Petroleum Refinery:

Refinery Gases: Refinery gas is defined as non-condensable gas obtained during distillation
of crude oil or treatment of oil products (e.g. cracking) in refineries. It consists mainly of
hydrogen, methane, ethane and olefins. It includes gases which are returned from the
petrochemical industry.

Liquid Petroleum Gases: Liquefied petroleum gas is primarily propane but generally also
contains significant amounts of olefins, which increase its reactivity substantially. Liquefied
petroleum gases (LPG) are the leading neat or near-neat alternative fuels in the United States
Despite the name, a large fraction of the fuel is derived from natural gas liquids, propane in
particular.

Light Straight Run: Light Straight Run Naphtha (LSR) is a high volatility, low octane
component produced directly from crude oil distillation. These streams include FCC Gasoline,
Reformate, Alkylate, Aromatics, and Butane, and additional smaller streams, such as Light
Straight Run Naphtha. The light naphtha fraction is usually not used as a component of finished
gasoline without any more refining to remove undesirable impurities. Light straight run naphtha
is the distillate fraction collected at 60-170°F.

Heavy Straight Run:

Heavy naphtha is a distillation cut primarily made up of material roughly the same density as
finished gasoline. Heavy naphtha molecules typically have from 7-9 carbon atoms. Its boiling
range can be from 180F to 330F.

Kerosene: Kerosene , originally used for lighting and heating, is also used as a diesel fuel, as a
component in blending aviation fuels, as a solvent kerosene may enter the water or soil
environment as a result of regular use, from spills during use or transportation, or from leaking
storage facilities. The flash point is 110 °F (316.5 K).

Light Gas Oil: Light Gas Oil is the liquid petroleum distillates heavier than naphtha, with an
approximate boiling range from 401 to 650 °F that contains mostly C8~C15 hydrocarbons,
lowering the kerosene flow rate. Light fuel oils or diesel oils are high value distillates that have
traditionally been used to fuel diesel engine power plants, both for stand-by operation and
baseload applications.

Heavy Gas Oil: In a catalytic cracker, heavy gas oil is broken (cracked) into smaller
hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst under high temperature and high pressure. The main
objective of CCU is to convert the heavy oil into gasoline. The feedstock of the CCU is usually
heavy gas oil from a VDU. During the cracking (breaking away) a range of smaller molecules
including methane, olefins, aromatics, naphthenes, residue, and coke are formed.
Vacuum Gas Oil: Vacuum gas oil (VGO, 370–560 °C) of crude is the important fraction in
crude processing and the main feedstock in catalytic cracking processing and hydro treatment.
The hydrocarbon group-type composition of VGO is the fundamental data in engineering
designing, optimization of processing, catalyst selection and assessing the quality of the end
product and it plays an essential role on analyzing procedure, secondary processing, engineering
calculating and process modeling.

Vacuum Residue: Vacuum residue is the product coming from the refinery vacuum
distillation of the bottom of the atmospheric column (topping). Vacuum residue can be either
gasified directly or, more frequently, treated with other refinery processes.

Deasphalted oil (DAO): Deasphalting is a typical selective extraction process, aimed at

separating a fraction suitable for catalytic conversion (deasphalted oil, DAO) and a fraction
suitable for thermal conversion (pitch) by means of a suitable solvent. Solvent deasphalting
(SDA) is a separation process in which residues are selectively separated by molecular type by
mixing with paraffinic solvents and precipitating out of solution asphaltenes and other residue
heavy components.

Sponge coke: Sponge coke is a coherent, dull black porous delayed petroleum coke in which
the individual spheres are not apparent and the coke has a continuum of structure. n physical
appearance, sponge coke is very porous. It has small pores surrounded by relatively thin or thick
walls to the extent that there is no interconnection between the pores. The name sponge coke is
used because the lumps of coke are porous and at times resemble sponge-like material. Sponge
coke is produced from virgin crude residues which have a large number of cross-linkages with
less than 6 carbon atoms. It is produced by precipitation reactions of the high molecular weight
compounds, asphaltenes and resins. At the same time, the naphthenic and aliphatic chains are
destroyed as is evidenced by the C/H ratio of 8-10 in the feed rising to 20-24 in the coke.

Shot coke: Shot coke is a by-product of the delayed coking process, and can represent a
significant part of the petroleum coke produced. It is comprised in general of two basic types,
namely regular shot coke and clustered or agglomerated coke. Shot coke is, however, of little or
no commercial value, particularly if it has a high sulphur content, as is becoming increasingly the
case in most oil refineries. Upgrading the coke and reducing its sulphur content would add
considerably to its economic value both as a fuel and/or for making aluminium anodes. Towards
this end, samples of Syrian shot coke, produced by the delayed coking unit at the Homs Oil
Refinery, were thermally treated at high temperatures and increased residence time.

Needle coke: Needle coke, commonly used in the production of high-power graphite
electrodes for steel production in electric furnaces, is a scarce product in the refining and by-
product coke industry. In recent years, researchers have increasingly turned their attention to
various ways of modifying the coal carbonizing process raw materials to produce needle coke
and expanding the process raw material base. The review covers a study of different raw
materials used to produce anisotropic carbon-based material and summarizes the raw material
composition required for needle coke production. Furthermore, additives used to modify needle
coke base oil or coal feedstock have been considered and classified according to their mechanism
of action.

Atmospheric residues (AR): An atmospheric residue desulphurization (ARDS) hydrotreater is

applied in oil refineries for purpose of residue upgrading. This highly exothermic process unit
allows purification from sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine and metal impurities as well as the
cracking of heavy hydrocarbons, prior to downstream processing.