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Behaviour of Uniaxial Reinforced Concrete Columns Strengthened with Ultra-

High Performance Concrete and Fiber Reinforced Polymers

Article in Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences · May 2021

DOI: 10.25130/tjes.28.2.05

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 Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences (2021) 28 (2): 54-72.

ISSN: 1813-162X (Print) ; 2312-7589 (Online)

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences

available online at: http://www.tj-es.com

Al-Hazragi AI, Lateef AM. Behaviour of Uniaxial Reinforced Concrete Columns Strengthened with Ultra-
High Performance Concrete and Fiber Reinforced Polymers. Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 2021;
28(2): 54 - 72.
Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences Tikrit Journal of Engineerin Sciences Tikrit Journal of Engineerin Sciences Tikrit Journal of Engineerin Sciences Tikrit Journal of Engineerin Sciences
Abd-al-Salam I. M. Al-Hazragi*
Assim M. Lateef Behaviour of Uniaxial
Reinforced Concrete Columns
Civil Department/ Engineering Strengthened with Ultra-High
College/Tikrit University /Tikrit, Iraq
Performance
Keywords: Concrete and Fiber Reinforced
Concrete Columns, CFRP, Jacketing, Polymers
UHPFRC.
A B S T R A C T
ARTICLE INFO This article investigates the behaviour of strengthened concrete columns using
jacketing ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) and carbon
Article history:
fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) under uniaxial loaded. The jacket was connected
Received 22 Apr. 2020
to the column core using shear connectors and (CFRP) fixed as a strip on the
Accepted 01 May 2021 tension zone between the column cores and the jacketing. Seven column samples
Available online 15 July 2021 of square cross-section (120 x120) mm at the midsection with overall length of
1250 mm were cast using normal strength concrete (NSC) and having similar
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The samples were made and tested
under axial load at eccentricity equal to 120 mm up to failure. Test parameters were
the thickness of jackets (25 and 35) mm and the width of CFRP (0,8, and 12) cm.
Column specimens were tested, one of them was reference without any
strengthening, and the other specimens divided into two groups (A, and B), and
each group included three specimens based on the parameters. Group (A) has
UHPFRC jacket thickness 25 mm and CFRP width (0,8, and 12) cm respectively,
and group (B) has UHPFRC jacket thickness 35 mm and CFRP width (0,8, and 12)
cm respectively. The outcomes of the article show that increasing the thickness of
jacket, and width of CFRP lead to increase in the load carrying capacity about
(110.5%,168.4%, and 184.2%) for group A, and (157.9%,226.3%, and 263.2%) for
group B compared with the reference column due to delay in the appearance of
cracks and their distribution. The mid-height lateral displacement of columns was
decreased about (66.6%,42.3%, and 35.9%) for group A, and (46.15%,38.46%, and
32.3%) for group B, also the axial deformation of specimens decreased about
(71.7%,60.86%, and 55.86%) for group A, and (65.5%,60.5%, and 53.4) for group
B compared with the reference column. The ductility of columns that were
strengthened with UHPFRC jacket only was increased about (13.67%,19.66%) for
thickness(25,35) mm respectively, because of that UHPFRC jacket was contented
on steel fibers, and the percentage decrease of ductility was about (5.1%,and 12%)
for group (A), (1%,and 9.4%) for group (B) when bonded CFRP in the tension zone
with width (8 ,and 12) cm respectively. The results show improvement in the initial
and secant stiffness when, increased the thickness of jacket, and width of CFRP
because of increase in the size of columns and improvement in the modulus of
elasticity. The toughness increase was about (273.97%,301.55%, and 304.5%) for
group A, and (453.69%,511.93%, and 524.28%) for group B compared with the
reference column because of increase in the size of specimens and delay the
appearance of cracks.

