Bio101-General Biology-I 2021

BIO101: General Biology
Prof. O.O. Oyesiku (BuP)

oyesiku.olubukunola@oouago-iwoye.edu.ng
Department of Plant Science
Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye
Ogun State Nigeria
19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 1

BIO101: General Biology
Rundown of the Lectures
oyesiku.olubukunola@oouago-iwoye.edu.ng
Department of Plant Science

Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye
Ogun State Nigeria

Rundown of the Lectures
Week Course Description Lecturer-in-
charge
1 Principles of Nomenclature and Taxonomy Agbolade,
of living things OM
2 Characteristics and Classification of living Agbolade,
things OM
3 The Vital activities of living things; i) Agbolade,
Movement ii) Respiration iii) Nutrition iv) OM
Growth
4 v) Excretion vi Reproduction vii) Agbolade,
Development OM
5 Cellular Organelles; Cell structure, Ashidi, JS
6 Cells organisation and functions Ashidi, JS
7 Mid-Semester Tests OMA &
AJS
Week Course Description Lecturer-in-
charge
8 Interrelationship of Organisms; basic Oyesiku,
ecological concepts OO
9 Biogeochemical cycles Oyesiku,
OO
10 Humans activities and changes in Oyesiku,
biosphere OO
11 Heredity and Evolution Oyesiku,
OO
12 Revision/Tests The
Lecturers

Why Should You Listen To
Me?
Mistletoe on Moringa Tree
Oyesiku, 2012
Lion-Zebra meeting @ the river bank
It is not
lunch time
Water truce
declaration
Unbelievable but true!

BIO101: General Biology 7
Lion-Zebra meeting in the wild
Believable and true!

Interrelationships between
Organisms

Concept of Interrelationships: Niche
Resources
Organisms
Space
B,C,D,E,F
Organism-A

6-Types of interactions between
organisms
Commensalism (+ / 0)
(one species benefits, the other is neutral)
Competition (- / -)
(both species suffers)
Herbivory (+/-)
(one species gains, the other suffers)
Commensalism (+ / 0)
(one species benefits, the other is
neutral)
Benefits : Travels, shelter, food or support from
host

Examples of Commensalism (+/+)
Sucker
(Shark & Remora fish Friendship

Mutualism (+/+)
(both species benefit)
Parasitism (+/ -)
Predation (+/ -)

(Green leaf & Tree frog)

(Nurse tree & Bryophytes

Example of Competition (- / -)
Interference Competition (direct)

Animal Plant
Exploitative Competition (indirect)

Example of Herbivory (+ / -)

Example of Mutualism (+/+)

Example of Mutualism (+/+)
Mutualism
Benefits
Oxpecker Cattle
Tick
Insects Grooming
Benefits
Ear wax
Pest
Parasite
control

Example of Parasitism (+/ -)
Dog-Tick Relationship

Example of Predation (+/ -)
Carnivory Predation
(large body carnivore)

Example of Predation (+/ -)
Herbivory Predation

Parasitic Predation

Importance of Predator-
Prey Relationship
Maintained balance among different Species
Absence of a predator, absence of prey
Presence of prey alone drives other species into

extinction

Interlude

Basic Ecology Concepts

Ecology
Study
Examine
interaction
Organisms Environment
Abundance Distribution Organisms

Niche Energy flow
Behaviour Nutrient cycling
Adaptation Emergent properties
Diversity Growth & development

Limit
Concept of Niche
A niche includes food and habitat of an

organism

What is your niche?
Exact space you're trying to fill (course) with
your product or service and
who your target audience is
Finding your niche is a critical step in achieving

success

Concept of Adaptation
Adaptation is the process
an organism becomes comfortable
to its environment
given to natural selection of heritable genes
through several generations

Concept of Behaviour
Behaviour
actions and attitude
organisms
biotic and abiotic environment

Concept of Diversity
Diversity
individual is unique
with differences in ideologies

such as
race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious beliefs ,

political beliefs and socio-economic status

Concept of Emergent properties
properties of the system (living cell)
and not the

properties of individual component (organelle)
that is called
emergent properties

