1.

Abstract:

Tooth paste is a fundamental oral hygiene product used worldwide to maintain

oral health. Understanding its chemical composition is crucial for optimizing its efficacy and
safety. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical components
commonly found in toothpaste formulations.
The primary ingredients of toothpaste include abrasives, detergents, fluoride
compounds, humectants, flavoring agents, preservatives, and water. Abrasives such as
calcium carbonate, hydrated silica, and alumina are essential for mechanical cleaning and
removal of dental plaque and stains. Detergents like sodium lauryl sulfate contribute to foam
formation and assist in dislodging debris from teeth surfaces.
Fluoride compounds such as sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate,
and stannous fluoride are added to toothpaste for their remineralizing properties, helping to
strengthen tooth enamel and prevent dental caries. Humectants like glycerol and sorbitol
maintain toothpaste moisture, preventing it from drying out and enhancing its texture.
Flavoring agents, often comprising mint or fruit extracts, are incorporated to
improve taste and promote user compliance with regular brushing. Preservatives like parabens
or methylisothiazolinone prevent microbial growth and extend the shelf life of toothpaste
formulations. Water serves as a solvent and aids in the overall homogeneity of the toothpaste.
Furthermore, advancements in toothpaste technology have led to the inclusion
of specialized ingredients such as desensitizing agents for treating tooth sensitivity, whitening
agents for cosmetic purposes, and antimicrobial agents for combating oral pathogens.
However, it is essential to note that while these ingredients enhance toothpaste
functionality, their safety and potential side effects must be carefully evaluated. Regulatory
bodies worldwide set standards and guidelines to ensure the quality, efficacy, and safety of
toothpaste products for consumer use.
Toothpaste is one of the most widely used dental products, with the largest
sales. Its use is one of the most popular oral hygiene behaviours in developed countries. In the
last 30 years there has been a large variety of changes in toothpaste composition. One of the
main changes is utilizing the toothpaste as a delivery system for therapeutic agents to the oral
cavity. A large variety of toothpastes can be found on the market, for different purposes:
caries prevention, gingivitis prevention, anti calculus formation, dentine hypersensitivity
prevention and for teeth whitening. Toothpastes have a wide range of ingredients: abrasives,
humectants, preservatives, thickening or binding agents, detergents, flavoring agents and

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therapeutic agents. This review provides details on the ingredients of dentifrices, the evidence
about the different brands and categories, and questions about their utilization.

In conclusion, a thorough understanding of the chemical composition of

toothpaste is crucial for oral health professionals, researchers, and consumers alike. Continued
research and development in toothpaste formulation will contribute to improving oral hygiene
practices and promoting overall dental wellness.

Fig: 1. Schematic Diagram of Toothpaste and its application

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2. Introduction:
Toothpaste is a daily essential in oral hygiene routines, playing a pivotal role
in maintaining healthy teeth and gums. While its primary function is to clean the teeth and
freshen breath, toothpaste formulations are blends of various chemical compounds designed
to achieve specific oral health benefits. Understanding the chemical composition of toothpaste
is essential for appreciating its effectiveness, safety, and potential impact on oral health.
This introduction sets the stage for delving into the diverse components that
make up toothpaste. It highlights the significance of each ingredient in contributing to the
overall performance of toothpaste formulations. Additionally, it acknowledges the continuous
evolution of toothpaste technology, leading to innovations aimed at addressing specific dental
concerns and improving user experience.
By exploring the chemical composition of toothpaste, we gain insights into
the scientific principles underpinning its functionality, which in turn informs dental
professionals, researchers, and consumers about the optimal use and selection of toothpaste
for oral care needs.

It is available in gel or paste form which is used with tooth brush to clean
our teeth. It is used with a toothbrush as an accessory to clean and maintain health of teeth.
Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene. It serves as an abrasive that help in removing the
dental plaque and food from the teeth, helps in suppressing cavity, and delivers active
ingredients such as fluoride or xylitol to help prevent tooth and gum disease (gingivitis). Most
of the cleaning is achieved by the mechanical action of the toothbrush, and not by the
toothpaste. Salt and Baking soda are among materials that can be substituted for commercial
toothpaste. Toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed.

The toothpaste is made by mixturing various compounds and designed

mainly for maintaining the oral hygiene. Besides this there are various kinds of ions i.e.
Cations and anions present in toothpaste. Cation like Na +, Ca2+ etc. and anions like Fluoride
(F-), phosphate ions (PO43-).This ions are mainly responsible for cleaning the strong stains,
keeping the teeth safe from cavity and sensitivity. Apart from this Sodium lauryl sulphate also
present in toothpaste which is mostly used for the foaming purpose. There are numerous types
of toothpaste available in market like Colgate, Close Up, Patanjali Dantakanti, Ayush,
Pepsodent etc.

