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11
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
QUARTER 3
Week 7

Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerment

Toolkit

zed Self-Learning Empowerment Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

WRITTEN BY: ALKAUZAR H. TANTONG

BOLONG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 1

SUBJECT & Grade 11

QUARTER 3 WEEK 7 DAY _______
GRADE/LEVEL PHYSICAL SCIENCE dd/mm/yyyy

TOPIC Sources of Energy

11. Describe how energy is harnessed from different sources:
a. fossil fuels
b. biogas
LEARNING
c. geothermal
COMPETENCY
d. hydrothermal
e. batteries
f. solar cells
g. biomass (S11/12PS-IIIi-29)

IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper. Do not forget to answer all the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs).

UNDERSTAND
How Energy is Harnessed

Imagine sleeping in an air-conditioned room and suddenly there was a

power interruption? Isn’t it annoying? The Philippines ranked number 1 among
developing countries in Asia in terms of the use of solar photovoltaic systems for
electricity generation, according to a Dutch consultancy firm.

SAQ-1: Will you support the idea if Zamboanga City invests in Solar Power as a back-
up power supply whenever there is power interruption in the city? Justify your
answer.

Energy, the capacity to do work, is vital for all life processes. Plants capture solar energy
by photosynthesis while animals consume plants as food.
For countless years, human beings relied merely on the chemical energy gained from food
to produce the mechanical energy of their muscles.

Humans were the first who controlled fire and exploited fossil fuels to keep themselves
warm and to cook. By utilizing energy to suit their needs, the human population has
expanded its resource base. This allowed humans to use far more energy than any
organism.

As the energy consumption grows steadily throughout history, the utilization of all possible energy
sources on Earth ultimately relies on the technologies developed by humans.

Natural resources are materials or things that people use from the earth. There are two
types of natural resources. The first are renewable natural resources. They are called renewable
because they can grow again or never run out. Renewable energy sources are those that are
naturally replenished. Biogas and biomass are renewable energy sources. Geothermal, hydrothermal,
and solar energies can also be considered renewable. The second are called nonrenewable natural
resources. They usually come from the ground. In contrast, nonrenewable energy sources are
finite, so they will get depleted over time. Crude oil is a nonrenewable energy resource.

WRITTEN BY: ALKAUZAR H. TANTONG

BOLONG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 2

There are nine words related to sources of energy in the puzzle. Words are
TRY THIS! placed in any direction. Encircle the words in the puzzle below. After looking
for the words, classify it either Non-Renewable or Renewable energy. Good
luck!

Renewable:
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________

Non-Renewable:
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________

SAQ-2: How about batteries? Is it a renewable energy source or not? Explain.

SOURCES There are different sources in which we can harness energy such as fossil
OF fuels, Biogas, geothermal, hydrothermal, batteries, solar cells, and biomass.
ENERGY But how exactly can we harness energy from these sources? Let’s take a look!

Sources of energy What is it? How is energy harnessed from

this source?
Fossil fuels and Biogas Fossil fuel is The components of fossil fuels are
the general term given heated and vaporized to steam which
to combustible drives the turbines and generate
products of buried electricity. Natural gas is composed of
organic matter that carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
decayed under oxygen.
extreme temperature Petroleum is composed of carbon,
and pressure. Fossil hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and
fuels include crude oil minerals.
IMG Source
(e.g., octanes C8H18), Coal is composed of carbon, hydrogen,
http://www.climateaction.org/news/leading- natural gas or biogas nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and minerals.
economists-and-major-corporations-call-for-the-end-
of-fossil-fuel-i (CH4), and coal (C).

Fossil fuels are

hydrocarbons
comprised primarily of
the following elements:
carbon and hydrogen
and some sulfur,
nitrogen, oxygen, and
mineral matter. Mineral
WRITTEN BY: ALKAUZAR H. TANTONG
BOLONG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 3

matter turns into ash

when burnt.

The
composition and the
amounts of these
elements change for
different fossil fuels
(coal, petroleum, and
natural gas), but the
elements are the same.
For example, there is
more hydrogen in liquid
fuels than in coal per
unit mass.

