Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fundamentals
Fundamentals
Metaparadigm of nursing:
• 4 major concepts in nursing
Person
Environment
Nursing
Health
Triage:
black - death
red - life-threatening current man management)
yellow - potential life threatening (emergent; can be delayed)
Orange - radioactive material
green - walking; minor injuries; walking wounded
white - no injuries
2) fire
General considerations to remember:
• No use of oxygen Types of extinguisher:
• No use of elevator
A - Paper, plastic, wood, clothing
B - Flammable (paint, gas,
•self is on fire: thinner, alcohol)
- STOP E - Electrical (faulty wirings)
- DROP
- log-roll
Methods of extinguishing:
• protocols:
R - rescue pt. /evacuate P - pull the pin
A - activate fire alarm A - aim at the base
C - confine the base S - squeeze lever
E - extinguish fire S - sweep nozzle from side to side
📌
3) poisoning
don't induce vomiting if:
• 1st, call the poison control center • strong / corrosive chemicals
• administer an agent that can induce • unconscious (aspiRaTon preumonia)
vomiting • milk , yogurt, carbonated beverages
SYRUP OF IPECAC = cardiotoxic/neurotoxic
Dosage:
• 15-30 mL + 1 glass of water, after only administering the drug
• 5-15 mL + 1 glass of water, before and after
vomiting time:
• after 20-30 mins, if pt did not vomit:
Repeat the dosage at once
• If no vomiting, STILL:
Call the nearest institution
Management:
• administer activated charcoal (absorbent)
• gastric savage (decompression) /aspiration /evacuating components
• administer antidote
4) restraining
• limitation of a body movement relating to a condition
Types:
• physical - "device"
• chemical - "drugs" anesthesia
• environmental - "seclusion, isolation" "quarantine"
General nursing considerations:
1) no order, no restraint
2) no restraining to unconscious patients / pregnant woman
3) no prn orders (should always be planned)
4) time considerations: physical restraining
📌
Nursing considerations: ⑧
• q 30 - assess / check restrained part
• q 1 - medical / doctor evaluation
• q 2 - possible removal of the restraint
• q 12 - obtain verbal ) medical order prior to execution of restraining order
• q 24 - max duration of restraining order
11
Characteristics Example
years
Novice O No experience (adheres rules, inflexible, Bsn graduate , student nurse
limited)
Advance beginner Newly passer, r.n, trainee
1-2 Acceptable performance demonstration
Types of planning
• initial
• ongoing
• discharge-upon admission;
"Flow sheets" are seen in charts (pile of paper)
"small paper" - kardex (include patient's S.0)
Implementation: Skills:
1) validation 1) cognitive - decision-making
2) giving continuous care 2) interpersonal - communication
3) collection of nursing interventions 3) technical - hands on procedure
Types of implementation:
• independent - nurse initiates
• dependent - doctor
• interdependence / collaborative - to refer & re-integration
Nursing evaluation phase
1) comparison of previous to present condition
2) re-assessment because of feedback mechanism
3) IOT
initial
ongoing
terminal
Parameters:
• perform effectiveness
• efficiency
• adequacy
• availability
• attainability
• appropriateness
Standards of evaluating patient care:
• quality assurance
• quality improvement - incident report
• nursing audit
Phases: POWT
• Pre-orientation:
only phase where there is no patient involvement
review of records (chart)
📌
📍
• Orientation phase:
T - trust
I - initial assessment
M - mild anxiety (emotion management)
E - environment orient
Exercises:
1) good appetite
2) range of motion
3) improve GI motility
Mobility:
Body mechanics
• efficient
• coordinative
• safe transfer from one place
Principles:
1) lessen body's energy expenditure
• body parts used appropriately
• use of rhythmical movement @a normal speed
• reduces friction
• push/pull rather than lift
• hold the object close to your body
• Breathe normally (inhale nose, breathe mouth)
• use of assistive devices (wheelchair, Kelly)
2) improvement of safeties
• face direction of workplace
• ask for help/assistance
• > 35 % BW of patient ⑧
• contract abdominal muscles to stabilize pelvis (SPP) or (starting point position)
⑧
• Eliminate all objects that may hinder - banana
• Use safe and coordinated movements rather than fast and jerky movements
📍
3) stabilization promotion
• place feet wide apart: body mechanics (broad stance)
• adjust height of workplace
Side knowledge:
placenta is buried under a banana tree
amputated part is buried ahead to the cemetery
if there is a wake, you may go, but don't gamble/ disperse information, just support
sleep with the poorest of the poor
⑧
to identify morbidity and mortality rate - home visit
Transferring
Nursing consideration:
• plan the transfer
• complete all materials needed
• redirect all personal during transfer
• eliminate all object that may hinder
• document (time, type of transfer, number of personnel utilized, reaction before, during and
after)
Ways:
1) angling the chair @ the bedside 90 degrees
position @ foot - if patient is very weak
2) transfering patient without a belt
chest - back (interlock) - minimum support
chest - shoulder - maximum support
3) transferring with a belt
2 nurses@ both sides of pt
4) three-person carry
head- first person gives instructions
buttocks - 2nd personal is strongest; 3rd is accessory
5) using a sliding board
side-lying
place belt (3); (1) chest; (2) waist; (3) knees
Assistive devices
1) walker
Types:
two - wheeled (standardized)
four-wheeled
• too high: reacher
• too low: stoops
Gait:
• 2 point gait (minimum)
• 3 point gait (maximum)
1) 2 point gait: advance the walker + affected leg → unaffected
2) 3 point gait: advance walker → affected leg → unaffected leg
Affected leg always moves first!
