Zahoor Sir @ Physics

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Question Bank For Physics (Class 12th)

(Prepared by Zahoor Ahmad Mir)

I. ELECTROSTATICS:

1. State Coulomb’s law. Express it in vector form and what is the importance of expressing it
in vector form?
2. State and explain/prove superposition principle/ State the principle of superposition of
charges and derive an expression for the force on a charge ‘q’ due to discrete position of n-
charges in terms of their position vectors.
3. Define the term dipole moment. Derive an expression for the total work done in rotating the
dipole through an angle in a uniform electric field.
4. Find an expression for the electric field on the equatorial and axial line of an electric dipole.
5. Define electric field. Derive an expression for the torque acting on a dipole when placed in a
uniform electric field.
6. Derive an expression for the torque experienced by an electric dipole placed in a uniform
electric field. What is the net force acting this electric dipole?
7. State Gauss’s law. Using Gauss’s law find an expression for electric field due to charged:
(i) Infinite sheet of charge
(ii) Infinitely long straight conductor
(iii) Thin spherical shell
8. What is electric potential energy? Derive an expression for potential energy of a system of
two point charges.
9. What is electric potential? Derive an expression for electric potential at a distance from a
charge ‘ 𝑞 ’.
10. Derive an expression for the potential energy of three point charges. Hence, generalize the
result for a system of n-point charges.
11. What are equipotential surface? Write their properties. Show that electric field is always
perpendicular to an equipotential surface.
12. Define capacity and its unit. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a capacitor.
13. State Principle of parallel plate capacitor. Find an expression for the capacitance of a parallel
plate capacitor with a dielectric slab in between the plates.
14. Discuss the principle, construction and working of Van de Graph Generator.

Short Answer Question:

15. Explain Quantization of charge and Conservation of charge.

16. List some important properties of Electric field lines / Electric lines of force.
17. Establish Relation between V and E / Show that 𝐸 = − 𝑑𝑉⁄𝑑𝑟
18. Define one Coulomb, one Ampere, One Watt, One Joule, One Henry etc.
19. State Coulomb’s law and define one coulomb.
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20. When a test charge is moved from one point to another on the equipotential surface, no work
is done. Explain.
21. Calculate the Coulomb force between two positrons/electrons/protons separated by a given
distance.
22. Show that electric field is always perpendicular to an equipotential surface.
23. Electric charge is additive in nature. What do you mean by it?
24. Dimensional formula of 𝜖𝑜 .
25. What is the force acting on a charge q placed in a uniform electric field?
26. Why do the electric field lines not form closed loops? / Electric field lines of force can never
appear as closed loops. Do you agree?
27. What is electric flux? Write its S.I unit.
28. What is Gaussian Surface?
29. Two electric field lines never intersect each other. Why?
30. Show that volt per meter = Newton per Coulomb.
31. What is potential gradient? Give its S.I unit.
32. Electric field at a point is zero. Can electric potential be zero at this point?

II. CURRENT ELECTRICITY:

1. Derive relation between drift velocity and electric current.

2. Deduce Wheatstone bridge principle using Kirchhoff’s laws.
3. Explain, how will you compare the e.m.f of two cells by using potentiometer?
4. Describe briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how a potentiometer is used to
determine the internal resistance of a cell.
5. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain how a meter bridge can be used to find the
unknown resistance of a given wire?

Short Answer Questions:

6. Define electric power and electric energy. Give their units.

7. State and explain loop law/ current law of an electrical circuit.
8. Terminal potential difference is less than the e.m.f of a cell. Explain, why?
9. How does the resistivity of a conductor vary with temperature?
10. State Ohm’s law and define one ohm of resistance.
11. Explain how resistance of a conductor varies with temperature.
12. What are the factors on which resistance of a conductor depends? Write corresponding
relation.
13. Manganin is used for making standard resistance. Why?
14. Why allows are used to make standard resistors?
15. Difference between voltmeter and potentiometer.
16. What is the unit of temperature coefficient of resistance?
17. What are superconductors? State two applications of superconductor.
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18. What is the principle of potentiometer?

19. What do you mean by open and closed circuit?
20. Define conductivity/conductance. State its S.I unit.
21. The sensitivity of a potentiometer increases with the increase in length of its wire.
Explain, why?
22. What are the two factors on which the e.m.f of a cell depends?
23. Define TPD (terminal potential difference) of a cell.
24. What is the effect of temperature on the internal resistance of a cell?
25. Why is there sparking, when an electrical circuit is switched off?
26. Color code for Carbon resistors.