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3. History:

The history of tooth paste dates back thousands of years, with evidence of
various forms of oral hygiene products being used by ancient civilizations. Previously people
used various substances like Crushed bones, shells and herbs to clean their teeth and maintain
oral hygiene. Mostly in village area people used neem stick for cleaning their teeth which has
many antibacterial properties. In the place of toothbrush they use bamboo. Apart from this
people also used salts, herbs and oils. Previously they use herbal products which have
antibacterial properties but in some case they face cavity and sensitive teeth issue due to lack
of some chemical compounds. Now brands like Colgate, Close-up and Pepsodent are coming
up with more furnisher including various chemical compounds like Floride, phosphate,
sodium, calcium, sodium lauryl sulphate which helps to prevent cavity, sensitivity and keep
the teeth whitening. Here is an overview of the history of toothpaste

1. Ancient Tooth Powders: Ancient Egyptians are believed to have used a form of
toothpaste as early as 5000 BC. Their toothpaste recipes included ingredients like
crushed rock salt, mint, iris flowers, and pepper. Similarly, ancient Greeks and
Romans used mixtures of crushed bones and oyster shells with powdered charcoal and
bark.
2. Chinese Innovations: Around 500 BC, the Chinese developed their toothpaste using
ingredients like ginseng, herbal mints, and salt. They also used crushed eggshells and
various aromatic substances to clean and freshen breath.
3. Medieval Europe: In Europe during the middle Ages, toothpaste formulations varied
widely. Some recipes included abrasives like crushed glass and oyster shells, while
others used powdered herbs and flowers for their antiseptic properties.
4. 19th Century Developments: In the 1800s, toothpaste began to take a more
recognizable form. In 1824, a dentist named Peabody added soap to toothpaste, which
helped to create foam for better cleaning. Toothpaste also started to be sold
commercially in jars or pots.
5. Modern Toothpaste: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, toothpaste underwent
significant developments. In 1873, Colgate released the first mass-produced toothpaste
in a jar. In 1892, Dr. Washington Sheffield invented collapsible toothpaste tubes,
making toothpaste more convenient and accessible. Around the same time, toothpaste
started to include ingredients like fluoride, which is known for its cavity-fighting
properties.

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 6. Further Innovations: Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, toothpaste
continued to evolve. Fluoride became a standard ingredient in most toothpaste
formulations due to its proven benefits in preventing tooth decay [1]. Whitening
toothpastes were also introduced, containing abrasives and chemicals to remove stains
and brighten teeth.
7. Specialized Formulations: Today, there are numerous types of toothpaste available to
address specific oral health needs. These include toothpaste for sensitive teeth,
enamel-strengthening formulas, natural and organic options, and those designed for
children with appealing flavors.
Overall, the history of toothpaste reflects a continuous journey of
innovation and improvement in oral hygiene practices, from ancient herbal mixtures to the
scientifically formulated toothpaste we use today.

4. Review of Literature:
Toothpaste is an important daily oral hygiene routine, which undergoes
significant evolution since its invention. A literature review regarding various dimensions of
toothpaste including its history, compositions, effectiveness which gives data on its
composition, efficacy, environmental impact, and advancement in its formulations based upon
consumer preferences.

4.1 Historical evolution of toothpaste: This section delves into the historical development of
toothpaste, starting from ancient civilizations like Egypt and China to the modern
commercial formulations we use today. It discusses the ingredients used in early
toothpaste recipes and how they evolved over time.
4.2 Composition and ingredients: Studies often analyze the composition of toothpaste,
highlighting key ingredients such as abrasives (e.g., calcium carbonate, silica), fluorides
(e.g., sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride), detergents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate),
humectants (e.g., glycerin), and flavoring agents. Research may focus on the role of each
ingredient in cleaning teeth, preventing cavities, and maintaining oral health.
4.3 Effectiveness in Plaque removal and cavity prevention: Many studies evaluate the
efficacy of toothpaste in plaque removal and cavity prevention. They use methods such as
in vitro experiments, clinical trials, and observational studies to assess the ability of
different toothpaste formulations to reduce plaque buildup, inhibit bacterial growth, and
promote remineralization of enamel.

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4.4 Impact on Gingival Health: Research explores the effects of toothpaste on gingival
health, including its role in reducing gingivitis, gum inflammation, and bleeding. Studies
may investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of certain toothpaste ingredients and
their impact on overall gum health.
4.5 Specialized Toothpaste formulations: Literature reviews may cover specialized
toothpaste formulations designed for specific oral health needs, such as sensitivity relief,
enamel protection, whitening, and herbal/natural alternatives. They evaluate the
effectiveness of these formulations compared to standard toothpaste in addressing targeted
concerns.
4.6 Fluoride Controversy Safety: Some reviews delve into the ongoing debate surrounding
fluoride in toothpaste. They discuss the benefits of fluoride in preventing tooth decay and
strengthening enamel, as well as concerns about fluoride toxicity, especially in young
children. These reviews often weigh the risks and benefits of fluoride-containing
toothpaste based on current scientific evidence.
4.7 Advancements in Toothpaste Technology: Recent literature examines the latest
advancements in toothpaste technology, such as nanotechnology for enhanced delivery of
active ingredients, novel antimicrobial agents for combating oral pathogens, and bioactive
compounds for promoting oral tissue regeneration. These reviews discuss how these
advancements contribute to improving oral health outcomes.
4.8 Composition & effectiveness: The effectiveness of toothpaste primarily based on its
composition. Key ingredients like fluoride, abrasives, surfactants, and antimicrobial
agents play crucial roles in treating dental issues. Fluoride is an important component in
most of the toothpaste formulations. [2]Marinho et al demonstrated the impact of fluoride
toothpaste in oral cavity, especially when combined with fluoridated water. Abrasive
agents, such as silica or calcium carbonate, aid in plaque removal and stain prevention.
However, excessive abrasiveness can lead to enamel wear, as highlighted by Joiner et al. .
Hence, maintaining a balanced abrasive level is crucial for ensuring both efficacy and
safety. Antimicrobial agents like triclosan or essential oils contribute to plaque control and
gingival health. A study by Gunsolley (2006) described the efficacy of triclosan-
containing toothpaste in reducing plaque and gingivitis compared to non-triclosan
formulations.
4.9 Environmental consideration: While toothpaste promotes oral health, its environmental
effects raise concerns. The packaging, disposal, and ingredients sourcing contribute to
environmental degradation. Single-use plastic tubes dominate the market, increases plastic