© 2021 TJES, College of Engineering, Tikrit University

DOI: http://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.28.2.05

*
Corresponding author: Abd-al-Salam I. M. Al-Hazragi, Civil Department/ Engineering College/Tikrit University /Tikrit, Iraq
54
 ‫‪Abd-al-Salam I. M. Al-Hazragi , Assim M. Lateef / Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences (2021) 28(2): 54-72.‬‬

‫سلوك االعمدة الخرسانية المسلحة تحت تأثير احمال احادية المحور والمدعمة بالخرسانة فائقة االداء‬
‫واأللياف ألمقواة بالبوليمر‬
‫عبد السالم ابراهيم مرزوق قسم الهندسة المدنية‪ /‬كلية هندسة ‪ /‬جامعة تكريت‬
‫عاصم محمد لطيف قسم الهندسة المدنية ‪/‬كلية الهندسة ‪ /‬جامعة تكريت‬
‫الخالصة‬
‫هذه المقالة تتحرى عن سلوك االعمدة الخرسانية المسلحة التي يتم تقويتها باستخدام طبقة من الخرسانة عالية االداء والمدعمة بألياف الحديد والتي‬
‫تكون ذات سمك متغير تحت تأثير احمال ال محورية‪ .‬وكذلك تم دراسة تأثير اضافة الياف الكاربون البوليميرية والتي تم تثبيتها بشكل شريط طولي‬
‫في منطقة الشد وبعرض مختلف لمعرفة مدى تأثيرها على كفاءة طبقة التقوية الخرسانية‪ .‬وقد تم تثبيت طبقة التقوية الخرسانية مع العمود االصلي‬
‫باستخدام قضبان القص والتي يتم تثبيتها اثناء مرحلة الصب للعمود الخرساني وكانت الياف الكاربون تثبت تحت طبقة التقوية الخرسانية‪ .‬في هذا‬
‫البحث تم صب سبعة اعمدة من الخرسانة المسلحة االعتيادية وجميع هده االعمدة متشابهة في ابعاد ومساحة المقطع العرضي(‪)120*120‬ملم ويبلغ‬
‫طولها الكلي مع النهايتين المعكوفة (‪ ) 1250‬ملم ‪.‬و كمية حديد التسليح كانت ثابتة في االتجاهين الطولي والعرضي لجميع االعمدة الخرسانية‪ .‬وقد‬
‫تم فحص جميع النماذج تحت تأثير حمل انضغاط ال مركزي يقع على مسافة ( ‪ ) 120‬ملم من مركز العمود حتى يتم الوصول الى الفشل‪ .‬المتغيرات‬
‫التي تم دراستها سمك طبقة التقوية الخرسانية (‪ 25‬او ‪)35‬ملم وعرض شريط الياف الكاربون (‪ 8‬او ‪ ) 12‬سم‪ .‬وقد تم اختيار احد االعمدة التي تم‬
‫فحصها ليكون نموذج مرجعي وهو ال يحتوي على اي تقوية اما النماذج االخرى فقد تم تقسيمها الى مجموعتين هي(‪. (A,B‬كل مجموعة تضم ثالثة‬
‫نماذج وذلك اعتمادا على المتغيرات ‪ .‬النماذج في مجموعة ‪ A‬كان سمك طبقة التقوية الخرسانية (‪)25‬ملم و عرض شريط الياف الكاربون في منطقة‬
‫الشد هو (‪ )0,8,12‬سم على الترتيب‪ .‬مجموعة ‪ B‬كان سمك طبقة التقوية الخرسانية (‪) 35‬ملم وعرض شريط الياف الكاربون في منطقة الشد هو‬
‫(‪ )0,8,12‬سم على الترتيب‪ .‬أظهرت نتائج البحث أن زيادة سمك السترة الخرسانية ‪ ،‬وعرض ‪ CFRP‬يؤدي إلى زيادة القدرة االستيعابية للحمل‬
‫بحوالي (‪ ٪110.5‬و ‪ ٪168.4‬و ‪ )٪184.2‬للمجموعة ‪ A‬و (‪ ٪157.9‬و ‪ ٪226.3‬و ‪ )٪263.2‬للمجموعة ‪ B‬مقارنة مع العمود المرجعي بسبب‬
‫التأخير في ظهور التشققات وتوزيعها ‪ ،‬وهذا يسبب تقليل التشوه للعينات حيث تم تقليل اإلزاحة الجانبية لألعمدة بنسبة (‪ ، ٪42.3 ، ٪66.6‬و‬
‫‪ )٪35.9‬للمجموعة ‪ ، A‬و (‪ ، ٪38.46 ، ٪46.15‬و ‪ )٪32.3‬للمجموعة ‪ B‬مقارنة بالعمود المرجعي‪ .‬أيضا ‪ ،‬التشوه المحوري للعينات انخفض‬
‫بنسبة (‪ ٪71.7‬و ‪ ٪60.86‬و ‪ )٪55.86‬للمجموعة "‪ ، "A‬و (‪ ٪65.5‬و ‪ ٪60.5‬و ‪ 53.4‬للمجموعة "‪ "B‬مقارنة بالعمود المرجعي ‪.‬وقد ازدادت‬
‫الليونة لألعمدة الخرسانية التي تم تقويتها فقط باستخدام طبقة من ‪ UHPFRC‬بنسبة (‪ )٪19.66 ، ٪13.67‬عندما يكون سمك طبقة التقوية (‪)25،35‬‬
‫ملم على التوالي بسبب أن ‪ UHPFRC‬تحتوي على األلياف الفوالذية ‪ ،‬وكانت النسبة المئوية النخفاض الليونة حوالي ( ‪ ، ٪5.1‬و ‪ )٪12‬للمجموعة‬
‫)‪ ، ٪1(،(A‬و ‪ )٪9.4‬للمجموعة (‪ )B‬عند لصق ‪ CFRP‬في منطقة الشد بعرض (‪ ، 8‬و ‪ )12‬سم على التوالي‪ .‬أظهرت النتائج تحسن الصالبة األولية‬
‫والثابتة عند زيادة سمك طبقة التقوية الخرسانية وعرض ‪ CFRP‬بسبب زيادة حجم األعمدة وتحسن معامل المرونة‪ .‬كمية الطاقة الممتصة ازدادت‬
‫بنسبة (‪ ، ٪301.55 ، ٪273.97‬و ‪ )٪304.5‬للمجموعة ‪ ، A‬و (‪ ، ٪511.93 ، ٪453.69‬و ‪ )٪524.28‬للمجموعة ‪ B‬مقارنة بالعمود المرجعي‬
‫بسبب زيادة حجم العينات وتأخير ظهور الشقوق‪.‬‬

