Dice 2
3

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Dice 1
Sample Points
Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 27
 Event A: one of the two Dices at least has two dots
Event B: the summation of dots of the two Dices is more than 9
Event C: number of Dots on the first dice is less than the second one.
6 A X
• A = {(1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3),
(2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,2), (4,2), 5 X
(5,2), (6,2)}
4 X

Dice 2
3 X

2 X X X X X X

1 X

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Dice 1 Sample Points

• S={(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 28

 Event A: one of the two Dices at least has two dots
Event B: the summation of dots of the two Dices is more than 9
Event C: number of Dots on the first dice is less than the second one. B
6 A X
• A = {(1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3),
(2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,2), (4,2), 5 X
(5,2), (6,2)}
4 X

Dice 2
• B= {(4,6), (5,5), (5,6), (6,4),
3 X
(6,5), (6,6)}
2 X X X X X X

1 X

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Dice 1 Sample Points

• S={(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 29

 Event A: one of the two Dices at least has two dots
Event B: the summation of dots of the two Dices is more than 9
Event C: number of Dots on the first dice is less than the second one. B
6 A X
• A = {(1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3),
(2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,2), (4,2), 5 X
(5,2), (6,2)}
4 X

Dice 2
• B= {(4,6), (5,5), (5,6), (6,4),
3 X
(6,5), (6,6)}
2 X X X X X X

1 X

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Dice 1 Sample Points

• S={(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 30

• A = {(1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), B
(2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,2), (4,2), 6 C A X
(5,2), (6,2)}
5 X
• B= {(4,6), (5,5), (5,6), (6,4),
4 X
(6,5), (6,6)}

Dice 2
3 X
• C={(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5),
2 X X X X X X
(1,6), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
1 X
(3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,5), (4,6),
(5,6)} 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Dice 1
• 𝑨∪𝑩
= {(1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,2), (4,2), (5,2), (6,2), (4,6), (5,5), (5,6), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
• 𝑨∩𝑩
=∅
B–C=
• 𝑩∩𝑪 {(5,5), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
= {(4,6), (5,6)} Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 31
Ex.: a box containing 3 balls; Red, blue, and white; two balls are drawn:
a) with Replacement
b) without replacement

a)with Replacement a)without Replacement

R2
B2
R1
W2
R2
B1 B2

W1 W2
R2
B2
W2

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 32

Ex.: a box containing 3 balls; Red, blue, and white; two balls are drawn:
a) with Replacement
b) without replacement

a)with Replacement a)without Replacement

R2
B2
B2 R1
R1 W2
W2
R2 B1
B1 B2
W1
W1 W2
R2
B2
W2

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 33

Ex.: a box containing 3 balls; Red, blue, and white; two balls are drawn:
a) with Replacement
b) without replacement

a)with Replacement a)without Replacement

R2
B2
B2 R1
R1 W2
W2
R2 B1
R2
B1 B2
W1
W1 W2 W2
R2
B2
W2

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 34

Ex.: a box containing 3 balls; Red, blue, and white; two balls are drawn:
a) with Replacement
b) without replacement

a)with Replacement a)without Replacement

R2
B2
B2 R1
R1 W2
W2
R2 B1
R2
B1 B2
W1
W1 W2 W2
R2 R2
B2
B2
W2

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem 35

Dr. Doaa A. Naeem

Questions from the floor

36