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Physics Chapter 2
Physics Chapter 2
(GOLDEN POINTS)
on Y electric charges at rest is known -1~ "lect •
<,,, "' rostat1cs.
clnc Charge
It is a -funddmental proµerty of rnaller ancJ nP.vor 1ound frP.e.
u) There arc two kinds of charges namely po:,ilive an~ negative. If a body has excess of electrons, 1t Is said to be
negatively charged and 1f 1t is dcricicml 1n electrons, it is said lo be positively charged.
iii) Benzamin Frankline introduced the concept of positive and negative char es.
4
iv) Repulsion is the sure test lor the t..letcct1on of a chc1rgc.
vih) Charge is conserved. It can neither be created nor dcstroy,,d. ll can oniy be transferred from one ubJcct
to other
ix) ~hai ge IS quantised. The smallest charsie Is associated w,th elcctr0n (-) and proton ( +) Is 1.6-" 10 1''
coulomb.
xiv) In the case of a conductor, ils charge spreads over the entire outer surface and in t,,e case of an
insulator, its charge is localised
xv) Charge given to a conductor alvvays resides on the outer surlace of the conductor only.
Chargi11~ of bodies :
i) The process pf making a neutral body into a charged body is known as electrification
ii) Eiectrification Is universal phenomenon
iii) A body can be charged oy any one of the following three w~ys :
(a) friction (b) contact and (c) electrostatic inJuct1on
~harying by friction
i) The electricity (i e., transfer of electrons) that 1s produced due to friction is ca1Ied frictional electricity
ii) When we rub two neutral bodies, there will be some transfer of electruns frorn ol",e body to the other due to
structural modifications because of the frictional forces acting on them.
iii) In this method one of the bodies acquires a negative charge while the other gets a posItIve charge, both of
Eg: a) When a glass rod is rubbed with sil~, cloth, glass acquires positive charge a~d silk cloth acquires
nega.live charge. Electrons are removed from glass rod and are added to s11k cloth.
b) When an ebonite rod is rubbed with fur cloth, ebonite red acquires negative charge and fur cloth
acquires positive charge. Electrons aI e transferred from fur cloth to ebonite rod.
iv) Jhe list of substances called electric sencs given below is arranged in such a manner that if any two of
them rubbed together, the one occurring earlie1 would be riositively charged.
, cq11al
S11H'l' !ht'V ,\I e co111H·ckd, lhnr poll'11li.1 1s an
<11
011 I
Coulomb's law :
i) The force of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies is directly proportional to the product of their
charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
ii) It acts along the line joining the two charges considered to be point charges.
91 2
iii) fa ~
d
(or) F = _1__ ti1q2
4m; d 2
a) where Eis_ absolute permittivity, Er is the relative Permittivity and 60 is the permittivity of frees pace
b) Kor e:, is also called as dielectric constant of the medium 1,:i which the two charges are placed.
d) Force between 2 charges depends upon the nature f . t rvening medium where as gravitational force
, o the 1n e '
is independent of intervening medium.
• air or vacuum,
vi) For [•--- _1__-q/_12
- SI n f
4nc.,. tl2- ce or air or vacuum,£,== 1
1
vu) Ille value of· -- is equal lo 9x10 9 Nm'tc2.
\ill
a poi t ,s the force expenenced by a unit positive ctage
It IS <I • ,l 1r
4) SI unrt ,s Vlllt I(
111
w or v 1 11l11n 1 , V rl
b) 1\itcnh 11 1t I d1!-t,111d1 'd' du 0 111 1p,Hnl I Ii 1
11q q
ti\ (Lir) \
tl\
r1
' !r(JI I I II 11,>111 l,w
itcllll 11 to ILIW 1· 11 •11t1,tl wit ·1 • , t•I
f1l•ld lllll\l' lrLllll I11 •1 l 1 P
1
8) \ p,):stll\t' ch,ugc 111 .i '
1) If q 1 and q., aIe unlike cl1drgcs then null po1111 is t01111 l,d ult tit (' ll1tl' Jl11111I1~1 l\\O dl,HUL'S
11) null point is fo1 med out sidu the ch,11 ~IL'S
i11) null point is !01111 nedrcr wo,1k cll.11\cW
• \
iv) x 1s the distance or null point f10111 q 1(1Vt'.ik ch,iruc) tltcn
qI ql f
- ; .: --- 2 ⇒ X -
x- (rfX) Jq 2 /q,-1 In the <1bove forrnul,ic q 2 / q 1 1s nu111N1c,1I r,1tio of char!Jl'S
1) If two unlike charges q I rn1d q2 ure s,cp,iratcd by c1 urst,rni.:l' ·, ', till' net pl1lt'nt1c1l 1s zew ,1t two poi11ts on
the l111e Jo111111g lilo111.