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 pollution. Manufacturers are exploring sustainable alternatives like recyclable tubes or
refillable packaging to reduce environmental impact. Additionally, the extraction of
ingredients, such as silica or calcium carbonate, raises environmental consequences.
Sustainable sourcing practices and eco-friendly alternatives are implemented to minimize
ecological harm.
4.10 Consumer preferences: Consumer preferences for toothpaste are influenced by
factors like flavor, efficacy, and brand reputation. Mint-flavored toothpaste remains a
popular choice due to its refreshing action, as known by consumer surveys. However, the
rising demand for natural or organic toothpaste, peoples is shift towards eco-friendly oral
care products. Ingredients like charcoal, baking soda, or herbal extracts are gaining
attention for their amazing health benefits and eco-friendliness.
4.11 Emerging trends: Emerging trends in toothpaste focus on innovation and
sustainability. Nanotechnology enables the development of toothpaste with enhanced
antibacterial properties and targeted delivery systems. Biodegradable toothpaste tablets or
powders offer a plastic-free alternative, aligning with the zero-waste movement.
Furthermore, personalized toothpaste formulations also needs to individual oral health
which is on the horizon, promising customized care and improved outcomes.
By synthesizing findings from these diverse areas of research, a comprehensive
review of literature on toothpaste provides valuable insights into its historical significance,
scientific basis, clinical effectiveness, and evolving trends in oral care. In conclusion, a
comprehensive literature review elucidates the multifunctional mechanism of toothpaste,
composition, efficacy, environmental impact, consumer preferences, and emerging trends.

5. Merits of toothpaste:

Toothpaste is a fundamental component of daily oral hygiene routines, offering

several of benefits essential for maintaining optimal dental health. In this comprehensive
discussion we deals about the merits of toothpaste, exploring its role in oral hygiene, fresh
breath maintenance, fluoride protection, whitening, sensitivity reduction, antibacterial
properties, and gum health promotion.

One of the primary merits of toothpaste lies in its ability to support oral
hygiene by effectively removing plaque and food particles from teeth. Plaque, a sticky film of
bacteria that forms on teeth, can lead to tooth decay and gum disease if not timely removed.
Toothpaste, when used with a toothbrush, helps in removing plaque, preventing its spread and
reducing the risk of dental problems. Moreover, toothpaste contributes significantly to
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maintaining fresh breath. Many toothpaste formulations contain ingredients such as mint or
menthol, which has a refreshing sensation and mask unpleasant odors. By eliminating food
debris and bacteria responsible for bad breath, toothpaste promotes a clean and fresh oral
environment.

Another crucial merit of toothpaste is its role in fluoride protection. Fluoride is

a mineral that strengthens tooth enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks from plaque
bacteria and acidic foods. Most toothpaste contains fluoride, providing essential protection
against tooth decay and enamel erosion. Regular use of fluoride toothpaste is particularly
important for individuals at risk of developing cavities, such as children and those with poor
oral hygiene habits. Furthermore, toothpaste can contribute to the whitening of teeth. Many
toothpaste formulas contain mild abrasives or whitening agents that help remove surface
stains and brighten the teeth. Over time, consistent use of whitening toothpaste can lead to
gradual improvements in tooth color, enhancing the smile.

Additionally, toothpaste formulations designed for sensitive teeth offer relief

from discomfort caused by hot, cold, or sweet action. These toothpastes typically contain
desensitizing agents that block pain signals transmitted by the nerves in the teeth, providing
temporary relief from sensitivity. By using specialized toothpaste enables individuals to enjoy
a wider range of foods and beverages without experiencing discomfort. Moreover, toothpaste
often possesses antibacterial properties, antimicrobial agents such as triclosan or essential oils.
These ingredients help inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria in the mouth, reducing the risk
of oral infections and gum disease. By maintaining a healthy balance of oral bacteria,
antibacterial toothpaste supports overall oral health and wellness.

