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Learning Episode 16: On Teacher’s Philosophy of

Education

Name of Student Teacher: Marivic R. Obra Course: BSED- Mathematics

Year and Section: 401 Cooperating Teacher: Teresita Abesada Date: December 13, 2023
Objectives

At the end of this Episode, I must be able to:

• Determine prevailing philosophies of education based on DepEd Vision and Mission
statements, core values and mandate, the K to 12 Curriculum Framework and Guide and
RA 10533;
• Cite teacher’s teaching behaviors and the philosophies of education on which these
behaviors are founded; and
• Articulate my philosophy of teaching.

Activity 16.1 Analyzing DepEd’s Philosophy of Education

Resource Teacher: Teresita Abesada School: San Isidro National High School
Grade/Year Level: Grade 10 Subject Area: Mathematics Date: December 13, 2023

Observe
• Determine prevailing philosophies of education based on DepEd Vision and Mission
statements, core values ad mandate and on the K to 12 Curriculum Framework and
Guide.
• Study the DepEd Vision and Mission statement, Core values and Mandate.
• Read the features of the K to 12 Curriculum based on the K to 12 Curriculum Framework
and Guide and Sec 5 of RA 10533
• Accomplish the Table below by answering this question: Which philosophies are
expressed?
• Cite relevant statement to back up an identified philosophy of education. You are given
an example.

Philosophies of Education
1. Essentialism- teach mastery
of the basics; curriculum is
prescribed; subject matter-
centered there are universal,
objective values; inculcate
values in subject matter.
2. Perennialism- teach those
that last, the classics; there are
universal values; inculcate
these universal, objective
values.
Which philosophies are expressed in Which philosophies are expressed
the DepEd Vision, Mission in the K to 12 Curriculum
Statements, Core Values, Mandate? Framework and Guide and Sec of
Give proof. RA 10533. Give proof.
Essentialism- The core values of Essentialism- List of standards
maka-Diyos, maka-tao, maka- and competencies that learners
kalikasan and maka-bansa show that are expected to attain is the
DepEd is essential, DepEd believes in subject matter that students are
unchanging values that need to be expected to learn
inculcated. -Essentialist
The core values of maka-Diyos, C) The curriculum shall
that last, the classics; there are be culture-sensitive
maka-tao, maka-kalikasan and
universal
values; inculcate these
makabansa show that

3. Progressivism- very child-
centered; teach those that
interest the child; one learns
by experience; learner’s learn
by doing so teacher teaches
experiential; values are
subjective; no inculcation of
values since they are
subjective; instead teachers
help students clarify their
values.
4. Reconstructionism- school
is agent of change; schooling is
preparing students for the
social changes; teaching is
involving the students in
discussions of moral dilemma.
5. Existentialism- teachers
teach learners to make a
choice, to make decisions and
not merely to follow the
crowd; one who does not
make a choice and so simply
follow others do not leave
meaningful life
6. Pragmatism- that which is
useful, that which is practical
and that which works is
practical and that which
works is what is good; that
which is efficient is effective is
what which is good. e.g
showing a video clip on
mitosis is more efficient and
more effective therefore more
practical than teacher coming
up with a visual aid by
drawing mitosis on a cartolina
or illustration board.
DepEd universal,
objective values
Perennialism, and a
mission to develop a
lifelong learner
DepEd, a learner-focused institution,
continually enhances itself to better
cater to its stakeholders, with
teachers consistently fostering and
nurturing each student's learning.
DepEd's mission is to empower
individuals with values and skills to
reach their full potential and
contribute significantly to nation-
building. They also develop, execute,
and manage policies, plans, and
programs for basic education.
As guardians of the institution,
administrators and staff create a
conducive and supportive setting for
effective learning to occur,
embodying existentialist principles.
In a pragmatic approach,
institution's administrators and staff
foster an environment for effective
learning, advocating for every
Filipino's right to quality, fair basic
education.
a) The curriculum shall
be learner-centered,
inclusive and
developmentally
appropriate;
The DepED shall
formulate the design and
details of the enhanced
basic education
curriculum. It shall work
with the Commission on
Higher Education
(CHED) to craft
harmonized basic and
tertiary curricula for the
global competitiveness of
Filipino graduates.
The curriculum shall be flexible
enough to
enable and allow schools
to localize, indigenize
and enhance the same
based on their respective
educational and social
contexts
The curriculum shall
use the spiral
progression approach to
ensure mastery of
knowledge and skills
after each level. DepEd
wants to develop
learners." whose values
and competencies enable
them to realize their full
potential..." On which
philosophy of education
is this mission statement
anchored?
7. Rationalism-emphasizes The core values of DepEd empower The curriculum shall
the development of the learners to articulate themselves and be culture-sensitive:
learners’ reasoning powers; provide valid justifications for their reasoning powers;
knowledge comes through actions or behaviors. knowledge comes though
reason; teacher must develop reason; teacher must
the reasoning power of the develop the reasoning
learner. power of the learner
(d) The curriculum shall
be contextualized and
global;