Example
polymer capsules exhibit emergent properties
where
multilayer capsules show three traits
that is
difficult to achieve by a single layer capsule

Concept of Energy Flow & Nutrient Cycle
Energy flow is the amount of energy that moves
through a food chain
flows through an ecosystem in only one direction

releasing some heat at each trophic level
measured in Joules or calories

Nutrient cycling
movement and exchange of organic and inorganic
matter
within an ecosystem from
producer through consumers to decomposers

and back to producer

Concept of Growth & Development
Growth is the progressive increase in the size of

an organism

Development is progressive acquisition of many
skills (abilities)
such as
speaking, learning, dancing, singing
Growth and development go together but at

different degrees

Concept of Limit
Limiting factors (in ecology) are environmental

conditions
that limit the
growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism
or a population in an ecosystem

Concept of Limit
The limiting factor causes competition between

individuals of a species population
For example
space and light are a limiting factors

Many thanks for your
time

End of Lecture

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE (BGCC)

Biogeochemical Cycles
Phosphorous

•Oxygen •Fe
•Nutrient
•Ca
•S •P
• H2O
• C
• N

Waste Valorisation
Water cycle
Carbon cycle and
Nitrogen cycle
responsible for carrying away

waste materials and replenishing
the ecosystem with life sustaining
nutrients

All living organisms on earth depend on recycled
chemical elements
through biochemical cycles
gaseous cycles
1. the sedimentary cycles

Gaseous Cycles
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
Water (vapour)

Gaseous Cycles
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
Water (vapour)

S

5-steps of Phosphorous cycle
Water
Rocks Sediments Soils
Organisms

Sulphur Cycle
Plants absorb sulphur which dissolved in water
Animals consume plants to take up sulphur to maintain their

health
Sulphur enters the atmosphere through human activity

Steps in Sulphur Cycle
Sulphur dioxide enters the atmosphere and reacts

with oxygen to produce
sulphur trioxide gas (SO3)
H2SO4 or
sulphur salts

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
gases are
 emitted into the atmosphere from rotten matter

Sulphur particulate aerosol in the atmosphere
 settle back on land or vegetation or

react with rain to form acid rain and fall back to the land
or vegetation
 The plants again absorbed the particulate spray or
vapour
the sulphur cycle start over again

Water (vapour)

Water cycle
C o n d e n s a t i o n
H2O
Why Water cycle is Important
It regulates weather patterns on the earth

It helps the earth to maintain heat balance
It ensures the availability of clean water for all

living organisms

Water is essential to life
If water recycling stop itself, organisms
would run out of clean water !

3-key Processes in Carbon cycle
III Photosynthesis II Respiration

I Combustion

4-Principal Natural Carbon Sinks
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
, , , and
Principles of Carbon Cycle
CO2 Incorporation (photosynthesis)
Decomposition Respiration Combustion

Sources of Carbon
Atmosphere
Forests
Soil
Oceans
Fossil fuels

3 Forms of carbon in Nature
Amorphous
Diamond
Graphite

Non-Carbon Alternative Sources of Energy
Solar power
Wind power
Water power

Importance of Carbon Cycle
Balance
Atmosphere reservoir Oceans reservoir
Imbalance
Atmosphere reservoir Oceans reservoir
Global warming Climate disruption

Nitrogen Cycle
Why Nitrogen is Essential for living?

Nitrogen is
 a major part of amino acids (the building
blocks of proteins and of nucleic acids)
An element of Nucleic acids (DNA) that

transfers genetic information from one
generation to the next

Nitrogen cycle
Atmosphere
Conversion of N2
Terrestrial River

5-Steps of Nitrogen Cycle
Step-1: Nitrogen fixation
Step-2: Ammonification
Step-3: Nitrification
Step-4: Assimilation
Step-5: Denitrification

Step-1: Nitrogen fixation
N2 Fixes into
(nitrogen)