Finally, toothpaste formulated for gum health can promote the well-being of
the gingival tissues. Ingredients like aloevera or chamomile extract may be added into these
formulations to relief from inflamed gums and reduce irritation. For gum inflammation and
supporting tissue repair, specialized toothpaste contributes to overall gum health and helps
prevent conditions like gingivitis and periodontitis. In conclusion, toothpaste offers a multiple
of merits essential for maintaining optimal dental health. From supporting oral hygiene and
fresh breath maintenance to providing fluoride protection, whitening benefits, sensitivity
relief, antibacterial properties, and gum health promotion, toothpaste plays a crucial role in
daily oral care routines. By selecting the appropriate toothpaste formulation and adding it into
a comprehensive oral hygiene series, individuals can enjoy the many benefits that toothpaste
has to offer.
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6. Demerits of toothpaste:

Toothpaste also carries certain drawbacks that consumers should be aware of.
While toothpaste is generally safe and effective when used correctly, understanding its
potential demerits can help for individuals make decisions about their oral care routines. One
of the primary concerns associated with toothpaste is its abrasive nature. Many toothpaste
formulations contain abrasive particles or compounds designed to remove surface stains and
plaque. While this abrasiveness is necessary for maintaining oral hygiene, overuse or
aggressive brushing with abrasive toothpaste can lead to enamel erosion. Enamel erosion
weakens the protective outer layer of teeth, increasing the risk of tooth sensitivity and
cavities. Therefore, it's essential for individuals to use toothpaste with appropriate
abrasiveness levels and practice gentle brushing techniques to minimize enamel erosion.
Another consideration is fluoride over adding. While fluoride is a key ingredient in
toothpaste, providing essential protection against tooth decay by strengthening enamel,
excessive fluoride intake can lead to dental fluorosis. Which is a cosmetic condition
characterized by discoloration of tooth enamel, which can occur when individuals ingest too
much fluoride during tooth development. To prevent fluorosis, individuals should use fluoride
toothpaste as directed and monitor their fluoride intake from other sources, such as fluoridated
water and dental treatments.

Allergic reactions to toothpaste ingredients are also a potential demerit. Some

individuals may experience oral irritation, rash, or swelling due to allergies or sensitivities to
certain toothpaste ingredients, such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), flavorings, preservatives,
or colorants. For individuals having allergic reactions, switching to hypoallergenic or natural
toothpaste formulations free of common irritants may help in improving oral comfort.
Chemical ingredients found in toothpaste formulations can raise concerns for some
consumers. While regulatory agencies permitted these ingredients safe for oral care products,
some individuals prefer to avoid synthetic chemicals in favor of natural or organic toothpaste
options. Common chemical additives in toothpaste include parabens, artificial sweeteners, and
antimicrobial agents like triclosan. Choosing toothpaste with minimal chemical additives can
provide peace of mind for those seeking more natural oral care alternatives.

Furthermore, the environmental impact of toothpaste production, packaging,

and disposal is another demerit to consider. Traditional toothpaste tubes are typically made
from non-biodegradable plastic, contributing to plastic pollution and environmental
degradation. Additionally, the production process for toothpaste may generate greenhouse gas

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emissions and other pollutants. To reduce these environmental impacts, some consumers opt
for toothpaste alternatives packaged in recyclable or compostable materials. Cost can also be
a factor for individuals considering the demerits of toothpaste. While basic toothpaste options
are generally affordable, specialized formulations, marketed for whitening, sensitivity relief,
or other specific benefits may come with a higher price tag. For individuals on a tight budget,
the cost of purchasing toothpaste regularly, especially for larger households, may create a
financial boundary.

Lastly, misleading marketing claims in the oral care industry can lead to
consumer confusion and skepticism. With numerous toothpaste brands competing for market
share, illegal claims about product efficacy can mislead consumers into believing that certain
toothpaste formulations offer superior benefits. To avoid misleading marketing, consumers
should evaluate toothpaste claims and believe on reputable sources for information. In
conclusion, while toothpaste is essential for maintaining oral hygiene and preventing dental
problems, it's important to consider potential demerits such as abrasiveness, fluoride
overexposure, allergic reactions, chemical ingredients, environmental impact, cost, and
misleading marketing claims. By understanding these drawbacks and making informed
choices about toothpaste selection and usage, individuals can prioritize their oral health while
minimizing potential risks and concerns.

7. Ions Present in Toothpaste:

7.1 Exploring Cations.

Some of the Common Cations found in toothpaste are described below:

7.1.1 Sodium ions (Na⁺): Sodium ions help to create a mild abrasive action when brushing,
aiding in the removal of food particles, plaque, and surface stains from the teeth. It also
contributes to the texture and consistency of the toothpaste, helping to create a smooth and
creamy texture that is easy to apply and spread across the teeth and gums. It can help stabilize
other ingredients in the toothpaste to improve taste and mask any unpleasant flavors from
other ingredients. Overall, sodium ions play a crucial role in the functionality and efficient of
toothpaste, contributing to its cleaning ability, texture, stability, and flavor. Sodium ions assist
in enhancing the cleaning action of toothpaste by facilitating the removal of plaque, stains,
and bacteria from the teeth surface. They help to break down and dissolve unwanted
substances, promoting a fresher and cleaner feeling in the mouth after brushing. Sodium
compounds can contribute to masking any unpleasant tastes or odors associated with other

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Ingredients in the toothpaste formulation . This helps to improve the overall quality of the
product, making it more enjoyable for users and encouraging regular oral hygiene habits.