8. Utilitarianism- what is good
is that which is most useful
(that which brings happiness)
to the greatest number of
peoples;
Teachers play a crucial role in (a) The curriculum shall
guiding the learning process and be learner-centered,
continuously fostering the growth of inclusive and
each student. developmentally
appropriate;
(b) The curriculum shall
be relevant responsive
and research-based;

9. Empiricism- source of Students acquire knowledge within List of standards and

knowledge is through the an environment that is child- competencies that allows
senses; teacher must involve friendly, promotes gender students to practices all
the senses in teaching- sensitivity, ensures safety, and their senses and develop
learning. fosters motivation. their skills

10. Behaviorism- behavior is DepEd provides a child-friendly, The curriculum shall be learner-
shaped deliberately by forces gender-sensitive, safe, and centered, inclusive, and
in the environment and that motivating environment for students developmentally appropriate; we
the type of person and actions to learn. This aligns with the DepEd teachers encourage students to
desired can be product of Vision and incorporates perform desired behavior as they
design; behavior is Behaviorism, where teachers use give rewards for their good
determined by other, rather positive reinforcement to encourage performance, according to RA No.
than by persons own free will; good behavior and foster 10533 Sec. 5.
teacher must carefully shape independent learning.
desirable behavior; drill are
commonly used to enhance
learning rewards reinforce
learning.
11. Constructivism- learners DepEd's mission of nurturing The K-12 Curriculum Framework
are capable of constructing learners and facilitating learning demonstrates Constructivism,
knowledge and meaning; reflects their adoption of which encourages students to
teaching-learning therefore is Constructivism. This approach consider this in order to share
constructing knowledge and emphasizes active participation and their valuable knowledge and
meaning; teacher does not just knowledge construction, where experiences as learners.
“tell” or dictate but asks students develop their
learners for knowledge they understanding of the world through
construct and meaning of interaction and reflection.
lesson.
Activity 16.2 Articulating My Personal Philosophy of Teaching
Resource Teacher: Teresita Abesada School: San Isidro National High School
Grade/Year Level: Grade 10 Subject Area: Mathematics Date: December 13, 2023

Observe
• Observe how a teacher relates to every learner and how he/she proceeds with her
teaching.
• Accomplish this Observation Sheet.
Here are philosophies of education. Find out which philosophies were manifested in
class by observing what and how teacher teaches and relates to learners.

Philosophies of Education Teaching Behavior (State what the teacher

said, taught or did)
1. Essentialism- teach mastery of the basics; In what way was teacher essentialist?
curriculum is prescribed; subject matter-
centered there are universal, objective values; e.g He/She see to it that students mastered
inculcate values in subject matter. basic concepts and skills.

He/she inculcated values.

2. Perennialism- teach those that last, the
classics; there are universal values; inculcate
these universal, objective values.
3. Progressivism- very child-centered; teach
those that interest the child; one learns by
experience; learner’s learn by doing so teacher
teaches experiential; values are subjective; no
inculcation of values since they are subjective;
instead teachers help students clarify their
values.
4. Reconstructionism- school is agent of
change; schooling is preparing students for
the social changes; teaching is involving the
students in discussions of moral dilemma.
5. Existentialism- teachers teach learners to
make a choice, to make decisions and not
merely to follow the crowd; one who does not
make a choice and so simply follow others do
not leave meaningful life
6. Pragmatism- that which is useful, that which
is practical and that which works is practical
DepEd's mission of nurturing learners and
facilitating learning reflects their adoption of
Constructivism. This approach emphasizes
active participation and knowledge
construction, where students develop their
understanding of the world through
interaction and reflection.
The teacher creates a learner-centered
classroom where students learn through
hands-on experiences.
My cooperating teacher engages in
discussions about moral challenges with
students to enhance their understanding of
their behavior. Students have the opportunity
to set their own goals and societal priorities,
collaborating with the teacher to bring about
positive change. This approach aligns with
Reconstructionist education, which
encourages students to envision a promising
future and prepare for their role in it. It
promotes educational reform.
The teacher supports the learning process
and assists students in discovering their
identities. This implies that students should
have a voice in their learning journey, and the
curriculum should be adaptable and
accommodating.
The teacher imparts life skills and motivates
students to enhance their abilities. She
and that which works is what is good; that
which is efficient is effective is what which is
good. e.g showing a video clip on mitosis is
more efficient and more effective therefore
more practical than teacher coming up with a
visual aid by drawing mitosis on a cartolina or
illustration board.
7. Rationalism-emphasizes the development
of the learners’ reasoning powers; knowledge
comes through reason; teacher must develop
the reasoning power of the learner.
8. Utilitarianism- what is good is that which is
most useful (that which brings happiness) to
the greatest number of peoples;
9. Empiricism- source of knowledge is through
the senses; teacher must involve the senses in
teaching-learning.
10. Behaviorism- behavior is shaped
deliberately by forces in the environment and
that the type of person and actions desired can
be product of design; behavior is determined
by other, rather than by persons own free will;
teacher must carefully shape desirable
behavior; drill are commonly used to enhance
learning rewards reinforce learning.
11. Constructivism- learners are capable of
constructing knowledge and meaning;
teaching-learning therefore is constructing
knowledge and meaning; teacher does not just
“tell” or dictate but asks learners for
knowledge they construct and meaning of
lesson.
prioritizes project-based learning and tackles
real-world issues within the classroom
setting.
Student conclusions are supported by
deductive reasoning. The teacher approaches
situations with logic rather than emotions.
She empowers students to make decisions in
unfamiliar situations and cultivates their
critical thinking skills by establishing
procedures for gathering and analyzing
pertinent information.
This implies that teachers go the extra mile to
support the academic success of the majority
of students. My cooperating teacher
contributes to society by adopting an
approach that goes beyond rote
memorization of vocabulary terms. Instead,
students are encouraged to write stories,
allowing them to grasp the practical
application of the terms. Their performance is
evaluated based on the content of their work.
My cooperating teacher actively engages in
learning activities both inside and outside the
classroom. One common classroom activity
involves teaching students to use their senses
of listening, observing, tasting, and smelling.
The teacher emphasizes the importance of
observing and testing theories and
hypotheses to ensure accuracy. They reject
dogmas and absolute truths, as they hold
doubts about the possibility of knowing
anything with absolute certainty.
My teacher teaches the class how to respond
to various stimuli. It is common for teachers
to reinforce expected behavior in children.
Positive reinforcement plays a crucial role in
behavioral learning, as it can encourage
students to independently exhibit desired
behaviors by rewarding them for doing so.
The same principle applies to punishments.
According to behaviorists, individuals react to
physical stimuli, whether internal or external.
My teacher organizes various learning
activities both in and out of the classroom,
which involve engaging the senses. The
teacher tests theories and hypotheses
rigorously to ensure their validity, as they are
skeptical of absolute certainty and do not
follow dogmas.
Guide Questions-A
1. Based on your findings and observation in Activity 16.1 and Activity 16.2, which
philosophies of education are dominant in Philippine basic schools? Why do you say so?
Answer: Based on my observations, the progressive school of thought is widely adopted in
Philippine educational institutions. This approach emphasizes hands-on learning experiences for
students, with teachers serving as facilitators. The classroom places a strong emphasis on
meeting the needs and interests of the children.

2. If there is one philosophy that schools and teacher should give more attention to, what
should that be and why?
Answer: In my opinion, schools should prioritize implementing the constructivist approach to
education. Constructing knowledge and skills through personal engagement is a valuable form of
learning. This empowers students to acquire meaningful knowledge that will endure throughout
their lives. Relying solely on textbooks and instruction should not be accepted, as schools should
facilitate students in acquiring a broader range of knowledge.

Let’s Write a Journal

Journal Entry#16 My Philosophical Concepts of Education! Your entry should
contain your understanding and reflection on the given concept.

As I continue to learn and grow in my profession, I have come to realize that my

educational philosophy evolves. Each new discovery and experience has the potential to reshape
my beliefs. With this in mind, I would like to share my current teaching philosophy and findings.
At the core of my pedagogical approach is the creation of a comfortable and inclusive
classroom environment. I believe that every student should feel valued and accepted, fostering a
sense of community within the classroom. I have witnessed the benefits of this approach, where
students are encouraged to speak up and learn from their mistakes. It is through this positive and
educational interaction that meaningful student relationships are formed, promoting a conducive
learning environment.
I place great emphasis on student-centered and engaging instruction. I have observed the
effectiveness of lessons where students collaborate in groups to complete tasks, as well as
instances where teachers provide clear directions and then allow students to independently work
on follow-up assignments. I have found that allowing students to manipulate and interact with
the content in their own way enhances their learning experience. Class discussions and projects
have proven to be valuable learning tools.
Furthermore, I believe that teachers should always strive to be lifelong learners. As I
continue my graduate studies, I am committed to incorporating new teaching methods,
approaches, and strategies into my future classroom. These innovative approaches have not only
enhanced my teaching abilities but have also positively impacted my students' performance.
Teaching is a reciprocal process that continually improves both myself and my students. I am
constantly learning how to integrate my students' interests into my lessons and discovering what
works best for them. This ongoing learning journey ultimately contributes to the success of my
students.
In summary, I firmly believe that the success of my students depends on my commitment
to seeking learning opportunities and embracing lifelong learning.
Self-Learning Activity-A
What is your philosophy of teaching? This describes what you believed you should
teach, how you should teach and how you should relate to others in school-with the learners,
your colleagues, you superiors and all other stakeholders. Write them down. This is your title,
“My Philosophy of Teaching.”

My Philosophy of Teaching

According to Sartre, humans have the capacity for both positive and negative thoughts and
actions. Existentialists believe that self-reflection should be an ongoing process, even when one
feels secure in their identity. Authenticity is vital in education, as it helps us address our concerns,
disappointments, and aspirations. As a teacher, I aim to change people's perception of the value
of education, advocating for students to have autonomy and shape their own learning experiences.
Each student is unique, and coercive methods should be avoided in shaping their behavior.
Education should focus on individuality and the development of one's identity. Teachers and
students should find ways to reconcile their own identities within the educational process. The
pedagogical goals of this approach include promoting individuality, holistic development,
humanizing education, fostering ethical behavior, and instilling values. It is my responsibility to
start teaching immediately and make a positive impact on my students' lives. I should actively
engage with and welcome feedback from my students. Existentialist educators like Kneller hope
that their students will transcend repetitive behaviors and critically examine the meaning and
purpose of existence.

B.
1. In it vision and mission statements, DepEd wasn’t to develop learner….” Whose values and
competencies enable them to realize their full potential…” On which philosophy of education is
this mission statement anchored?
A. Existentialism C. Essentialism
B. Empiricism D. Pragmatism
2. Based in the DepEd’s mission statement, “quality basic education means that students learn in
a child-friendly, gender-sensitive, safe and motivating environment”. This implies that DepEd
believes that environment affects learning, Which philosophy of education is this?
A. Utilitarianism C. Essentialism
B. Empiricism D. Behaviorism
3. Field Study 1 which is primarily observation of classes and teachers, is based on which
philosophy of education?
A. Utilitarianism C. Essentialism
B. Empiricism D. Behaviorism
4. The inclusion of logic and critical thinking as subjects in the curriculum is an offshoot of
which philosophy?
A. Rationalism C. Existentialism
B. Utilitarianism D. Progressivism
5. Its Valentines’ Day. The lesson is a part of human digestive system- the stomach. Students
bargain with teacher and so ask if they can discuss the heart in place of the stomach. Teacher
responds “Let’s talk about the stomach which is the lesson for today then go to the heart when
we are done with stomach. Based on philosophies of education, which is TRUE of teacher?
A. Is essentialist in the sense that she sticked to the subject matter for the day and
progressivist since she also considered student’s interest
B. Is pragmatic because it was practical to give way to student’s request even if she
prepared for the day’s lesson
C. Is utilitarianist because she considered both lessons useful
D. Is empiricist, she used visual aids for her lesson
6. What do the DepEd vision and mission statements and core values imply about Philippine
educational system?
 I. It highly essentialist and perennialist.
II. It believes in universal, objective, unchanging values.
III. It is Reconstructionist.
A. I only C. II and III
B. I and II D. I, II and III
7. For a lesson on developing classifying skills, instead of making students bring objects to
classify, teacher considers it most practical to simply use the students,’ body parts like kinds of
ear lobes, kinds of hair line or a lesson on classifying. On which philosophy is teacher’s practice
anchored?
A. Pragmatism C. Utilitarianism
B. Progressivism D. Empiricism
8. The history of curriculum development in the Philippines shows reduction of units in the
humanities but an increase in the natural and physical sciences. On which thought is this action
based?
A. Perennialism C. Utilitarianism
B. Progressivism D. Empiricism
9. There are a number of laws in the Philippines requiring the teaching of subject matter such as
taxation and agrarian reform, etc. This proves that schools must bring about reform in society.
On which philosophy of education is this based?
A. Perennialism C. Empiricism
B. Progressivism D. Reconstructionism
10. Teacher make use of moral dilemmas to enable students to make a stand in moral issues.
Which word CORRECTLY applies to teacher's teaching practice?
A. Behaviorist C. Rationalist
B. Existentialist D. Pragmatist