‫‪INTRODUCTION‬‬ ‫‪Several methods are used to strengthen the structural‬‬

‫‪Columns are the most important structural elements of the‬‬
‫‪elements to increase the building performance. Some‬‬
‫‪structure. It is the only member responsible for‬‬
‫‪methods of strengthening are listed below:‬‬
‫‪transferring the loads to the foundations. Thus, any failure‬‬
‫‪1. Strengthening by steel Plates:: This technique has‬‬
‫‪in a column with a critical location causes a failure in that‬‬
‫‪proved to be an effective adaptation and has proved‬‬
‫‪location and all the adjacent structural parts and can lead‬‬
‫‪itself several times in practice, however the corrosion‬‬
‫‪to the complete collapse of the structure. It is necessary to‬‬
‫‪of steel in corrosive environments and the need for‬‬
‫‪pay attention to the strengthening of the columns and to‬‬
‫‪heavy types of equipment for construction make this‬‬
‫‪improve their performance in order to be in accordance‬‬
‫‪technique not economical, [5].‬‬
‫‪with the intended purpose. Therefore, many ways have‬‬
‫‪2. Jacketing‬‬ ‫‪RC‬‬ ‫‪Columns‬‬ ‫‪Using‬‬ ‫‪Reinforced‬‬
‫‪been found to rehabilitate and strengthen these elements‬‬
‫‪Concrete: this way is economical and does not need‬‬
‫‪and to enable them to resist the stresses and to reach the‬‬
‫‪special construction procedures, but enlargement of‬‬
‫‪building at the required planning life. Improvement in the‬‬
‫‪column's size was obtained when the jacket was‬‬
‫‪efficiency‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪ductility‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫‪column‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬
‫‪constructed and longtime of construction leads to‬‬
‫‪reorganization of the stiffness of the column can also be‬‬
‫‪make this technique unattractive.‬‬
‫‪maintained by strengthening. Damage of RC columns can‬‬
‫‪3. Jacketing RC Columns Using Composite Fiber-‬‬
‫‪result by slight cracks of concrete without damaging the‬‬
‫‪reinforced polymer (FRP) : (FRP), is used for‬‬
‫‪steel, crushing the concrete, buckling the steel or breaking‬‬
‫‪construction of buildings due to its mechanical‬‬
‫‪the ties. Depending on the damage, techniques such as‬‬
‫‪properties such as, the high tensile strength, light‬‬
‫‪removal and replacement of jackets ,and injections can be‬‬
‫‪weight, high resistance of corrosion, high fatigue‬‬
‫‪used. [1,2,3,4].‬‬
‫‪endurance, small heat coefficient, short duration for‬‬
‫‪55‬‬
 Abd-al-Salam I. M. Al-Hazragi , Assim M. Lateef / Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences (2021) 28(2): 54-72.
installing, simple fixing and low costs for maintenance
[6].
Hadi [7] studied and tested 16 specimens, all columns
were made from HSC and they had circular cross-section.
The 16 specimens was divided into four groups: The first
one a control column. The outcomes indicate that an
increase in the eccentricity of the applied load leads to a
decrease in the load capacity. The use of (CFRP) as
external confinement significantly increased the strength
of (RC) column considerably , while the ductility
increases with the addition of steel fiber to concrete.
Murugadoss et al.[8] ascertain that to achieve efficient
and most favorable FRP strengthening using CFRP
composite strips. CFRP composite strips with a width of
50 mm were used at two different spacing (20, 40) mm to
confine columns. The results of the column confined with
spacing (20 mm) showed a significant limitation of the
axial deformation of the column and increased the
strength capacity to a maximum of 99.20% compared
with the reference column. In contrast, the column, which
was confined by strips with a spacing (40 mm), failed by
crushing the concrete alone, which happened before the
CFRP strips even reached the ultimate tensile strength.
Based on these results, it is recommended that CFRP
strips with a spacing of (20)mm can be used to improve
the strength capacity of the RC column; besides, this
wrapping technique provides economic benefits more
than a column confined with full wrapping.
Recently, a new retrofit technique using UHPFRC jacket
was investigated and applied to show the weak points of
the current strengthening techniques.
Beschi et al. [9].The ultra-high performance fiber
reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) has compressive strength
that can reach more than 180MPa and tensile strength
more than 10MPa by including fiber. This high
compressive and tensile strength can make it possible to
exhibit higher strengthening effect than using normal
concrete jacket. Also, due to high fluidity of UHPFRC,
jacket thickness can be reduced between (30-50)mm,
There are other advantages of UHPFRC retrofit such as
high durability, good adjustability with various situations
56
and that it can be combined with other materials like wire
mesh , textile mesh and CFRP for better performances
Some mechanical properties of UHPFRC studied by
Richard and Cheyrezy [10] published the first report on
reactive powder concrete. They developed two types of
reactive powder concrete RPC: RPC200 and RPC800
.The two types are made up of the materials (cement, very
fine sand, silica fume, water, super plasticizer and steel
fibers), but there are differences in mix proportions,
curing methods, type of steel fibers, steel aggregate and in
using compacting pressure during samples preparation.
The first-type RPC 200 was produced without compacting
pressure and curing the concrete at ambient temperature
the compressive strength was least than 170MPa. While
curing in hot water or steam at 80-90C for 48 hr. after two