i1) one in bclwocn them ,llld lltt' othor out. 1
sic ti thu ch,11 tJt •s,
111) bolh lite points arc 11oarm lo Vvo·ik , .
., c, 11,11ve (q) •
91 q, . . I <
'- - lr ·x) (for po111t 1, with rn tho ch,ugos) I' lj1 (JI
• •
•r- • •
-
lJ1 Q2 (I ·
- - ( ) or point 2,out side tho "11
r -1 y .
r y-
I·---
X
)' ,. di \.)OS)
>X • y
Q7 f 1 q2 I tero tt, ·IS illJl))prfl .ii v.illll' 0 f S t ronn Cthll yo
q, q,
two s1m1lar charges zero p0 t
entia
5
qu potential surface: SOUAII. ASIFUO:\/i I ·O:llif,559
) The surface which is the locus of all points ,which are at lhc same potential Is known as equipotential surface
b) No work, is required to move a charge from one point to another on the equipotential surface.
c) No.two equipotential surfaces intersect
d) The direction of electric lines of force or direction of electric field is always normal to the equipotential surface.
e) Inside a hollow charged spherical conductor lhe polen tial is constant. This can be treated as equipotential
volume. No work is required to move a charge from tho centre lo the surface.
f) For an iso_laled point charge, the equipolenlal surface is a sphere. i.e. concentric spheres around the point
charge are different equipotential surfaces.
g) In a uniform electric field any plane normal to the field direction is an equipotential surface.
i) A charge placed in an electric field possesses potential ene rgy and is measured by the work done in •
moving the charge from infinity to that point against the electric fi eld.
ii) If two charges q, and q2 are separated by a distanced, the P.E. of the system is U= - 1 q,dq 2
4n;Eo
iii) If two lik·e charges (two protons or two electrons) are brought towards each other, the P.E of the system
increases.
iv) If tw9 unlike charges (a proton and an electron ) are brought towards each other, the P.E." of the system
decreases.
v) If three charges q1, q 2 and q3 are situated at the vertices of a triangle (as shown in the
figure), the P.E. of the system is
vi) If four charges q,. q 2 , q 3 and q 4 are situated at the corners of a square as shown in the
1
qr---7qJ
figure, P.E of the system
dLi_J q4
_ 1_x(q1q2 + q2q3 + q3q4 + q4d1 + q2q4 + q1q:i_ 1 q,
4m: 0 d d d d J2d ,✓2.d)
ii) Dipole. moment ( p) is the product of one of the charges and distance between the charges. It is a vector
• directed from negative charge towards the positi~e charge. along t~e li.ne j~i-ning the two c h a r- g . -·e s~
. .-·-.. ..·
vii) The potential due to an electric dipole on any point on the equatorial line 111s zero. • ... ·- .
• e +Q . ... -Q
viii) Two unlike equal charges +Q and -Q are separated by distanc
1) The net electric potential is zero on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the charges.
130th magnitude
Uniform field . Uirection Is and not constant
Magnitude 1s not constant
not constant . field
1) Electric lines of force never form closed loops while magnetic lines are always closed loops .
ii) Electric lines of force do not exist inside a conductor but magnetic lines of force may exist inside ·a
magnetic material.
Electron volt :
i) This is the unit of energy in particle physics and is represented as eV. ii) 1 eV = 1.602x10· 19 J .
b) A charged particle of mass m carrying a charge q and falling through a potential \/ acquires a speed of
fi.Vq/m.
