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Dufour 2006
Dufour 2006
Dufour 2006
Proceedings of GT2006
ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea and Air
ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea and Air
May
May 8-11, 2006,Barcelona,
8-11, 2006, Barcelona,Spain
Spain
GT2006-91227
GT2006-91227
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c 2006 by ASME
1 CLASSICAL SCALING LAWS π
= g(Π1 , Π2 , Π3 , Π4 ) . (2)
η
In this section, the classical principle of similarity (also
called the Π-theorem [10]) is applied to centrifugal compres-
The four Π products selected for the present study can be inter-
sors. After the identification of the relevant dimensional quan-
preted as follows:
tities and the derivation of the governing nondimensional vari-
ables, a mathematical formalism is used to derive general scaling Π1 can be regarded as a mass flow coefficient (or as an inlet
laws. Mach number based on total quantities);
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single, baseline point. Using Re-free partial similarity, the scal- N ṁ0.5 (RTt1 )0.5 (γ − 1)0.75
ing potential materializes as a line, passing through the baseline = 0.75 , (12)
γ−1
point and aligned with the direction of the Π 3 axis. The extent of 0.5 π γ − 1
(γRTt1 )0.75 Pt1
the line (to lower Reynolds numbers) is limited by the acceptable
performance decrement due to the Reynolds-number effects. 0.75
γ−1
= γ−1 Π0.5
1 Π2 , (13)
π γ −1
ditions under which these scaling laws can be applied to meet the that all the parameters directly imposed by the specification are
requirements imposed by a new specification. We consider that a included in the definition of the specific speed. Therefore, n s
database of (existing) compressors is available, which represents summarizes a specification.
the range of products of a given company (the larger the data-
base, the more relevant it is to resort to scaling for design). Here,
the task is to identify which candidate of the database (baseline) 2.2 Scaling for specifications where N is not imposed
is suited to be scaled to meet the specification. After discussing We consider here the specific case where the rotation speed
the constraints imposed by a typical specification, we consider N is not imposed by the specification, that is to say, only 4 con-
the particular case where the rotation speed N is not imposed, straints remain: Pts1 , RTt1s , ṁs and πs . The first task is the selection
and then discuss the case where N is also a constraint. of a possible candidate in the database. Since we have considered
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We now apply the same procedure for scaling the baseline to the 3.1 Similarity analysis for Mach number effects
specification, that is to say we let α = Pts1 /Ptb1 , β = RTt1s /RTt1b Going back to a basic physical interpretation of the simi-
and λ = ṁs /ṁb and introduce them in the preceding equation to larity principle, exact similarity between two flows (including
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Ds
φ∼
Vm
∼ arctanβm , (18) λ= . (22)
U2 1 Db
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0.8
0.775
Ds /Db = 1 at the two operating points. In other words, the fact
that these two points have a performance variation of about 0.3
0.75
efficiency point is a validation of the constant-φ scaling for the
0.725 case of very small Mach number variations.
0.7 From a practical standpoint, this shows that constant-φ scal-
0.675
Pi2=2.4
Pi2=2.2
(38000
(35000
RPM)
RPM ) ing can be applied to make small adjustment of the performance
Pi2=1.9 (30000 RPM)
0.65
Pi2=1.6
Pi2=1.2
(25000
(20000
RPM)
RPM) characteristic of a compressor. If the best-efficiency point (for a
Pi2=0.9 (15000 RPM)
nominal speed line) is obtained at a slightly different mass-flow
0.02 0.03
Flow coefficient
0.04 0.05
than that of the specification, Eqn. (21) can be used to scale the
geometry so that the best-efficiency point becomes the nominal
(a) point.
Analysis of the other speed lines shows that, when Mach-
0.06
number variations are large, the impact on isentropic efficiency
is also large. As a matter of fact, this effect is twofold: (i) the
0.055
maximum efficiency on each speed line peaks at about Π 2 = 1.6
and (ii) the value of φ at which efficiency peaks on each speed
line increases with Π2 .
Head Coefficient
0.05
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2 2
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.05 0.1 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
Π1 ns
Figure 2. PERFORMANCE MAP OF THE BASELINE COMPRESSOR. Figure 3. SPECIFIC SPEED–PRESSURE RATIO (ns –π) DIAGRAM OF
THE BASELINE COMPRESSOR.
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