days from casting , the compressive strength was more
than 230MPa. RPC800 was made by using compacting
pressure at setting (50MPa) with heat curing (250 -
400°C).
The reactive powder concrete is an effective material in
building and construction works due to the advantages
of the high carrying capacity loading compared to the
weight, and homogeneous properties, if they are
compared with other building materials.[11]
Using of Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) decreases
dimensions, and gives a stronger structural element. It is
also classified as a form of Ultra High Performance
Concrete (UHPC)[12].
Danha et al.[13] investigate the effectiveness of three
variable parameters on several mechanical properties of
(RPC). The content of silica fume was (0%, 10%, 15%,
20%, 25%, and 30%), super plasticizer type (Sikament®-
163N and PC200) and hooked macro steel fibers volume
fraction (0%, 1%, 2% and 3%). The outcomes showed that
increasing the content of silica fume from (0% to 30%)
leads to increase the compressive strength from (13.54%
to 34.17%), while the improvement of tensile strength
was (2.63% to 16.89%). The inclusion of steel fibers
volume fraction from (0% to 3% ) leads to a large increase
in direct tensile strength from (59.4% to 238.35%), while
the added steel fiber leads to a slight increase in
compressive strength from (3.72% to 8.89%). The
 Abd-al-Salam I. M. Al-Hazragi , Assim M. Lateef / Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences (2021) 28(2): 54-72.
behavior of RC column strengthening with (UHPFRC)
Jacketing was studied by many researchers .
The increase in the fractions volume of steel fibers added
to the concrete increases compressive strength and
flexural strength .[14]
Tsonos et al. [15]. studied the strengthening of reinforced
concrete structures with UHPFRC-jackets (without
conventional reinforcement) to resistant earthquake. The
results showed that the UHPFRC- jackets were more
effective than the normal reinforced concrete jackets
(NRC- jackets) and the fiber reinforced polymers jackets
(FRP-jackets) when used for strengthening
earthquake-resistant of reinforced concrete structural
members.
Menna et al. [16] studied the behavior of RC columns by
replacing the present concrete cover with external
jacketing made of (HPFRC) to increase the average
dimensions of the present column section. Six small
square RC columns were cast by using a low performance
concrete, to make poor mechanical properties of existing
RC members. Then, three of them were strengthened with
a (HPFRC) jacketing. The columns were subjected to
combined axial load and bending. The results of the test
indicated that the use of HPFRC jacketing, increased
strength and improved the ductility significantly and can
be an effective technique for rehabilitating damages of
existing RC columns.
In the present study, an experimental program is used to
investigate the behavior of square rectangular columns,
which are confined by UHPFRC jackets and a CFRP strip
in the tension zone under eccentric loading. Many
specimens of normal reinforced concrete columns under
eccentric loads with different strengthening layers can
give a good indication of the effectiveness of the columns
and the strengthening method. The parameter of this study
will be of interest to engineers involved in updating and
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
2.1. Materials
strengthening structures with UHPFRC jackets and CFRP
materials.
Koo, et al.[17] focused on strengthening RC columns with
(UHPFRC) jacket. For this study, four specimens were
manufactured with size (300*300) mm. After casting and
curing for two weeks, one column left un strengthened,
three columns were jacketed with UHPFRC in different
thickness. Before strengthening the surface of columns
treatment with sand blasting was applied to get cohesive
between columns and (UHPFRC) jackets; the first one
was strengthened with 30mm jacket, the second one was
the strengthened with 50mm jacket and third specimen was
strengthened with 50mm jacket plus stirrups(D10@150)
mm inside UHPFRC jacket. The details of specimens are
summarized in Plate ( 2.3). UHPFRC jackets were cured
in high temperature(90℃) for 3 days. The result shows
that the (UHPFRC) jacketing change failure mode from
shear to flexural shear failure ,improves ductile behavior
of columns and shows high strengthening effects . The
(UHPFRC) jacketing could be a good alternative for RC
column retrofit.
Bassam, et [18]. studied the repairing and strengthening
of square RC columns by applying two concrete jacketing
types: using ultrahigh-performance fiber-reinforced self-
compacting concrete (UHPFRSCC) and normal strength
concrete (NSC) as jacketing materials with three methods
of surface roughening, mechanical wire brushing,
mechanical scarification, and using shear studs. The
results showed that using NSC as a jacketing material was
effective, UHPFRSCC was more effective than NSC due
to the use of steel fibers. It also reduces the total
strengthened column sections UHPFRSCC can flow
better NSC in narrow sections without segregation or
honeycombing problems, so to bind column cores and
their jackets reveals that using shear studs is the best
among the three methods.
2.1.1.Cement: Al-Mas ordinary cement (ASTM Type I)
made in Iraq has been used for concrete mixes in this
research. The chemical analysis and physical properties
57
 Abd-al-Salam I. M. Al-Hazragi , Assim M. Lateef / Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences (2021) 28(2): 54-72.