Electric flux :
i) The number of electric lines of force crossing a surface normal to the area gives electric flux ol>E-
ii) Electric flux throuyh an elementary area ds 1s defined as the scalar product of area and fie d.
d<!>E- = E.ds = Eds cosO
iv) Flux will be maximum when electric f1ekJ is Hormal lo the area (dcj> Eds)
v) Flux will be minimum when field 1s parallel to area (d4 =t 0)
vi) For a closed surface, outward flux is positive and inward flux 1s negative
Gauss Law:
Statement : The total normal electric flux </>,. over a closed surface is times the total charge Q
i) The total flux h~ked with a closed surface 1s (1/Eo} times the charge enclosed by the closed surface. I, Eds=_1 q
J Eo
ii) A potnt charge q is placed in centre of a cube of edge 'a'. The flux through each face of the cube is . q
6 "o
,Applications of Gayss Theorem:
1; A
2n, 11
+
,-
-! ~
+ ➔ ~
I~<~ -
, ~
d.s E
The c\irrl"lion of clc-rllw lil'lcl 1~ 18 raclnll, ➔
I'
is posi\ivl' anti inwarcl. ii the hllc ,1 ' \ 011 tw,11c1, If 1111<' c 1l:11g<' I ~
( l<11 gc• IS
· ra:galiv<' .
i- ~
.t
+ --
Electric fleld Intensity at a point duo to a thin inflnito char" cJ ,
· .,o •hoot,
,·,
E Is independent of the thstanco of tllo po111t 111\111 lllo <.ll,uqnd '•il(Jol
. .
I I
I''
/\
0
1'
I
0
1~ 'I
111.:n <c.o
Electric field <1t a·point duo ton thick cl1,11uod ~li1•t'l I', twlw ll1,d_piudiJCPd liv 11 ,,. 11 ,111 ,.li:ir•JMJ ,1,,,,:1 ,1( •,:, 111 , r,11,irr,ifJ d1•11•,11;
Two charged sheets A and l3 having u111fo1m d1.i1q1• dt!II' Ilirn, 0 ,, .itid n ,, rr",fl"'·livr·I;
E =;-(a_,+c,11)
Eo
l·.' 11
1
-
1
I o
(o I
rr 11 ) l·.111 , 1 (nA 0 11 )
) I II
I
.I
1
E==-l_a.4HR
4Jr Eo ,.i
,f
ii) When point 'P' lies on the stiell : • 1
/ ~ Cl. l
E == a (r R) ' ,.
,! ,,
I \ 11 I Ill I f'1.tfll 111\ n 11t11
iii) When Point 'P' lies inside the shell:
E=O
Note: Inside a non conducting solid cllarued spl1<J111 ulocl1Ic f1ulu 1<, PI0 S<Hil I lucli1c. I11tensIty inside the sphere
1
E= O r ffeie tl is tho cl1':ila11co lrCJ111 llHJ cu11l1n of •,p li<!fl' . i '' '
4rrc 0 · 1{ 3
Electric Potential (V) due to a spherical ch.iruod co11d11Gti11g slioll (ltoltow sphoro)
I (f
i) When point (/() lios outs1do tho sp'1010 ( , . ..> N), lilo oloc,liic, potrn ili;il, V
1/
Ii) When point ( /!, ) lies 011 llio surf,H.:o ( r '
R) I V
ti 111:" J<
I
,,
i11) Who11 poi11t (i!) lios 111s1clu thu sui1,1cu (r N).V ti ///," N
N0 t 1t 5 • 111 11·· ,11icl 1·, L•qu,11 to 111.it <H1 llw ::,11rf,1c.;o.
c 10 olm:\11c potrn1\1a\ a\ any point im,ido u,,, •,plwro 1:-.
8
Electrical capacity :
. The capacity
v1) . of a spherical conductor In
. farad
I Is
. given
. bYC = 4 rn:o r ,where r = radius of the conductor.
vii) If we imagine Earth to be a uniform solid sphere then the capacity of earth
6400 3
C = 4n£ 0 R x ~0 = 711r1F =1 mF
9x10
· ·
called insulator or dielectric material or si~ply a dielectric. o·ie Iec tnc
· ·is a technical term for an insulator.
b) Non -polar molecule :
i) In certain kind of materials, ordinarily the molecu les will have symmetric charge distributions.
ii) Such kind of molecules are called non-polar molecules.