III. MAGNETISM:

1. State Biot-Sarvart’s law. Using this law find an expression for the magnetic field due to
current carrying circular loop and infinitely long current carrying conductor.
2. State Ampere’s circuital law. Find an expression for the magnetic field inside a long
solenoid, infinitely long current carrying conductor and toroid.
3. Discuss the principle, construction and working of cyclotron and Galvanometer.
4. Find an expression for the torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field.
5. Derive an expression for torque acting on a bar magnet held at an angle with the direction
of uniform magnetic field.
6. What is magnetic dipole? Derive an expression for the magnetic field intensity at a point
on the equatorial / Axial line of a bar magnet.
7. Derive an expression for the force between two parallel current carrying conductors placed
in a uniform magnetic field, hence define one ampere.
8. Define magnetic meridian and geographic meridian. Name the elements of earth’s
magnetic field and explain them.
9. What are Dia, Para and Ferro-Magnetic substances? Discuss/Give their important
properties.

Short Answer Questions:

10. How will you convert galvanometer into voltmeter/ammeter?

11. Define magnetic flux. What are positive and negative flux?
12. Define one Henry.
13. Inductance coils are made of copper. Why?
14. State two factors by which the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer can be
improved.
15. How do magnetic field lines prefer to pass through a ferromagnetic substances through
air?
16. Express the force exerted by a magnetic field on a moving charge.
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17. When force is maximum on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field?

18. What are eddy currents and how are they reduced?
19. Why is an ammeter connected in series and voltmeter in parallel to the electric circuit?
20. Neutron is not accelerated by cyclotron. Why?
21. What is the importance of radial magnetic field in moving coil galvanometer?
22. What is the magnitude of force experienced by a stationary charge exposed to a uniform
magnetic field?
23. Why a charged particle moving in a magnetic field does experiences no force?
24. What is the source of magnetic force in a current carrying wire?
25. State Fleming’s left hand rule.
26. Cyclotron is not suitable to accelerate electrons. Why?
27. What is the nature of magnetic field in a moving coil galvanometer?
28. Is there a force exerted by a magnetic field on a stationary charge? Explain.
29. What do you mean by current element? What is its significance?
30. State two properties of bar magnet.
31. What is the basic difference between electric and magnetic field?
32. How does dip angle vary as one moves from magnetic equator to the pole?
33. Where on the earth’s surface is the value of angle of dip maximum?
34. What is angle of declination?
35. Mention the places where dip angle is 90° and 0° .
36. Show that the current loop behaves as a magnet.

IV. EMI & AC:

1. State and explain faraday’s laws of EMI and explain methods of producing induced e.m.f.
2. State Lenz’s law of EMI and show that it is in accordance with the law of conservation of
energy.
3. State and explain the phenomenon of self and mutual induction. Hence define coefficient
of self and mutual induction.
4. What is root mean square value / Average value of A.C? Find an expression for r.m.s /
average Value of A.C Current and Voltage.
5. Define power in an LCR circuit. Derive an expression for the average power in an LCR
series circuit.
6. Define Impedance. Derive an expression for it in LCR circuit connected to an a.c supply.
7. Explain LC oscillations. Write the expression for the frequency of LC oscillation.

Short Answer Questions:

8. What are eddy currents? Write their application.

9. Discuss the principle, construction and working of AC Generator and Transformer.
10. Define resistance, reactance and impedance of an LCR circuit.
11. What is electric resonance?
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12. What is wattless current?

13. What is the principle of transformer?
14. S.I unit and Dimensional formula of self-inductance and mutual inductance.
15. Name various methods of producing induced e.m.f.
16. What do you mean by electromagnetic induction?
17. Write S.I unit of magnetic flux, is magnetic flux scalar or vector quantity?
18. Write down the dimensional formula of magnetic flux.
19. What is the basic source of induced e.m.f.?
20. Show that the energy stored in an inductor L when current I is established through it,is
1
given by 𝐿𝐼 2
2
21. Explain why the mean or average value of a.c over a complete cycle is zero?
22. An ideal inductor consumes no electric power in an a.c circuit. Explain / show that a pure
inductive circuit is wattless.
23. What are various energy losses that occur in a transformer? How are these reduced?
24. The core of a transformer is laminated. Explain, why?