satisfied the specification of Iraqi standard No.5/1984 2.1.4.Water: Tap water was used in all mixes and in the
[19]. curing of the specimens
2.1.2.Fine Aggregate: Al-Ekhaider natural sand of 2.2.5.Superplasticizer S.P: To improve the
4.75mm maximum size was used as fine aggregate in workability and strength concrete, high range water
normal concrete. However, for UHPFRC very fine sand reducing admixture used in this study which is known
with maximum size 600μm was used. The grading of the commercially as (Mega Flow3000). This type of
sand and sulfate content were according to the superplactisizer was imported from Sika Company.
requirements of the limits of the Iraqi Specification (IQS 2.1.6.Silica Fume: In the present investigation, micro
45/1984)[20]. silica (Mega Add) was used which was imported from
2.1.3.Coarse Aggregate: Crushed gravel from CONMIX company. Chemical composition and
Samarra region was used for casting specimens with pozzolanic activity of micro silica are shown in Table 1
maximum size of 12.5mm. Results indicate that grading which satisfies the requirements of ASTM C1240-03 [22
of this material was within the requirements of the Iraqi ].
specification No.45/1984 [21].
Table 1
Shows the chemical composition and pozzolanic of micro silica in this research. It conforms to the (ASTMC1240-03)
Pozzolanic activity Limit of ASTM C1240-03 Chemical composition Limit of ASTM C1240-3
Oxide Result%
SiO2 91.7 85% Min
122.3% 105% AL2 O3 4.02 ----
Fe2O3 0.31 ----
SO3 0.74 ----
L. O. I 3.21 6% Max
2.1.7.Micro Steel Fibers: Straight and brass-coated
short steel fibers were used in this study. The properties
of the used steel fibers are presented in Table 2.
Table 2
Micro steel fiber properties.
Property Specifications
Surface Brass coated
Relative Density 7800 Kg/m3
Tensile Strength Minimum 2600MPa
Form Straight
Melting Point 1500°C
Average Length 15 mm
Diameter 0.2 mm
Aspect Ratio (Lf/Df) 75
Type WSF0213