iii). In the absence of any external electric field, a non-polar molecule will have its centre of positive charge
coinciding with centre of negative charge.
c) Polar molecule:
i) Certain dielectrics like water, hydrogenchloride and alc1Jhol are made of molecules that have a non
uniform distribution of electric charge.
ii) In such molecules, the positive charge centre will not coincide with the negative charge centre, even in
the absence of any external field.
iii) The molecules are polarized even in the absence of any external electric field.
iv) Such kind of molecules are called Polar molecules., ~ , ,
· i4 r'•
Parallel _£lat~- Capacitor :
-- -- ~ - -- -
i) Condenser (usually, a combination of tw~ conductors) is a device by means of which larger amount of
charge can be stored at a given potenlia
ii) Capacitance of a capacitor or condenser is the ratio of the charge on either of its plates to the potential
·difference between them .
iii) Capacity of a parallel plate condenser without medium between the plates c = c oA
A =area of each plate ; d =distance between the plates 0
d
d-t+t d-t(1-!)
vii) In this case the distance of separation dee ) ( k k
1
. .
rcases by t 1 - _ and hence the capacity increases
viii)To restore the capacity to original value th d'
st
~ k (
e , ance of separation is to be increased by t 1- - .
1)
1x) a) If a metal slab of thickness tis introd db A k
uce etwe Eo
x) In a purallel plate .1
capac, or, the electric Ii Id
en !he plates C =
- .
dt
because for metals K is infinity.
fringing field . e at lhe edges is not uniform and that field is called as the
xi) Electric field between the plates is •f cr a Q
. un, orrn cle l .
charge density on the plates= Q/A. c nc intensity f = · ·- - - =-- . Here o is the surface
i: 0 AE 0 Cd
Q
• ) Potential difference between the plates V
XII
=E.d =--
e A
.d
0
1 1 Q2 1 CV 2 1 Q2 1
x11i) Force on each plate F = 2EQ = 2 Cd= 2 d =2 EoA == 2eoAE2
is equal to
xiv)The electrostatic energy stored in a charged capacitor
a2 cv2 ov
E= - o r - - o r - ·
2C 2 · 2
2
xv) Energy stored per unit volume of the med_ium = ¾e 0 E
For each I
L-J charge
-- .
- -
10
Combination of Condensers:
. d'vidual
5) The equivalent capacity is less than the least 111 1 capacity
1 1 . __!_
6) Energies of the condensers E1: E2: E3 c
1
·c;· c 3
vii) Two capacitors are connected in parallel to a battery as shown in the figure.
/. ,, I
. qC1 .. ) _ qC2
1) q1 = - - - II q2 - - - -
C1 + C2 C1 + C2
i) In variable capacitor, there arc two sets of plates generally made of brass or aluminium
ii) One set of plates is static or fixed and is known as stator.
iii) The .other set of plates which rotates over tho stator by rotating the pistons called rotor .
iv) This capacitor is generally used in tuning circuits in radio and TV rocc1vcrs.
Multiple capacitor:
i) In a multiple capacitor there are a number of parallel plates with mica sheets as Tin foils
a d1eleclnc between them . "'
Lllilll1lllllU M1cc1
rrmrrmnrn
ii) The capacitance is n times the capacitance between any two plates where n = p 1----+--l-ffil
- !lmmii
I
number of mica sheets. UillllllllillJ P,
llill Wllilll J
iii) These are used in high frequency oscillating circuits as dielectric constant of - - -, -
l In fu1ls
mica does not change with temperature.
xi) In a parallel plate capacitor, if n sim ilar pates at equal distance d are ar1angcd such that alternate plates
are connected tC?gcther, the capacitance ( :) of the arra ngement 1s l l1 - llr111\
d
Paper capacitor :
Electrolytic capacitor :
i) An electrolytic capacitor has two c1l um1n Jfll plates which are plnced 111 o sulut1011 of airnnonium borc1te.
i1) When D C. 1s passed through the capacitor vl'ry thin f. m of alum mun oxide 1s forrned on tile c.H1odc µl<1te
iii) The thickness of the oxide layer 1s of the order of 10-0 c.m olcctro~l~- - - -
- -'~-A----
iv) Oxide layer acts as the d1electr1c between the plates '\