V. EM WAVES:

1. What is a displacement current? Why this concept was introduced? Write Maxwell’s
equations of electrodynamics.
2. Uses and properties of electromagnetic waves/write down the production and important
properties of EM-waves.
3. Electromagnetic Spectrum
4. Give any four properties of α-particles or β-particles or γ-particles.
5. Give uses of x-rays, UV rays, Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared rays.
6. What is the nature of EM waves?

VI. OPTICS:

1. Discuss the phenomenon of refraction through a prism and prove that for a prism
𝐴 + 𝛿𝑚⁄
sin( 2)
𝜇=
sin(𝐴⁄2)
2. Define total internal reflection. State its conditions. Find an expression for the critical
angle.
3. Describe Human eye. What is power of accommodation of an eye? List its defects and
discuss remedies.
4. Write a short note on optical fibers/ what are optical fibers? How light waves are
Propagated in them? / How do optical fibers transmit light without significant absorption?
Give two applications of optical fibers.
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5. Show that in case of prism 𝐴 + 𝛿 = 𝑖 + 𝑒, where symbols have their usual meanings.
6. How does angle of deviation vary with the angle of incidence in case of a prism? What is
angle of minimum deviation?
7. Derive lens maker’s formula. State the assumptions made and the sign convention used.
8. With the help of labelled diagram, explain the working of a simple microscope, compound
microscope and astronomical telescope and obtain the expression for magnifying power.
9. Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope.
10. What is rainbow? What are its two types? How are they formed?
11. Define magnifying power and resolving power of microscope/telescope.
12. Establish mirror formula in case of convex mirror. State the sign conventions used.
13. What is lens formula? Derive the lens formula in case of convex/concave lens.
14. How does angle of deviation vary with the angle of incidence in case of a prism? What is
angle of minimum deviation?
15. State Huygens principle. Prove that laws of reflection or refection on the basis of wave
theory.
16. Verify Snell’s law of refraction using Huygens’s wave theory.
17. Derive the conditions for constructive and destructive interference.
18. Deduce the conditions of maxima and minima in Young’s double slit experiment. What is
fringe width find an expression for it in young’s double slit experiment.
19. Define diffraction and discuss diffraction at a single silt.
20. What do you understand by polarization of light? Derive the relation connected the
polarizing angle of a medium and its refractive index. What is Polarization of light?
Explain Brewster’s law. / What is polarization? With the help of a diagram explain plane
of polarization and plane of vibration.
21. Explain the term wave-front. Describe Huygens construction for propagation of wave
fronts in a medium.
22. State law of Malus and Brewster’s law/ State and prove Brewster’s law.

Short Answer Questions:

23. Write three points of difference between interference and diffraction pattern of light.
24. What is Polaroid? Mention two uses of Polaroid’s.
25. What are coherent sources of light?
26. Define power of a lens. What is its unit/
27. What is cylindrical wave front? Give two wave-fronts of a single wave cross each other?
Why?
28. State the two conditions that must be satisfied for two light sources to be coherent.
29. Explain reddish appearance of the sunrise and sunset.
30. Why does sun look blue? Explain.
31. Combination of thin lenses in contact.
32. Give elementary idea of Raman Effect.
33. Define refractive index of the material.
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34. What is the basic cause of refraction of light?

35. What is the cause of the formation of a rainbow?
36. What are the essential conditions for forming a rainbow?
37. What is angular dispersion? What is the cause of angular dispersion?
38. Define wave front of light?
39. What is the shape of a wave-front emitted by a light source in the form of a narrow slit?
40. What is the essential condition for diffraction of wave?
41. What do you mean by crossed Polaroid’s?
42. Define the limit of resolution (or angular resolution) of a telescope.
43. What is an un-polarized light?
44. What are the conditions for the sustained interference?

VII. DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION:

1. What is photoelectric effect? Derive Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
2. Find an expression for the de Broglie’s wavelength of an electron or show that the de-
Broglie wavelength λ of electrons of energy E is given by the relation
ℎ
λ=
√2𝑚𝐸
3. Derive an expression for de-Broglie wavelength ‘λ’ of an electron when accelerated
through a potential difference of V volts.
4. Write down Einstein’s photoelectric equation. What is threshold frequency?
5. State the laws of photoelectric effect.
6. Explain the term threshold frequency and stopping potential.
7. What is a photon? State its properties.
8. How many electron volt make one joule?
9. You are given red and yellow photon of light, which will carry more energy?
10. Is matter wave an EM wave?
11. Electron and proton are moving with same speed, which will have more wavelength?

