Childhood Infectious

Diseases
FAHAD AL ZAMIL
Professor & Consultant
Pediatric Infectious Diseases
King Khalid University Hospital
King Saud University, Riyadh

Skimmia Japonica Rubella

 MEASLES
n RNA Virus
n Incubation Period: 8 – 12 days
n Clinical Features
n Complications:
n Respiratory
n Neurological
n Others
n Treatment
n Isolation & Infectivity: 2 days
before till 5 days after rash
n Vaccine
MEASLES (cont.)

Koplik’s spots
MEASLES (Cont.)
Measles vs. Scarlet fever
 MUMPS
n RNA Virus
n Incubation Period: 14 – 21 days
n Clinical Features
n Complications:
n Glandular
n Non glandular
n Treatment
n Isolation & Infectivity: 9 days
after onset of parotid swelling
n Vaccine
 RUBELLA
n RNA Virus
n Incubation Period: 14 – 21 days
n Clinical Features
n Complications:
n Acquired
n Congenital
n Treatment
n Isolation & Infectivity: 7 days
from onset of rash
n Congenital Rubella: until 1 year of
age
n Vaccine
RUBELLA (Cont.)
Rubella, Smallpox, Chickenpox
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
 Chicken Pox (Varicella)
n DNA Virus
n Incubation Period: 10 – 21 days
n Clinical Features
n Complications:
n 2nd bacterial infection
n Neurological
n Reye syndrome
n Disseminated
n Treatment (Acyclovir)
n Isolation & Infectivity: 2 days before
rash till all skin lesions have crusted
(6th day of rash)
n Vaccine
Cont. Chicken Pox
Cont. Chicken Pox
 DIPHTHERIA
n Corynebacterium diphtheriae
n Incubation Period: 2 – 7 days
n Clinical Features
n Complications:
n Thrombocytopenia
n Myocarditis
n Vocal cord paralyses
n Treatment
n Isolation & Infectivity: up to 6
weeks, but with treatment
communicable for fewer than 4
days
n Vaccine
DIPHTHERIA (Cont.)
 Pertusis (Whooping Cough)
n Bordetella Pertusis
n Incubation Period: 7 – 14 days
n Clinical Features
n Complications:
n Pneumonia & Bronchiectasis
n Haemorrhage
n Hernia
n Hypoxia
n Treatment
n Isolation & Infectivity: up to 6
weeks, but with treatment => 5 days
after starting therapy
n Vaccine
 WHOOPING COUGH

Video: Whooping Cough: Child

Video: Whooping Cough: Infant

 TETANUS
n Clostridium tetani
n Incubation Period: 2 days to
months, most within 14 days
n Clinical Features
n Complications:
n Lock jaw
n Neonatal mortality
n Generalized muscle spasm
n Treatment
n Isolation: no person to
person transmission
n Vaccines
 Guide to Tetanus Prophylaxis in Routine
Wound Management

Clean, Minor Wound All Other Wounds*

History of Adsorbed
Tetanus Toxoid (Doses)
Td TIG Td TIG

Unknown or <3 Yes No Yes No

≥3§ No" No No¶ No

" yes if more than 10 years since last dose

¶ yes if more than 5 years since last dose
 Haemophilus influenzae type b
(Hib)
n Clinical Features
n Complications
n Treatment
n Isolation & Infectivity:
droplet precautions for
24 hours after starting
antimicrobial therapy
n Vaccine Cerebrospinal fluid culture
positive for Hib (Gram stain)
Hib (Cont.)
 POLIOVIRUS
n Incubation Period: 7 – 21
days
n Clinical Features
n Complications
n Treatment
n Isolation & Infectivity:
several weeks
n Vaccines:
POLIO VACCINES

IPV
OPV
 THRUSH

n Candida Albicans

n Clinical Features

n Complications

n Treatment
 CROUP
n Parainfluenza
n Incubation Period: 2 – 6 days Video: A Child
n Clinical Features with Croup
n Complications
n Treatment
n Isolation & Infectivity: contact
precaution in hospital,
infective up to 3 weeks
 BRONCHIOLITIS
n Respiratory Syncytial
Virus
n Incubation Period: 2 – 8
days
n Clinical Features
n Complications
n Treatment
n Isolation & Infectivity: 3
– 8 days (up to 4 weeks in
infants)
 ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM
(Fifth Disease)

n Parvovirus B19
n Incubation Period:
4 – 21 days
n Clinical Features
n Complications
n Treatment
n Isolation & Infectivity:
droplet precautions for
7 days
 ROSEOLA (Sixth Disease)
n HHV-6
n Incubation Period:
9 – 10 days
n Clinical Features
n Complications
n Treatment
 INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
n Epstein-Barr Virus
n Incubation Period: 30 – 50 days
n Clinical Features
n Complications:
n Hepatitis
n Hemolytic Anemia
n GBS
n Splenic rapture
n Myocarditis
n Malignacy
n Treatment
n Isolation & Infectivity: patients
with recent infection should not
donate blood
VIRAL HEPATITIS
 Feature Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E

Virus HAV HBV HCV HDV HEV

Genome RNA DNA RNA RNA RNA
Incubation 15-50 days 45-160 days 7-9 weeks 2-8 weeks 15-60 days
Onset Acute Insidious Insidious Acute Acute
Transmission Oral Parenteral Parenteral Parenteral Oral
Perinatal
Sequelae:
Fulminant Rare Uncommon Uncommon Yes Yes
liver failure
Carrier No Yes Yes Yes No
Chronic No Yes Yes Yes No
hepatitis

Mortality 0.1-0.2 % 0.5-2 % 1-2 % 2-20 % 1-2 %

 Further Reading
n RED BOOK by Report of the committee on
Infectious Diseases.