7.1.2 Calcium ions (Ca2+): It plays a crucial role in toothpaste formulations, contributing to
its merits in promoting dental health. Ca 2+ ions aid in strengthening tooth enamel, the
protective outer layer of the teeth, by promoting remineralization. When enamel is exposed to
acidic conditions, such as those created by oral bacteria metabolizing sugars, minerals like
calcium and phosphate are removed from the enamel, leading to demineralization and
potential tooth decay. By adding Ca2+ ions into toothpaste, manufacturers enhance its ability
to remineralize weakened enamel. These ions help rebuilt lost minerals, restoring the enamel's
strength and resistant against acid attacks. Additionally, calcium ions can contribute to
reducing tooth sensitivity by sealing open dentinal tubules, which are microscopic channels
that connect the tooth's outer surface to the nerve endings. Furthermore, calcium ions in
toothpaste formulations may interact simultaneously with fluoride, another common
ingredient. Fluoride works by promoting remineralization and inhibiting the demineralization
process, effectively against tooth decay. When combined with calcium ions, fluoride's
remineralization properties may be enhanced that leads to a greater protection against cavities.

7.1.3 Potassium ion (K+): Potassium ions may be included in toothpaste formulations to help
reduce tooth sensitivity by desensitizing nerve endings in the teeth.

7.1.4 Zinc ion (Zn2+): Zinc ions have antimicrobial properties and may help inhibit the growth
of oral bacteria, contributing to the prevention of plaque and gum disease.

7.1.5 Strontium ion (Sr2+): Strontium ions are sometimes added to toothpaste to help reduce
tooth sensitivity by blocking the transmission of pain signals from the tooth surface to the
nerves.

7.2 Exploring anions:

Various anions found in toothpaste are described below:

7.2.1 Fluoride Ion (F-): Fluoride helps to strengthen tooth enamel, which is the outer layer of
the tooth. Enamel erosion caused by acids produced by bacteria in the mouth and acidic foods
and beverages. Fluoride helps remineralize and rebuild weakened enamel, making teeth more
resistant to decay and cavities. It inhibits the demineralization process by which acids
produced by bacteria in plaque attack the enamel, leading to the formation of cavities. By
strengthening enamel and making it more resistant to acid erosion, fluoride helps prevent
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tooth decay and the development of cavities. In the early stages of tooth decay, before a cavity
forms, fluoride can reverse the demineralization process and promote remineralization.
Fluoride ions can replace lost minerals in the enamel, restoring its structure and preventing the
progression of decay. Fluoride has antibacterial properties that can help reduce the number of
harmful bacteria in the mouth, particularly those that contribute to the formation of plaque and
gum disease. By inhibiting bacterial growth, fluoride contributes to overall oral hygiene and
helps prevent gum inflammation and gum disease. Fluoride can help alleviate tooth sensitivity
by strengthening enamel and blocking exposed dentinal tubules, which are channels that
connect the outer surface of the tooth to the nerve inside. This helps reduce sensitivity to hot,
cold, sweet, or acidic.

7.2.2 Phosphate (PO43-): Phosphate ions play a role in the remineralization process by
providing essential minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, necessary for rebuilding
weakened enamel. Phosphate ions can bind with calcium ions to form calcium phosphate, a
key component of tooth enamel. This helps strengthen enamel and repair minor damage
caused by acidic erosion. Phosphate ions can act as buffers, helping to maintain the pH
balance in the mouth. This is important for preventing the demineralization of enamel caused
by acidic conditions. Phosphate ions may contribute to the overall anti cavity effect of
toothpaste by promoting enamel remineralization and strengthening tooth structure.

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 Fig: 2. Remineralization Process)

8. Ingredients used:

8.1 Abrasive Agents: These substances help remove food particles, plaque, and surface stains
from teeth. Common abrasive agents include calcium carbonate (CaCo 3), hydrated silica
(H10O3Si) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3).

8.2 Humectants and Binders: These ingredients help maintain the consistency and stability
of toothpaste. Glycerol and sorbitol are commonly used humectants, while cellulose gum and
carrageen and serve as binders.

8.3 Fluoride Compounds: Fluoride is added to toothpaste to strengthen tooth enamel and
prevent tooth decay. Sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, and stannous fluoride
are common fluoride compounds used.

8.4 Surfactants: Surfactants help in the foaming action of toothpaste and aid in the removal
of plaque. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium lauryl sarcosinate are commonly used
surfactants.

8.5 Flavoring Agents: These ingredients provide a pleasant taste to toothpaste, encouraging
regular use. Mint, peppermint, and various fruit flavors are often used. Sweeteners enhance
the taste of toothpaste without promoting tooth decay. Saccharin, sorbitol, and xylitol are
commonly used sweeteners.

8.6 Preservatives: These ingredients help prevent microbial growth and maintain the shelf
life of toothpaste. Parabens and methylparaben are examples of preservatives used in
toothpaste. 8.7 Desensitizing Agents: Some toothpaste formulations contain ingredients to
reduce tooth sensitivity. Potassium nitrate and strontium chloride are commonly used
desensitizing agents.

8.8 Anti-Tartar Agents: Ingredients may be added to help prevent the buildup of tartar on
teeth. Pyrophosphates and zinc citrate are examples of anti-tartar agents.

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8.9 Whitening Agents: Certain toothpaste formulations contain ingredients to help whiten
teeth. Hydrogen peroxide, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and abrasives like silica are
used for this purpose.

Fig: 3. various Ingredients found in Toothpaste.