Biogas is a gas Biogas is produced via a process

produced from called Anaerobic Digestion (AD),
anaerobic (absence of which results in the production of
oxygen) decomposition numerous gases that can then be burnt
of organic matter. to produce energy. Anaerobic digestion
is the breakdown of various plant and
animal material (known as biomass) by
bacteria in an oxygen-free
environment. For example, the waste
plant material is sealed in an airtight
container, then bacteria is added,
which is encouraged to multiply and
grow, releasing methane and other
gases as the by-product of the
process.

Geothermal Energy Geothermal The molten rocks heat the groundwater

energy refers to the to steam which drives the turbines to
heat produced inside generate electricity.
the Earth. This energy
is harnessed from the  Dry-Steam Power Plants
molten rocks near Dry-steam power plants take
volcanic regions. advantage of natural
underground sources of steam.
The steam is piped directly to a
power plant, where it is used to
IMG Source https://climatezone.org/more-
renewables/geothermal-energy/ fuel turbines and generate
electricity.

 Flash-Steam Power Plant

Flash-steam power plants use
naturally occurring sources of
underground hot water and
steam. Water that is hotter than
182° C (360° F) is pumped into a
low-pressure area. Some of the
water “flashes,” or evaporates
rapidly into steam, and is
funneled out to power
a turbine and generate
electricity. Any remaining water
can be flashed in a separate tank
to extract more energy.

WRITTEN BY: ALKAUZAR H. TANTONG

BOLONG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 4

 Binary Cycle Power Plants

Binary cycle power plants use a
unique process to conserve
water and generate heat. Water
is heated underground to about
107°-182° C (225°-360° F). The
hot water is contained in a pipe,
which cycles above ground. The
hot water heats a liquid organic
compound that has a lower
boiling point than water. The
organic liquid creates steam,
which flows through a turbine and
powers a generator to create
electricity. The only emission in
this process is steam. The water
in the pipe is recycled back to the
ground, to be re-heated by the
Earth and provide heat for the
organic compound again.

Hydrothermal Energy Hydrothermal Hot water from hydrothermal

energy refers to the vents is collected into a heat exchanger.
heat obtained from hot The heat from the water is transferred to
water from another fluid (e.g. isobutane) which
hydrothermal vents or evaporates and drives the turbines to
seawater in contact generate electricity.
with hot rock
beds. 'Heat', in this
case should not be
associated with high
IMG Source http://www.sci-news.com/biology/life-
temperature (as it may
hydrothermal-vents-07772.html be with geothermal
energy) but rather a
relative heat content or
relative temperature
difference.

Batteries Batteries are also When a battery is connected to an

called external circuit, electrolytes move within
electrochemical cells. the battery, and chemical reactions are
They are devices that completed at the two terminals of the
store and convert battery. The flow of electrons in the
chemical energy into reactions generate the current (flowing
electrical energy. They charges) and delivers electricity to the
can be disposable or external circuit.
rechargeable. The
IMG Source
energy from batteries Batteries have three parts, an anode (-),
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-to- comes from a chemical a cathode (+), and the electrolyte. The
recycle-
batteries_l_5d274fdbe4b07e698c46e7b0 reaction (e.g. redox cathode and anode (the positive and
reaction negative sides at either end of a
between CuSO4 and Z traditional battery) are hooked up to an
n to electrical circuit. The chemical reactions
form ZnSO4 and Cu). in the battery causes a build-up of
electrons at the anode. This results in an
electrical difference between the anode
and the cathode. You can think of this
difference as an unstable build-up of the
electrons. The electrons want to
rearrange themselves to get rid of this
difference. But they do this in a certain
WRITTEN BY: ALKAUZAR H. TANTONG
BOLONG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 5

way. Electrons repel each other and try

to go to a place with fewer electrons.

In a battery, the only place to go is

to the cathode. But the electrolyte keeps
the electrons from going straight from the
anode to the cathode within the battery.
When the circuit is closed (a wire
connects the cathode and the anode) the
electrons will be able to get to the
cathode.

However, these electrochemical

processes change the chemicals in
anode and cathode to make them stop
supplying electrons. So, there is a limited
amount of power available in a battery.

When you recharge a battery, you

change the direction of the flow of
electrons using another power source,
such as solar panels. The
electrochemical processes happen in
reverse, and the anode and cathode are
restored to their original state and can
again provide full power.