Importance of Nitrogen fixation
 Nitrogen fixation is for the continuation
of life on earth
 Atmospheric N2 gas is unavailable for
plants and animals to use directly
Soil bacteria convert atmospheric N2 gas into the

available form for the plants use
NO3- & NH3/NH4+

NH3

Step-2: Ammonification
N2 (organic nitrogen) to NH3/NH4+

Importance of Ammonification
 Ammonification is important to the
continuation of life on earth
 Complex organic matter need to be broken
down into simple element of Nitrogen
Soil bacteria convert decay matter into the forms

that are available to plants for use
NO3- & NH3/NH4+

Step-3: Nitrification
NH3 (ammonia) NO3- (nitrate ion)

Importance of Nitrification
Most plants nitrate uptake is from the soil or water
conversion
Aerobic Type-I
Type-II
oxidising ammonium
bacteria nitrite nitrate

Step-4: Assimilation
NH3 and NO3- into Biological system

Importance of Assimilation
Nitrogen assimilation is the formation of amino

acids from inorganic nitrogen compounds in the
soil
Plants, fungi and certain bacteria that cannot

fix nitrogen gas (N2) depend on their
assimilative ability to obtain nitrate or
ammonia for their needs

Step-5: Dinitrification
NO3- to N2 (g)

Importance of Denitrification
Denitrification: the process by which nitrate is

reduced to nitrogen gas by soil anaerobic microbes
This process is vital to the recycling of nitrogen

for heath of soil organisms
Denitrification can negatively impact global

warming through losses of nitrous oxide

5-Uses of Nitrogen
 Dyes
 Nylon
 Fertilizers
 Nitric acid
 Explosives

Take Home
“The next time you want to eat your food, think

about where your food came from and the
different biogeochemical cycles that made this
meal possible.”

End of Lecture

WHAT IS BIOSPHERE?
BIOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE EARTH HYDROSPHERE
LITHOSPHERE

How human activity affect biosphere?
 Hunting activity affect population balance of food web
 Deforestation and Urbanization cause loss of habitat
and promotes soil erosion
 Pollution affects life-forms through discharge of
toxic chemical into air, land and water
 Agriculture – pesticide, herbicides and fertilizers
affects aquatic life-forms
Other human activities that affects
Biosphere?
 Plastic production  Black carbon production
 Greenhouse gasses (CO2 , CH4 , HFCs emission)
 Overpopulation & Overconsumption
 Invasive species
 Genetic modification
Current trend in manipulation of human genes lead to
unknown outcome caricature!
A Caricature !

What are the active human activities in
the vicinity of OOU campus?
 Quarrying  Noise making
 Logging trees
 Bush burning

What are the human activities that
trigger natural disasters?
 Deforestation  Mechanize farming
 Urban development
 Hydroelectric power
 Natural swamp land destruction

What You do daily that hurt the
Environment?
 Laundry detergent  Bleach
 Long usage of generator

 Take-away grocery plastic
 Natural swamp land destruction

What are the ways to protect the
Biosphere?
Afforestation Protect Rainforest and wildlife
3-R :
Conservation reduce, reuse and recycle
Education Volunteer

THANKS FOR LISTENING


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BIO101: General Biology

Prof. O.O. Oyesiku (BuP)

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 1

Department of Plant Science

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 2

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 4

Unbelievable but true!

Believable and true!

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 9

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 10

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 12

(Shark & Remora fish Friendship

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 14

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 15

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 16

Interference Competition (direct)

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 17

Exploitative Competition (indirect)

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 18

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 19

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 20

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 21

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 22

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 23

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 24

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 25

Absence of a predator, absence of prey

Presence of prey alone drives other species into

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 26

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 27

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 28

Abundance Distribution Organisms

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 29

Adaptation Emergent properties

Diversity Growth & development

A niche includes food and habitat of an

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 31

Exact space you're trying to fill (course) with

your product or service and

who your target audience is

Finding your niche is a critical step in achieving

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 32

Adaptation is the process

an organism becomes comfortable

given to natural selection of heritable genes

through several generations

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 33

actions and attitude

biotic and abiotic environment

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 34

with differences in ideologies

race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious beliefs ,

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 35

properties of the system (living cell)

and not the

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 36

polymer capsules exhibit emergent properties

multilayer capsules show three traits

difficult to achieve by a single layer capsule

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 38

flows through an ecosystem in only one direction

measured in Joules or calories

19/07/2021 BIO101: General Biology 39