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9. Chemical Composition:
The specific chemical composition of toothpaste can vary widely depending on the brand,
type (e.g., regular, sensitive, whitening), and intended use. However, here is a general
breakdown of the approximate percentage composition of some common ingredients found in
toothpaste:

1. Water: About 20-40% of the toothpaste formulation is typically water, which serves
as a solvent and helps maintain the paste's consistency.
2. Abrasive Agents: Abrasives like calcium carbonate, hydrated silica, alumina, silica
and hydroxyapatite may make up around 20-40% of the toothpaste. These ingredients
help remove plaque and surface stains from the teeth.
3. Fluoride: Fluoride compounds (e.g., sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate)
are usually present in toothpaste at concentrations of 0.1-0.3% (1000-1500 parts per
million, ppm). Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel and helps prevent cavities. Fluoride
ingestion from toothpastes is common and often relatively harmful if taken more than
the recommendation level. On an average younger children (7 and under) ingest,
25–38% of toothpaste per brushing, the amount of toothpaste used per brushing
being on average 0.7 g. This amount is considerably higher than the commonly
recommended ‘pea size’ amount of 0.25 gm.
4. Humectants: Humectants such as glycerol, sorbitol, and propylene glycol typically
constitute around 20-30% of toothpaste. These ingredients help maintain moisture and
prevent the toothpaste from drying out.
5. Detergents (Surfactants): Surfactants like sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or sodium
lauryl sarcosinate are included at concentrations of 1-2% to create foaming action and
aid in cleaning.
6. Flavoring Agents: Flavoring agents like menthol, peppermint oil, or artificial flavors
are added at concentrations of around 1-2% to improve taste and freshness.

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 7. Thickening Agents: Thickening agents such as carrageenan, cellulose gum, or
xanthan gum may make up about 0.5-2% of the toothpaste to give it the desired
texture.
8. Preservatives: Preservatives like sodium benzoate or parabens are used at very low
concentrations (less than 1%) to prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life.
9. Antimicrobial Agents: In some formulations, antimicrobial agents like triclosan or
essential oils (e.g., tea tree oil) may be present at concentrations of less than 1% to
help fight bacteria and reduce plaque formation
10. Desensiting Agents: Toothpaste designed for sensitive teeth may contain
desensitizing agents like potassium nitrate or strontium chloride at concentrations of
around 5-10% to reduce tooth sensitivity
11. Whitening Agents: Toothpaste for whitening purposes may contain abrasives or
whitening agents like hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide at concentrations of
less than 1% to help whiten teeth and remove surface stains
These percentages are approximate and can vary based on the specific formulation and
brand of toothpaste. It's essential to read the product label for precise information on the
ingredients and their concentrations in particular toothpaste.

Manufacture process:

The preparation of toothpaste typically involves a combination of ingredients

that provide cleaning, abrasive, flavoring, and therapeutic properties. While formulations may
vary depending on the manufacturer and specific product goals, the general methods of
toothpaste preparation involve the following steps:

Ingredients selection: Manufacturers select ingredients based on the desired properties and
benefits of the toothpaste. Common ingredients include abrasives (such as calcium carbonate
or silica) to treat plaque and stain removal, fluoride compounds (such as sodium fluoride or
stannous fluoride) for cavity prevention, humectants (such as glycerin or sorbitol) to prevent
drying out, and flavoring agents (such as mint or fruit extracts) for taste and freshness.

Weighing & mixing: Once the ingredients are selected, they are weighed according to the
desired formulation. Measurement is essential to ensure consistency and efficacy. The
ingredients are then mixed together in a large container or mixer to achieve a homogeneous
mixture. This mixing process may involve both dry and liquid ingredients.

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Addition of active ingredients: Depending on the formulation, additional active ingredients
may be added at this stage. These could include desensitizing agents (such as potassium
nitrate or strontium chloride) for sensitive teeth relief, whitening agents (such as hydrogen
peroxide or baking soda) for stain removal, or antibacterial agents (such as triclosan or
essential oils) for gum health.

Adjustment of consistency: The consistency of toothpaste is adjusted to achieve the desired

texture and flow characteristics. This may involve adding additional liquid ingredients, such
as water or glycerin, to achieve the desired consistency. Thickeners or binders may also be
added to improve stability and prevent separation.

Quality control & testing: Throughout the preparation process, quality control measures are
implemented to ensure the safety, efficacy, and consistency of the final product. Samples of
the toothpaste may be taken for testing to ensure that it meets regulatory standards for
ingredients, microbial contamination, and product stability.

Packaging: Once the toothpaste has been prepared and quality tested, it is ready for
packaging. Toothpaste is typically packaged in tubes made of aluminum or plastic, which are
sealed to prevent contamination and maintain product freshness. Packaging may also include
labeling with information such as ingredients, usage instructions, and safety warnings.

Overall, the preparation of toothpaste involves careful selection and mixing of ingredients,
adjustment of consistency, quality control testing, packaging, and distribution. By following
these general methods, manufacturers can produce toothpaste products that effectively
promote oral health and hygiene.

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Analysis the types of toothpaste:

It is very important to use the right toothpaste. Now there is (n) number of toothpaste
in the market. Every other month other is new toothpaste has been launched.There are some
categories of toothpaste which described below on the basis of ingredients and chemical
composition.

Catagory: 1.