Solar Cells Solar cells are devices Light energy is collected over solar
that can collect light panels. The collected energy can be
energy from the sun stored in batteries or can be directly
and convert it into converted to electricity.
electricity.
A solar cell is a sandwich of n-type
silicon (blue) and p-type silicon (red). It
generates electricity by using sunlight to
make electrons hop across the junction
between the different flavors of silicon:

1. When sunlight shines on the cell,

photons (light particles) bombard
the upper surface.

2. The photons (yellow blobs) carry

their energy down through the
IMG Source
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/solarcells.ht
cell.
ml
https : //rappler.co m/life -and -s tyle/s olar- power-panels - thi ngs -need- to- know

3. The photons give up their energy

to electrons (green blobs) in the
lower, p-type layer.

4. The electrons use this energy to

jump across the barrier into the
upper, n-type layer and escape
out into the circuit.

5. Flowing around the circuit, the

electrons make the lamp light up.

WRITTEN BY: ALKAUZAR H. TANTONG

BOLONG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 6

Biomass Biomass refers to the The biomass is burned to generate heat.

organic matter from The heat produced can be directly used
living organisms and to do daily chores such as cooking.
often refers to plants or Electricity may also be generated from
plant-based materials biomass. The components of biomass
that can be converted are burned in a boiler. The generated
to energy. It is the heat is used to produce steam which
oldest source of energy drives the turbines to generate
IMG Source http://www.scbiopower.com/
known to man. electricity.

Biomass can be burned

by thermal conversion and used for
energy. Thermal conversion involves
heating the biomass feedstock to
burn, dehydrate, or stabilize it.

 Direct Firing and Co-Firing

Most briquettes are burned
directly. The steam produced
during the firing process powers
a turbine, which turns
a generator and produces
electricity. This electricity can be
used for manufacturing or to heat
buildings.

 Pyrolysis is a related method of

heating biomass. During
pyrolysis, biomass is heated to
200° to 300° C (390° to 570° F)
without the presence of oxygen.
This keeps it from combusting
and causes the biomass to be
chemically altered.

 Gasification
Biomass can also be directly
converted to energy
through gasification. During the
gasification process, a biomass
feedstock is heated to more than
700° C (1,300° F) with a
controlled amount of oxygen.

 Anaerobic decomposition is the

process where microorganisms,
usually bacteria, break down
material in the absence of
oxygen. Anaerobic
decomposition is an important
process in landfills, where
biomass is crushed and
compressed, creating an
anaerobic (or oxygen-poor)
environment.

 In an anaerobic environment,
biomass decays and produces
methane, which is a valuable
energy source. This methane can
replace fossil fuels.
WRITTEN BY: ALKAUZAR H. TANTONG
BOLONG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 7

(Write your answers on the answer sheet provided for you)

Let’s Practice!
3-2-1 Mind Break Activity. Direction: In this activity, you are asked to synthesize your learning about
different sources of energy.

Give at least THREE sources
of energy (from among the
given ones in this module)
that you think is the best
back- up power supply to an
electric cooperative in our
city? Why?
Give TWO justifications why we In ONE sentence and
should utilize a renewable in your own
source of energy instead of understanding,
non-renewable ones.
define energy.

1. _____________ 1. ____________ 1. ____________

2. _____________ 2. ____________
3. _____________

REMEMBER
Key Points
Energy is harnessed from the following sources: fossil fuels, biogas, geothermal, hydrothermal,
batteries, solar cells, and biomass.
 Energy sources may be renewable or nonrenewable.
 Renewable energy sources are those that do not get depleted.
 Nonrenewable energy sources are finite, so they will get depleted over time.