2.1.8.Steel Reinforcement: Two sizes of deformed and (12) mm for longitudinal reinforcement. The tension
steel bars of nominal diameter (6)mm for closed stirrups test of all these bars gave the properties listed in Table 3.

58
 Abd-al-Salam I. M. Al-Hazragi , Assim M. Lateef / Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences (2021) 28(2): 54-72.

Table 3
Specification and test results of steel reinforcing bars.

Nominal Measured Yield Ultimate Elongation %

diameter diameter stress Stress
(mm) (mm) (MPa) (MPa)
10 9.8 611 700 9.8
6 5.75 395 454 16
2.1.9.Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer(CFRP): jacketing of UHPFRC in the tension zone of the concrete
The (Sika Wrap®-301 C) is a unidirectional woven in the longitudinal direction of the tested columns. All
carbon fiber fabric that was used for strengthening information related to this CFRP is shown in Table 4.
Table 4
properties of CFRP at 25oC.
Property Grade
Fiber weight (g/m2) 300
Fiber density (g/cm3) 1.80
Design thickness (mm/ply) 0.168
Composite thickness (mm/ply) 0.60
Tensile strength of fiber (N/mm2) 4800
Tensile strength of CFS(N/mm2) 4000
Tensile modulus (N/mm2) 230000
Ultimate elongation (%) 1.8

2.1.10.Epoxy Resin: The (Sikadur ® -330) that
included two-parts, was used in this study. The mixing
ratio of the epoxy consists of four parts resin of
component A (white paste) to one-part hardener
component B (grey paste) by weight.
2.2. Specimens
A total of seven RC specimens were designed with a
square section (120 *120)mm, and a total length of (1250
mm). The length between corbels is (750 mm) and each
corbel head had a height of 240 mm. All specimens were
tested under compression eccentric loading up to failure.
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show the geometry of the specimens.
The columns were performed with NSC , with 4∅12 mm
as main reinforcement and the transvers reinforcement
with ∅6@ 120 mm., One of which was proposed as
control specimen. And other specimens are strengthened
with jacketing form (four) faces using a layer of UHPFRC
having different thicknesses(25,35)mm and longitudinal
strip of CFRP fixed in tension zone by epoxy with width
(8,12) cm. The jacketing fixed with specimens by using
shear connectors with ∅6 mm. The experimental variables
investigated were: (the thickness of (UHPFRC) jacketing
(25,35) mm and, width of (CFRP) a strip in longitudinal
direction that fixed in tension zone between the layer of
(UHPFRC) and core of specimens (8,12) cm.

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Table 5
Specimen design detail
No. Specimens Thickness of Width of Details
Symbols UHPFRC CFRP
(mm) (cm)

1 R - - Reference .
2 C-25 25 - Column Strengthening with (UHPFRC) jacketing has thickness
25 mm.
3 C-25-CF8 25 8 Column Strengthening with (UHPFRC) jacketing has thickness
25 mm. and (CFRP) has width (8 cm).
4 C-25-CF12 25 12 Column Strengthening with (UHPFRC) jacketing has thickness
25 mm. and (CFRP) has width (12 cm)
5 C-35 35 - Column Strengthening with (UHPFRC) jacketing has thickness
35 mm
6 C-35-CF8 35 8 Column Strengthening with (UHPFRC) jacketing has thickness
35 mm. and (CFRP) has width (8 cm).
7 C-35-CF12 35 12 Column Strengthening with (UHPFRC) jacketing has thickness
35 mm. and (CFRP) has width (12 cm)

Fig. 1: The dimensions of column in (mm). Fig. 2: Schematic plan of columns groups.