2) cane
Types:
straight -legged (minimum)
quad cane (maximum)
Gait:
• 2 point gait: advance the cane + affected leg → unaffected
• 3 point gait: advance the cane → affected leg → unaffected leg
3-point gait
2-point gait
Characteristic of affected leg = cane and affected leg always in line with each other
to promote balance
Characteristic of unaffected leg = slightly forwarded to both the cane and the
affected leg to regenerate walking
📍
3) crutches
• U - underarm/axillary crutch - most common
• L - loft strand
• P - platform - rare
Gait:
1) 4-point
2) 3-point
3) 2-point
4) swing to / swing through
Complications: ⑧
• tingling sensation, numbness, cyanosis (crutch palsy) = radial nerve
Going up the stairs: unaffected leg first → nurse at the back, sliding on the affected leg
Going down the stairs: affected leg first → nursing one step down the affected leg
Nursing diagnostic procedures
1) visualization procedure
2) collection of specimens
general considerations:
1) use of gloves
2) labeling the container
3) sending to laboratory
Semen collection
• sterile container
• fecal material on a dry bed pan or commode
• no contamination of urine, soap and toilet paper (bismuth compound)
2) fecal occult blood test (guaiac test)
Purpose:
• hidden blood in the stool
Mechanisms:
• hemoccult - filter paper impregnated with guaiac
• hematest - an ortholidin agent/ test
• colon care - newest; no smearing (most expensive)
Result: ⑧.
• no change in color - negative
• color blue - positive
• color light blue - re-test
Nursing considerations: prior
1) diet: high residue diet
2) no red meat for 3 days (beef, pork)
3) no citric acid intake
4) no NSAIDs Alert: test all portions of stool sample
5) no steroids
6) no vit. C
7) no dark colored foods (vegetables)
8) no bismuth compound
9) no contamination of urine, soap, and toilet paper
3) stool culture and sensitivity
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Blood
Pre-op:
• secure the consent
• Monitor vital signs (baseline data)
Intra-op:
• position: sitting position, lean forward using an overbed table
• Insertion:
stay still and instruct patient not to cough to avoid perforation of the lungs
Post-op: ⑧
Alert: position is on unaffected side (to promote lung expansion) - 2 hours
• Expect bleeding
Assess for:
• sputum (blood)
• difficulty of breathing (breath sounds) wheezing and stridor
• oxygen saturation
• pneumothorax
• chest X-ray
Paracentesis
• Abdominal tap
• removal of fluids in the peritoneum to relieve ascites
media
• liver cirrhosis
• gastric cancer
• trauma
Pre-op:
• secure consent • Measure of
• npo (8-10 hrs) abdominal girth (tape
measure at the level of
• monitor vital signs ( bp, rr, pr) the umbilicus and then
• empty bladder and bowel (to prevent puncturing bowel) wrap around)
Intra-op:
• position: sitting, supine, (both arms are extended upward), lateral decubitus
• site (trocar):
2-3 cm below the umbilicus
2-4 cm lateral of the anterior superior iliac spine
Post-op:
• monitor vital signs every 15 mins (1st hour)
• measure of abdominal girth, weight
• check for peritonitis
Liver biopsy
• Liver tap
• small slender coil of liver tissue sample aspiration
Types:
• percutaneous (most common)
• transjugular (rarest)
• laparoscopic (expensive)
Pre-op:
• secure consent
• monitor vital signs
• npo (6-8 hrs)
• monitor clotting factors (pt); vitamin K @ bedside
• monitor for use of anticoagulant (plavix, coumadin, eliquis)
• monitor for use of anti-thrombolytics (aspirin)
• instruct to avoid: Shaving (bleeding)
• not necessary to empty the bladder and bowel
Intra-op: 5 mins
• position: supine @right side of the bed
Aspiration:
• instruct pt to deep breath for several times
• hold breath (doctor will insert needle for extraction)
• exhale
Post-op:
• Position: affected side (right side-lying) 4 hrs, to apply pressure and prevent
bleeding
• bed rest (24 hrs)
• check for further complication: peritonitis
Lumbar puncture
Visualization procedures
Alert:
cancer management:
1) surgery (ablative) - removal of a site, exposed to cancer ⑧
2) chemotherapy - drug of choice: methotrexate, vincristine (oncovin)
• cycle - coblic cycle: 6 sessions (1 session= 26 days max: 22 days min)
8@·.