Colgate, Close up, Pepsodent. These are commercial toothpastes which are so popular that for
a major percentage of people toothpaste means Colgate.

Fig: 4. People feels toothpaste means Colgate.

These are the toothpaste that includes all chemical ingredients some of which
are extremely harmful. Sodium lauryl sulphate is such one example. If there is sodium lauryl
sulphate in the list of ingredients, it is recommended that to change it. It is because of Sodium
lauryl sulphate that we taste everything bitter just after brushing. SLS also causes skin
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irritation and mouth ulcers. SLS (Sodium lauryl sulphate) has been registered as insecticide
and is used in detergents. Regularly brushing teeth with a toothpaste containing SLS may lead
to its deposits in the heart, liver, lungs, and brain.

Next point of contention is the amount of Fluoride in these toothpastes. There are many
dentists who claim fluoride to be the best defense against tooth decay. Many studies have also
proved the same.

Fig: 5. Ingredients and user manual of Colgate.

However, there have been some recent studies which suggest the contrary. Is
fluoride in Toothpaste justified or not may be debatable but one thing is for sure that fluoride
is Poisonous. Ingesting just 2.8 grams of Fluoride Can kill 50 Kg adult. This toothpaste
contains enough fluoride to kill a small child within 2 to 4 hours. The warning that children
under 6 years should have adult supervision and should not swallow this toothpaste is written
for a reason.

We must understand that our mouth is highly absorbent, so the chemicals

lurking in the toothpaste get fast track into our blood stream. Specially children who swallow
a large amount of the paste that they put in their mouth. If fluoride is so poisonous regularly
brushing with fluoridated toothpaste can definitely can harm in long run. One more thing
which should be taken into consideration that the water we drink is fluoridated. It wouldn’t
say that we should stop or continue using fluoridated toothpaste.

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Catagory: 2.

Fig: 6. Image of sensodyne toothpaste.

In this Category toothpaste like Sensodyne which have almost the same chemical
composition as that of toothpastes in category 1 except that they do not contain harmful
chemicals like "Sodium Lauryl sulphate” just like the toothpaste in category 1, they also have
artificial colors, preservatives and fluoride in them.

Fig: 7. Ingredients and user manual of sensodyne.

Category: 3.

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 Fig: 8. Image of Sparkling white (Himalaya Made)

In this category, falls toothpaste like Himalayas Sparkling white toothpaste which has
chemical Composition with harmful ingredients like sodium lauryl sulphate. It doesn't have
fluoride in them. Surely, the toothpastes in this category are better than those in Category-1
and 2 but still they are far from best.

CATEGORY #4:

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Toothpastes like Meswak fall in category -4 which are non fluoridated, but they have almost
the same chemicals as of those in category-1 including the harmful ones like SLS. Apart from
SLS, they also contain Triclosan which is another extremely dangerous Chemical already
banned in Soap. It is linked to cancer. Meswak also contain artificial colour and preservatives.

CATEGORY #5 :

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Category #5 are contains the toothpaste like PatanjaliDantakantiextremely popular Toothpaste
in India. This toothpaste is much better than the ones which we have discuss till now. It is
made from no chemicals but herbal ayurvedic ingredients. It is also doesn't have any artificial
colors. However, it contain fluoride

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CATEGORY #6:

Category-6 is that of the toothpaste like Ayush's rock salt toothpaste. It has all herbal
ingredients and does not even has fluoride in it. It however has artificial colors and
preservatives in it. Not all toothpastes made by Ayush are non fluoridated. For example-
Ayush clove toothpaste has fluoride in it.

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CATEGORY #7:

In category-7, falls Dabur Red toothpaste which has herbal ingredients, no fluoride and not
even artificial Colors. It contains herbal extract of piper nigrum, shunthi (zingiber offcinale),
lavanga(syzygium aromacticum), Pudina (mentha species),Karpur(cinnamomum camphora).
It is a great choice.

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CATEGORY #8:

The last category includes toothpaste like vicco vajradanti which is an ayurvedic toothpaste
devoid of any chemicals, fluoride and artificial colors. It is the only toothpaste among the
ones we have discussed that does not even uses any Preservative. It is a perfect blend of 18
Ayurvedic herbs. It is totally safe for kids. It is also very cheap in comparison to other
commercial toothpaste.

It is the best toothpaste available in the Indian Market. Vicco vajradanti Standard on TOP of
the list followed by Dabur red, Ayush,andPatanjali. The Commercial toothpastes like Colgate,
Close up and Pepsodent being the least preferred.

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Top Toothpaste Companies And Their Highest-Selling Brands In
India:

Colgate Palmolive, Hindustan Lever Limited, and Dabur India are the top toothpaste brands in
India. In India, toothpaste is used by 48.6% of the population. However, India’s leading
toothpaste manufacturers are working hard to improve their product’s availability in the
country’s rural areas, which are still mostly untouched.

Colgate toothpaste’s market share in India is 77.21 per cent, while HUL has a 23 per cent
share. Pepsodent, Babool, Sensoform, Cibaca, Neem, Vicco, and other brands account for
14.5 per cent of the market.

Colgate is common toothpaste for many of us. For many years, the brand leads the Indian
toothpaste industry, and it was the world’s number one toothpaste in 1999 when it became the
world’s most popular brand. They provide a wide choice of toothpaste for the young, old, and
children’s markets.

Colgate has the largest market share and the largest number of customers in the toothpaste
industry. It has been the world’s number one toothpaste manufacturer for decades. The
company has released numerous variations throughout the years, each one better than the last
and providing us with whiter, healthier teeth and gums.

Close-up is a Hindustan Unilever product that was India’s first gel-based toothpaste.
Although it has children’s kinds of toothpaste, the brand promotes itself as a youth-oriented
enterprise. Close-up comes in a variety of flavours, including deep action, whitening gel,
active gel, zinc-menthol gel, and more. It has been ranked second in terms of market share
and is known for providing long-lasting fresh breath as well as strong teeth and gums.

Sensodyne toothpaste is the best sensitive toothpaste for people who have tooth sensitivity. It
can effectively overcome the problem. Sensodyne is also the most popular toothpaste for
sensitive teeth in India, with many dentists recommending it. Sensodyne, a registered
trademark of GlaxoSmithKline, has been available in India since 1961 and is widely used by
those with sensitive teeth.

Pepsodent is another Hindustan Unilever brand that started in the early 2000s.Pepsodent’s
aggressive marketing allowed it to acquire a large piece of the market and make better
promises of curing Indians’ oral health problems at a lower cost than its competitors. Herbs,

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zinc, inactive triclosan, and a micro-granular composition are used in the toothpaste to
provide fresher breath and germ-free gums.

CONCLUSION:

Toothpaste: The Real Hero of Oral Hygiene. Toothpaste is a essential component for maintaining
good oral hygiene. In Indian market there is numerous number of toothpaste available starting
from chemical to ayurvedic on the basis of ingredients present in it. It is not mandatory to all
to use the specific type of toothpaste at same time. But on the basis of the problem of the teeth
we have to choose right toothpaste to maintain the proper health of our teeth. So from the
above analysis of toothpaste, in my opinion Vicco vajradanti is best toothpaste as compared to
other commercial toothpaste that are available in Indian market. In view of personal hygiene,
toothpaste stands as a hero in the daily ritual of oral care. From its origins to its modern
formulations, toothpaste has evolved into a best tool in the fight against dental decay and gum
disease. In this , we pass through into the multifaceted world of toothpaste, exploring its
history, composition, functions, and importance in maintaining optimal oral health.

The history of toothpaste traces back to ancient civilizations, where various individuals were
used to cleanse and protect teeth. Ancient Egyptians employed a mixture of powdered oxen
hooves, myrrh, burnt eggshells, and pumice, while the Greeks and Romans favored abrasives
like crushed bones and oyster shells. Over time, toothpaste recipes evolved, adding
ingredients such as crushed charcoal, chalk, and powdered herbs. However, it wasn't until the
19th century that toothpaste as we know it today began to take shape. The modern era of
toothpaste dawned with the advent of mass production and scientific advancements. In the
late 1800s, toothpaste formulations transitioned from homemade to commercially
manufactured products. The adverse efforts of individuals like Dr. Washington Sheffield, who
introduced collapsible metal tubes for toothpaste packaging in 1892, revolutionized the
industry and made oral care more accessible to the masses. Today, toothpaste is a blend of
active ingredients designed to protect against dental issues and promote oral hygiene. While
formulations vary, most toothpastes contain abrasives, detergents, fluoride, flavoring agents,
and humectants. Abrasives such as silica and calcium carbonate help remove plaque and
surface stains, while detergents like sodium lauryl sulfate create foam and aid in the removal
of debris.

Fluoride, a important ingredient of toothpaste, strengthens enamel and prevents tooth decay
by remineralizing weakened areas. Beyond its basic composition, toothpaste serves multiple

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functions crucial to oral health. First, it cleans teeth by mechanically removing plaque, food
particles, and bacteria that can lead to decay and gum disease. The abrasive action of
toothpaste, coupled with brushing, helps removing debris from hard-to-reach areas, ensuring
the cleaning of the entire oral cavity. Additionally, toothpaste freshens breath by neutralizing
odors and leaving a pleasant taste in the mouth a welcomed bonus of the oral care routine.
Furthermore, toothpaste plays a crucial role in preventive dentistry, helping to safeguard
against common dental ailments. The inclusion of fluoride in toothpaste has been necessary in
reducing the prevalence of cavities and strengthening enamel, particularly in communities
with access to fluoridated water. Regular use of fluoride toothpaste, combined with proper
brushing technique and routine dental visits, forms the cornerstone of cavity prevention and
promotes lifelong oral health.

In conclusion, toothpaste is a tradition, offering various blend of ingredients aimed at

preserving the health and vitality of our teeth and gums. From its ancient origins to its
modern-day formulations, toothpaste has travel in its mission to prevent dental decay and
promote oral hygiene. As we navigate the complexes of modern life, let us not forget the
humble toothpaste—a silent guardian of our smiles and a friend who helps in maintaining
optimal oral health.

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Reference:
1. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2018 Sep-Dec; 22(3): 121–
127.
doi: 10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_124_18

2. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002278.
3.
1.https://www.colgate.com

2.Science Direct.com

3.Wikipedia.com

4.National Institute of Health (NIH)(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.com)

5.Chemistryislife.com

6.www.researchgate.net

7.www.medindia.net

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