VIII. ATOMS AND NUCLEI:

1. Derive an expression for the radius of ground states orbit of hydrogen using Bohr’s
postulates/ calculate the radius of the smallest orbit of Hydrogen atom.
2. Derive an expression for the energy of the electron in the nth orbit.
3. What is meant by half-life of a radioactive element? Derive an expression for it.
4. State the postulates of Bohr’s model of atom.
5. Define mass defect and binding energy. Obtain an expression for binding energy per
nucleon.
6. Give characteristics of Binding Energy Curve / Define binding energy. Sketch the graph
between binding energy per nucleon and mass number.
7. Explain radioactivity and state radioactive decay law.
8. Write down any four differences between Nuclear Fission and Fusion/ what is Nuclear
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Fission/Fusion. Give one representative reaction.

Short Answer Questions:

9. When nuclear fission and fusion reactions occur, what decreases in both the cases?
10. What is radioactive decay constant?
11. Give Conversion of 1 a.m.u (atomic mass unit) into kg.
12. Calculate the value of Rydberg’s constant.
13. Define electron volt and atomic mass unit. Calculate the energy equivalent to mass of
proton/neutron.
14. Define the terms isotopes, isobars and isotones with examples.
15. What is meant by distance of closest approach?
16. Define impact parameter.
17. What is Bohr’s quantization condition for angular momentum of electron in an atom?
18. Define ionization energy. What is ionization energy of H-atom?
19. What is the significance of negative energy of the electron in the orbit?
20. Distinguish between emission and absorption spectrum.
21. Write three characteristics of nuclear force.

IX. ELECTRONIC DEVICES:

1. Distinguish between conductors, semiconductors and insulators on the basis of band

theory/energy band diagrams.
2. Explain formation of energy bands in solids and define conduction band and valence band.
3. Discuss the working of a PN junction diode as rectifier.
4. Explain the use of NPN transistor as an amplifier in common emitter configuration/ what
is transistor? How can we use it as an amplifier (common emitter configuration).
5. What is junction transistor? Mention its two types. How are they represented?
6. Draw the logical symbol, Boolean expression and truth table of AND, OR, NOT, NOR and
NAND gate.
Short Answer Questions:
7. What is depletion region in p-n junction?
8. What is a hole? What type of doping creates a hole?
9. What do you mean by Zener Breakdown?
10. What is rectifier? Draw circuit diagram of full wave rectifier.
11. Draw the symbol of NPN and PNP transistor.
12. Why doping is done?
13. Draw p-n junction with forward bias/ reverse bias.
14. NAND gate is also called universal gate. Why?
15. What is potential barrier?
16. What is rectification and rectifier?
17. Explain briefly: intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor.
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18. Differentiate between n-type and p-type semiconductor.

19. Define forbidden energy gap.
20. What is fermi energy level?

X. COMMUNICATIN SYSTEMS:

1. Define the term communication and draw its block diagram.

2. What is modulation and why it is needed?
3. What is sky wave propagation? Why sky waves cannot be used for the transmission of TV
signals (frequency greater than 30HZ).
4. Difference between space wave and sky wave propagation.
5. What is ground wave propagation and why ground waves are not suitable for high
frequencies?
6. What is antenna? Explain how the coverage of an antenna depends on its height?
7. Mention differences between amplitude and frequency modulation.
8. Why sky waves are not used for the transmission of TV signals? State the two factors by
which range of T.V signals can be increased.
9. Why is it necessary to use satellites for long distance T.V transmission? Give reasons.
10. What do you understand by the term Modulation? What are the elements of basic
communication system?
11. Define the term demodulation.
12. What type of modulation is required for T.V broadcast and Why
13. Discuss briefly, how amplitude modulated wave is produced?
14. Name the elements of communication system.
15. What is analog and digital signal?
16. What is a carrier wave?
17. How are radio waves produced?
18. Write a short note on satellite communication.

Note: Do simple Numericals on the topics:

(i) Half life of a radioactive substance
(ii) Momentum, frequency and wavelength of a photon
(iii) Series and parallel combination of resistors
(iv) Kinetic energy of an electron, quantization of charge.
(v) Electron volt and Atomic mass unit
(vi) Inductive reactance and capacitive reactance and capacitance of a capacitor.
(vii) Work done on an equipotential surfaces, coulomb’s law, dipole moment
(viii) Refractive index, minimum deviation in prism, lens/mirror formula
(ix) Power consumed by an electrical device
(x) De-Broglie wavelength