TRY
Let us see how much you have learned today!
Directions: Write the letter of your choice on the space provided before each number.
(Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.)
1. Biomass can _________________________________.
a. be heated and vaporized to steam which drives the turbines and generate electricity
b. generate electricity by using sunlight
c. be burned by thermal conversion and used for energy
d. create steam, which flows through a turbine and powers a generator to create electricity
2. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Hydrothermal energy?
a. It produces methane and can be used as electrical power.
b. The chemical reactions in the vent causes a build-up of electrons at the anode.
c. Hot water from hydrothermal vents is collected into a heat exchanger that
drives the turbines to generate electricity.
d. Includes gasification as one of the process to generate electrical power
3. The steam produced during the firing process powers a turbine, which turns a generator and
produces electricity. Which source of energy is referred to?
a. Geothermal b. Biogas c. Batteries d. Biomass
4. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
a. Dry-steam power plants take advantage of natural underground sources of steam
b. The components of fossil fuels are heated and vaporized to steam which drives the turbines
and generate electricity
c. The photons give up their energy to electrons in the lower, p-type layer
d. Biogas is produced via a process called Aerobic Digestion (AD),
5. Which of the following is CORRECT?
a. The electrochemical processes happen in reverse when you recharge your batteries.
b. Batteries have three parts, an anode (+), a cathode (-), and the electrolyte
c. The chemical reactions in the battery causes a build-up of electrons at the cathode.

WRITTEN BY: ALKAUZAR H. TANTONG

BOLONG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 8

d. The electrolyte keeps the electrons from going straight from the cathode to the anode within
the battery
6. Which from among the choices show a correct flow of process in a Binary Cycle Power?
I. The water in the pipe is recycled back to the ground, to be re-heated by the Earth and provide
heat for the organic compound again.
ii. The hot water is contained in a pipe, which cycles above ground. The hot water heats a liquid
organic compound that has a lower boiling point than water.
iii. Water is heated underground to about 107°-182° C (225°-360° F).
iv. The organic liquid creates steam, which flows through a turbine and powers a generator to create
electricity. The only emission in this process is steam.
a. III – II – IV – I b. I – II - IV – III c. III – IV – II – I d. II – I- III- IV
7. The correct flow of process in harnessing energy through solar panel to light a lamp light is:
i. The electrons use this energy to jump across the barrier into the n-type layer and escape
out into the circuit.
ii. Photons give up their energy to electrons in the p-type layer.
iii. Flowing around the circuit, the electrons make the lamp light up.
iv. Sunlight shines on the cell, photons bombard the upper surface.
v. Photons carry their energy down through the cell
a. ii-iv-v-i=iii b. iii—iv-v-i-ii c. iv-i-ii-iii-v d. iv –v-ii-i-iii
8. The waste of mango leaves was sealed in an airtight container. Bacteria were added into the
container. This will encourage them to grow exponentially. In return, these bacteria produce
methane in the process. Which energy resources is being referred to?
a. Hydrothermal b. Geothermal c. Biogas d. Batteries
9. Which of the following processes mismatch its function?
a. Gasification: A biomass is heated to more than 300○C with controlled amount of sulfur
b. Pyrolysis: A biomass is heated to 200 to 300 without the presence of oxygen
c. Anaerobic decomposition: Biomass decay and produce fossil fuel
d. Direct firing and co-firing: Briquettes are not burned directly
10. Which of the following choices does not belong to the group?
a. Crude oil b. Biogas d. Geothermal d. Solar energy
Domingo, Ronnel W. PH 5th worldwide, top in Asia in solar power Retrieved at
https://business.inquirer.net/243407/ph-5th-worldwide-top-asia-solar-
power#ixzz6XzO1p9Pc
Dutton, John A. (2017). Fossil fuel element. Retrieved at
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee102/node/1950#:~:text=
Fossil%20fuels%20are%20hydrocarbons%20comprised, turns
%20into%20ash%20when%20burnt.
How do batteries work? Retrieved at
http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/power/
2-how-do-batteries-work.html
Jagusztin, Ted (2011). Hydrothermal Energy. Retirevied at
https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/AE_
REFERENCE/S hydrothermal_energy.html
National Geographic. (nd) Geothermal Energy. Retrieved at
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/geothermal-energy/
TheGreenAge. (nd). Biogas Energy. Retrieved at
https://www.thegreenage.co.uk/tech/biogas-
____energy/#:~:text=Heat%2Donly%20biogas%20
energy, digester%20and%20the%20nearby%20buildings.
Quipper. Harnessing Energy from Different Sources. Retrieved at
https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations
/547ffb7ed2b76d00020025dd/curriculum#curriculum
Woorford, Chris. (2020) Solar Cells. Retrieved at
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/solarcells.html
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WRITTEN BY: ALKAUZAR H. TANTONG

BOLONG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL