Chapter 5

Engineering Drawings,
Diagrams and Standards
CHAPTER 5/AIRCRAFT
DRAWINGS
 TYPES OF DRAWINGS
1- Working drawings:
a) Detail drawings.
b) Assembly drawings.
c) Installation drawings.

2- Sectional drawings:
a) Revolved section.
b) Removed section.
c) Complete sectional views.
d) Half-sectional views.
DETAIL DRAWING
A detail drawing is a description of a single part, describing by lines,
notes, and symbols the specifications for size, shape, material, and
methods of manufacture to be used in making the part.

ASSEMBLY DRAWING
An assembly drawing is a description of an object made up of two or
more parts.
INSTALLATION DRAWING
An installation drawing is one which includes all necessary
information for a part or an assembly in the final installed position in
the aircraft.
Detail drawing
An assembly drawing shows how two or more parts are assembled into a
complete unit.
These drawings are often used in IPC. (illustrated parts catalogues)
Note the improper line form used for a centre line.
Installation drawing
 2- Sectional drawings:

Used when it is necessary to show the

internal construction or shape of apart.

There are four types:

a) Revolved section
-used to illustrate simple items with no
interior parts.
Revolved section
 2- Sectional drawings:
b) removed section:
-used to illustrate simple items with no
interior parts.
Removed section
 2- Sectional drawings:

c) complete sectional views.

-used to identify individual parts within a

complex assembly .
half sectional view

complete sectional view

 2- Sectional drawings:
d) half-sectional view

-used when it is helpful to see the outside of

the part as well as the inside.
 T55 L-11 Engine
What type of drawing is this?

Half and full sectional

perspective diagram.

15
 3- exploded - view drawing
-Used to show every part in an assembly.
-Used in illustrated parts manual
 4- Block diagrams
-Used where the systems becoming more complicated to
locate the problems as electrical systems and electronic
components.
-Consists of individual blocks that represent several
components as printed circuit board or replaceable module.
 5- logic flowcharts
-
-Used to aid in troubleshooting.
-
-Represents the mechanical, electrical, or
electronic action of a system without
expressing construction or engineering
information.
5- logic flowcharts
 6- electrical wiring diagrams

To identify and troubleshoot electrical parts and circuits

 7- pictorial diagrams

Allow you to visualize the components involved in

the electrical system
 8- schematic diagrams

illustrates all components with respect to each other within system

….to show functional location of components within a system
Suited for troubleshooting malfunction
METHODS OF ILLUSTRATION
The common methods to aviation industry:
1- Orthographic projection.
2- Auxiliary drawings.
3- Isometric drawings.
4- Oblique drawings.
5- Perspective drawings.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION DRAWINGS
In order to show the exact size and shape of all the parts of complex
objects, a number of views are necessary. This is the system used in
orthographic projection. In orthographic projection, there are six
possible views of an object, because
all objects have six sides
front, top, bottom, rear,
right side, and left side.

(a)Object
(b)Rotated

(e)Flat

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 METHODS OF ILLUSTRATION
2-AUXILIARY DRAWINGS.
- used when It is necessary to see a view that
is not at 90° to the face of an object.
METHODS OF ILLUSTRATION

2-AUXILIARY DRAWINGS

What is this view

called?

Auxiliary view.

R
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 METHODS OF ILLUSTRATION
3- Isometric drawings:
- three dimensional object on a flat plane.
- all distances are the same length as the actual sides.
- the angles formed by the three sides of an object are equal.

Most used for aircraft drawing or sketching.

 Isometric Projection
Describe isometric projection.
Word defined as “Equal Measure” from the
Greek. Drawn with equal lengths and widths.
Drawn with base at 30 degrees from the
baseline.
Not a true depiction due to distortion,
unlike perspective drawings.
 Detail Drawings

Isometric view
Orthographic view
 METHODS OF ILLUSTRATION
4- Oblique drawings:
Describe oblique projection.
Oblique defined “indirect or evasive”.
not often use in aviation
- there are two types of oblique drawings:
a) cabinet drawing.
b)cavalier drawings

.
 METHODS OF ILLUSTRATION
5- Perspective drawings:
- used when you need to see an object similar to the way the
human eye sees it.

- the difference between a perspective drawing and an

oblique or isometric drawing is that:
On a perspective drawing the lines, or rays of an object meet
at a distant point on the horizon.

- vanishing point: a point on the horizon where the lines or

rays of an object meet.
- Not generally used in aircraft drawing.
 Perspective Projection

Two Point Perspective Single Point Perspective

 DRAWING PRACTICES
1- LINES AND THEIR MEANING:
a) Visible lines: a medium-weight solid line.
- used to illustrate a visible part.
b) Hidden lines: medium-weight dashed line.
- used to indicate invisible edges or corners.
c) Center lines: an alternating long and short
dashes.
- used to show the middle of a symmetrical part.
d) Extension lines: light lines that extend from
the point where a measurement is made.
do not touch the visible lines, 1/16 inch from
a part’s edge.
e) Dimension lines: light lines that are broken in
the center with an arrowhead.
 DRAWING PRACTICES
1- LINES AND THEIR MEANING:
f) Cutting-plane lines: medium or heavy alternating
long dashes and two short dashes with an
arrowhead at each end.
g) Phantom lines: light lines made of alternating
long dashes and two short dashes.
- used to indicate part’s alternate position.
h) 1- short break lines: medium-weight lines
( freehand)
2- long break lines: light line with a series of
irregular zigzags…show part broken off
i) Leader lines: light lines with arrowheads that
extend from a note, number, or information box
to a part.
Visible or object
 HIDDEN LINE

Hidden lines should be a medium, evenly dashed line to

show features hidden in this particular view.
HIDDEN LINE
CENTER LINES

Center
line to
show the
exact
center of
this hole
at the
intersection
CENTER LINES
EXTENSION LINES

Extension line brings the surface of the object away from the visible
line so as to dimension it. A thin, lightweight line is used and does
not touch the visible line, leaving a space of 1.5 mm or 1/16 of an inch.
Identify the extension line.
1 is a visible outline.
2 is a hidden line.
3 is an extension line
used to show the width
of the paint stripe.
4 is a center line.
 3mm DIMENSION LINES

50.5

Dimension line is used to give a dimension to a feature on a

drawing. A thin, lightweight line is used with a break within it
to place the numerals or letters and arrowheads at both ends
which touch the extension lines.
Allow the extension lines to
project 3mm (1/8 inch) beyond the dimension line.
DIMENSION AND EXTENSION
LINES
medium or heavy alternating long dashes
and two short dashes with an arrowhead at
each end
light lines made of alternating long dashes and
two short dashes.
- used to indicate part’s alternate position
 SHORT BREAK LINES

Short break line

SHORT BREAK LINES
LEADER LINES

Exploded view of a an optical

proximity sensor showing all
components involved.
Note the leader lines showing the
reference number for each part.
Section lines are used to show different types of
materials and exposed surfaces
 DRAWING PRACTICES
- Lettering all lettering is done freehand using single-stroke
Gothic.

- Dimensioning:
a) ALLOWANCE: the difference between the nominal
dimension and the upper or lower limit.
b) TOLERANCE: the difference between the extreme
permissible dimensions.
c) Placement of dimensions:
- holes are typically located with reference to one corner
of a part.
 Allowance and Tolerance
Describe allowance and tolerance.

Allowance :
is dimension either above or below target figure.

Tolerance :
is the total dimension from upper maximum to lower
minimum allowed.
Nominal dimension is .3125
 DRAWING PRACTICES
-AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION DRAWINGS
1- Title block:
printed in the lower right-hand corner of every A/C drawing.

a) title box: including the part name .

b) size: including the size of a drawing by letters.

Examples:
(A-size) (B-size) (C-size) (D-size) for larger (R-size)

c) drawing number: part number. L/H -1, R/H -2.

d) scale: drawing size.
 DRAWING PRACTICES
-AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION DRAWINGS
e) page: when drawings are assembled into a book

f) responsibility: the initials of the people responsible for all

aspects of the part.

g) standards: manufacturing tolerances.

h) bill of material : a list of every material needed to

manufacture the part

i) application: indicates where the part is used.

 Quiz 1
Q1) Name five types of A/C drawings?

Q2) What type of drawing depicts the relationship

between two or more parts?

Q3) Name the six possible views from which an object can
be drawn?

Q4)Name five information contained in the title block?

Q5) What is the tolerance of this dimension

0.3125± .0005
 DRAWING PRACTICES
-AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION DRAWINGS
2- REVISION BLOCK:
- located in the upper right-hand corner.
3- NOTES:
- found in a block or placed in a location that does not interfere
with the drawing.
- To identify deviation from the normal, give additional
information, list alternative, call attention to an item, or specify
modifications to an original design.
4- ZONES:
- a system used to find detailed views on large drawings. like
the grid system on the maps.
Locate parts , sections, and views on large drawings
 DRAWING PRACTICES
LOCATION IDENTIFICATION ON A/C
a) Fuselage station numbers:
- identify locations fore and aft along the fuselage
Used to identify the number of inches from the datum or other
point identified by the manufacturer to a point in or on the
aircraft
b) Water lines:
- identify vertical locations on the fuselage.
c) Buttock lines:
- used to measure distances to the right or left of the fuselage
centerline.
d) Wing stations:
- used to indicate the distance along the wing toward the wing
tip.
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65
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 DRAWING PRACTICES
BASIC SKETCHING
-any simple sketch must contain all information needed to
make the part or repair.
- four basic steps to make a sketch:
1- Determine what views are necessary to portray the object
then block in the views using light construction lines.
2- Complete the details and darken the object out lines.
3- Sketch extension and dimension lines, and add detail…
darken lines
4- Complete the drawing by adding dimensions, notes, a
title, and a date.
- Sketching on graph paper makes the layout process easier
REPAIR SKETCHES
- an FAA Form 337 must be completed when a major repair is
made to a certificated A/C.
2 4

1 3
 A/C DRAWINGS
CHARTS AND GRAPHS
- Charts and Graphs are pictorial representation of data.
- Charts allow you to see the rate and magnitude of changes.
- TYPES OF GRAPHS & CHARTS:
1- Bar graph.
2- Pictograph.
3- Broken line graph.
4- Continuous curved-line graph.
5- Pie chart.
 ex 1 - Refer to figure 38.
An aircraft reciprocating engine has 1830 cubic inch
displacement and develops 1250 brake horse power at
2500 RPM, what is the brake mean effective pressure?

A- 217
B – 205
C- 225
1250

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