• 132 - 156 days
3) radiation therapy -
external - (teletherapy /skin sparing ) machine
• 1st organ involved: skin
• primary manifestation: erythema
• late manifestation: moist desquamation
Nursing considerations:
• no use of lotion, liniments, creams, talc, ointments, powder
• no removal of skin markings until treatment is complete (breast cancer)
internal - (brachytherapy) radiation implants ⑧
• room: led lined private room away from nurses station
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Principles of pharmacology
• pharmacokinetics movement of drug in and out for elimination
1) absorption - blood stream bioavailability
2) distribution - target cell
3) metabolism - liver
4) excretion - kidneys, skin
• pharmacodynamics - physiological effect of medication
1) side effect - stinging sensation in nitroglycerin is normal
2) hypersensitivity -
A - asparagus
B - broccoli
C - carrots
Anti-retrovival therapy
• HIV / aids
• t-lymphocytes / t-killer cells (CD4)
• viral replication
1) nucleosides (NRTI )- non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor "vudine"
• stavudine
• lamivudine
• zidovudine
2) protease inhibitors "navir"
• retonavir
• saquinavir
• indinavir
3) miscellaneous antiviral therapy "clovir"
• acyclovir - cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, "tidine"
chicken pox, influenza • Amantidine
• famciclovir • Rimantidine
• ganciclovir
Anti-ulcer agents:
1) antacid- aluminum, magnesium, calcium, combined
• aluminum - aluminum hydroxide, "-gel" (constipation)
• magnesium - milk of magnesia (diarrhea)
• calcium - tums
• combined - maalox
2) h2 receptor blocker
• ranitidine
• Cimetidine
• famotidine
• nizitidine
3) PPI
• omeprazole
• esomeprazole - gastroesophageal reflux disease
• pantoprazole
• lansoprazole
• rabeprazole
4) cytoprotective
• sucralfate
• carafate
• misoprostol
• cytotec
Miotic drugs
• Warm
• Instruct to side-lie on the unaffected side
• pull or retract pinna (auricle) depending on what age group
• child - down and backward
• adult - upward and backward (to prevent temporary hearing loss)
Intravenous therapy
Purposes:
• to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances
• Route for medication administration via iv push (1 ml/min; don't kink)
• blood transfusion
• parenteral nutrition ISO Hypo Hyper
⑳ ⑳ ⑳
- W
E Er ↳
Balance Swell Shrink
Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic
• PNSS (0.9 Na cl) • 0.45% • D5LR
• PLR • 0.33% • D1OW
• D5W (considered hypotonic inside) • 0. 225% • D5 PNSS
• D normosol M • D5 3%
• D 225% NaCl • D5 5%
Nursing intervention:
• No kink no pinch! Dressing change: 48 - 72 hrs
• every 8 hrs (monitor)
Gauges:
Common complication: • 16 - orange
• infiltration - cold • 18 - gray
• phlebitis - warm • 20 - yellow
• infusion (max) - 72 hrs • 22 - pink
• 24 - blue
Colloid: • 26 - pink, violet
• plasma expanders
• shock cases
• substitute for blood transfusion
Ex:
• hespan, dextran, albumin
Parental Best sites
• intradermal Ventral mid-forearm (lightly pigmented) 0.5 mm
• unlock: counterclockwise
Nursing interventions:
• pull-out: outward downward
• soaking: 1/2 strength hydrogen peroxide + PNSS
/
*
Attached to Attached to
bubble: gentle and intermittent chest tube suction
Atmospheric air
if continuous: air leakage: leakage of the system
3) C (suction chamber) Chamber (b)
bubbles: gentle and continuous Chamber (a)
(water seal)
(collection) Chamber (c)
(suction control)
General nursing considerations:
• to promote lung re-expansion
Signs that chest tube is to be removed (patient achieves lung re-expansion):
• no oscillation and no breath sounds
Diagnostic:
• X-ray (confirmatory)
Nasogastric tube
Purpose:
• gastric gavage (food and medication)
• gastric lavage
• 0. 5- 1 ml (sample for aspiration )
Materials:
1) single-lumen (levin) Salem - sump Levin tube
2) double lumen (salem's - sump)
Insertion:
• upon inserting hyperextend lubricate catheter 2-3 inches
• then hyperflex, and advance the catheter and instruct patient to
swallow sips of water
NGT feeding:
• position upright
• feeding container must be changed 24 hours
• complication: dumping syndrome
📌
Residual assessment:
• regurgitated gastric content
• >50 % (>100 ml), withold - to prevent metabolic alkalosis
NGT irrigation:
• 30 - 60 ml
NGT removal:
• pull the not tube gently and continuously for 3-6 secs during exhalation
Blood transfusion:
1) pathology department
2) 2 nurses
3) BT set with macrofilter Nursing intervention:
4) PNSS (to avoid nemolysis) no to LR (will
clot the blood because of calcium) • vital signs before
5) gauge: 18 • post 15 mins for 1st hour
6) blood warmer • every 1 hour until post transfusion
• start within 20 mins
• 1st 15 mins of transfusion is the most
crucial (blood transfusion reaction) Universal donor - o (-)
allergic reaction Universal recipient - ab (+)
20 gtts/ min = 5ml per min
RBC - 4 hours
Without ABC - fast drip