SHOW Your Learning Artifacts for your portfolio

Accomplished Observation Sheets

Philosophies of Education Teaching Behavior (State what the teacher
said, taught or did)
1. Essentialism- teach mastery of the basics; In what way was teacher essentialist?
curriculum is prescribed; subject matter- e.g He/She see to it that students mastered
centered there are universal, objective values; basic concepts and skills. He/she inculcated
inculcate values in subject matter. values.
2. Perennialism- teach those that last, the DepEd's mission of nurturing learners and
classics; there are universal values; inculcate facilitating learning reflects their adoption of
these universal, objective values. Constructivism. This approach emphasizes
active participation and knowledge
construction, where students develop their
understanding of the world through
interaction and reflection.
3. Progressivism- very child-centered; teach The teacher creates a learner-centered
those that interest the child; one learns by classroom where students learn through
experience; learner’s learn by doing so hands-on experiences.
teacher teaches experiential; values are
subjective; no inculcation of values since they
are subjective; instead teachers help students
clarify their values.
4. Reconstructionism- school is agent of My cooperating teacher engages in
change; schooling is preparing students for discussions about moral challenges with
the social changes; teaching is involving the students to enhance their understanding of
students in discussions of moral dilemma.
5. Existentialism- teachers teach learners to
make a choice, to make decisions and not
merely to follow the crowd; one who does not
make a choice and so simply follow others do
not leave meaningful life.
6. Pragmatism- that which is useful, that
which is practical and that which works is
practical and that which works is what is
good; that which is efficient is effective is what
which is good. e.g showing a video clip on
mitosis is more efficient and more effective
therefore more practical than teacher coming
up with a visual aid by drawing mitosis on a
cartolina or illustration board.
7. Rationalism-emphasizes the development
of the learners’ reasoning powers; knowledge
comes through reason; teacher must develop
the reasoning power of the learner.
8. Utilitarianism- what is good is that which is
most useful (that which brings happiness) to
the greatest number of peoples;
9. Empiricism- source of knowledge is
through the senses; teacher must involve the
senses in teaching-learning.
10. Behaviorism- behavior is shaped
deliberately by forces in the environment and
their behavior. Students have the opportunity
to set their own goals and societal priorities,
collaborating with the teacher to bring about
positive change. This approach aligns with
Reconstructionist education, which
encourages students to envision a promising
future and prepare for their role in it. It
promotes educational reform.
The teacher supports the learning process and
assists students in discovering their identities.
This implies that students should have a voice
in their learning journey, and the curriculum
should be adaptable and accommodating.
The teacher imparts life skills and motivates
students to enhance their abilities. She
prioritizes project-based learning and tackles
real-world issues within the classroom
setting.
Student conclusions are supported by
deductive reasoning. The teacher approaches
situations with logic rather than emotions.
She empowers students to make decisions in
unfamiliar situations and cultivates their
critical thinking skills by establishing
procedures for gathering and analyzing
pertinent information.
This implies that teachers go the extra mile to
support the academic success of the majority
of students. My cooperating teacher
contributes to society by adopting an
approach that goes beyond rote memorization
of vocabulary terms. Instead, students are
encouraged to write stories, allowing them to
grasp the practical application of the terms.
Their performance is evaluated based on the
content of their work.
My cooperating teacher actively engages in
learning activities both inside and outside the
classroom. One common classroom activity
involves teaching students to use their senses
of listening, observing, tasting, and smelling.
The teacher emphasizes the importance of
observing and testing theories and
hypotheses to ensure accuracy. They reject
dogmas and absolute truths, as they hold
doubts about the possibility of knowing
anything with absolute certainty.
My teacher teaches the class how to respond
to various stimuli. It is common for teachers to
 that the type of person and actions desired
can be product of design; behavior is
determined by other, rather than by persons
own free will; teacher must carefully shape
desirable behavior; drill are commonly used
to enhance learning rewards reinforce
learning.
11. Constructivism- learners are capable of
constructing knowledge and meaning;
teaching-learning therefore is constructing
knowledge and meaning; teacher does not
just “tell” or dictate but asks learners for
knowledge they construct and meaning of
lesson.
reinforce expected behavior in children.
Positive reinforcement plays a crucial role in
behavioral learning, as it can encourage
students to independently exhibit desired
behaviors by rewarding them for doing so.
The same principle applies to punishments.
According to behaviorists, individuals react to
physical stimuli, whether internal or external.
My teacher organizes various learning
activities both in and out of the classroom,
which involve engaging the senses. The
teacher tests theories and hypotheses
rigorously to ensure their validity, as they are
skeptical of absolute certainty and do not
follow dogmas.

My Philosophy of Teaching

According to Sartre, humans have the capacity for both positive and negative thoughts and
actions. Existentialists believe that self-reflection should be an ongoing process, even when one
feels secure in their identity. Authenticity is vital in education, as it helps us address our concerns,
disappointments, and aspirations. As a teacher, I aim to change people's perception of the value
of education, advocating for students to have autonomy and shape their own learning experiences.
Each student is unique, and coercive methods should be avoided in shaping their behavior.
Education should focus on individuality and the development of one's identity. Teachers and
students should find ways to reconcile their own identities within the educational process. The
pedagogical goals of this approach include promoting individuality, holistic development,
humanizing education, fostering ethical behavior, and instilling values. It is my responsibility to
start teaching immediately and make a positive impact on my students' lives. I should actively
engage with and welcome feedback from my students. Existentialist educators like Kneller hope
that their students will transcend repetitive behaviors and critically examine the meaning and
purpose of existence.
References:

• https://topnotchteaching.com/site-updates/being-a-teacher-concerns-needs-whats-

lacking/#:~:text

• https://resilienteducator.com/classroom-resources/using-classroom-technology/#:~:

• https://www.scribd.com/doc/261336948/what-is-the-difference-between-traditional-

classroom-teaching-and-21st-century-digital-learning

• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Traditional-classroom-vs-21-st-century-

classroom_tbl2_336185645

• https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Open-

Concept+Classroom+in+1970s&mmreqh=X5DjsBDNB9Zrk5h9CUXAqSARQCKZOqK0ud

FPEkBRhKQ%3d&first=1&tsc=ImageHoverTitle