2.2.1. Normal Strength Concrete (NSC)
NSC mix is designed in accordance with ACI-
211[23]. Mixture details are given in Table (6). The used
mixture produces good workability and uniform mixing
of concrete without segregation .
2.2.2 Ultra- High Performance Fiber Reinforced
Concrete (UHPFRC)
60
Ultra- high performance fiber reinforced concrete
mixes were used in the present research as listed in Table
6. In the present work, mixing was performed by using
0.125 m3 capacity horizontal rotary mixer The mixing
procedures in this study are described below:
1. Adding the sand to the mixer.
2. Silica fume and cement were mixed in dry to disperse
the silica fume particles throughout the cement
 Abd-al-Salam I. M. Al-Hazragi , Assim M. Lateef / Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences (2021) 28(2): 54-72.

particles, then the (silica fume +cement) are added to
the mixer and the mixture was mixed for (5) minutes.
3. Super plasticizer was added to the water and stirred,
then the liquid was added to the dry mix during the
mixing procedure and all were mixed for (5)
minutes.
4. The mixer was stopped and mixing was continued
manually especially for the portions not reached by
the blades of the mixer.
5. The mixer then operated when the flow achieved
consistency the steel fiber added slowly during the
operation of the mixer to insure the uniformly
dispersion for( 5) minutes to attain reasonable
fluidity.
6. The whole mixing process takes about (15) minutes.

Table 6
concrete Mixture details

Material Unite NSC UHPFRC

Cement Kg/m3 525 900

Sand Kg/m3 675 1000

Gravel Kg/m3 975 -

Silica fume Kg/m3 - 100

Steel fiber Kg/m3 - 156

Superplsticezer Kg/m3 - 20

Water Kg/m3 220 240

w/c % 0.42 0.24

2.2.3. Mechanical Properties of Concrete

2.2.3.1. Properties of fresh concrete

The slump test of conventional concrete was
performed in accordance with ASTM C143/C 143M [24].
The equipment for the slump test was a truncated cone and
a tamping rod. The truncated cone has 30 cm height, 20
cm diameter at the bottom and 10 cm in diameter at top.
It is filled with concrete at three equal layers, with each
layer being stroked 25 times uniformly by standard steel
rod and then slowly lifted. The difference in height from
the average concrete level after concrete being slumped
down by its own weight to the top of the mold, is called
the slump. The slump values ranged from (75-100) mm,
as it is designed.
The workability of the UHPFRC was determined
using the flow table. The test was conducted according to
ASTM C1437-01[19]directly after mixing to get the
desired workability. The specification limit of the flow
must be (110±5) % and it calculated from the Eq. 1.
𝐷𝑎𝑣𝑒−𝐷𝑜
Flow = ∗ 100 ----------------------------- Eq. 1.
𝐷𝑜
Where:
Dave: Average Dia. of the spread concrete (mm)
measured in four directions.
Do: Original inside base Dia. of the test cone (mm).
2.2.3.2. Properties of hardened Concrete
The test program included the casting of many
samples (cubes, cylinders, and prisms) for each normal
concrete, and ultra-high-performance fiber concrete
depending on the ideal proportion of the material mixtures
used for this research. The samples cured for 28 days. The
results of the hardened properties of the concrete were
listed in the following Table 7.

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Table 7
Hardened properties of concrete.

Type Sample Compressive Compressive Modules of rupture Modules of

strength of strength of (MPa) splliding
cubes cylinders (MPa) (MPa)
(MPa)
NCS Sample 1 47.81 36.78 4.8 4.17
Sample 2 50.46 39.12 4.54 4.1
Sample 3 45.6 34.29 5.82 3.68
average 47.95 36.73 5.05 3.98
UHPFRC Sample 1 119.5 -------- 30.4 14.9
Sample 2 120 ------- 32.2 14.1
Sample 3 120.5 ------- 31.6 14.5
average 120 ------- 31.4 14.5

2.2.4. Samples preparation

5. after curing for 4 days at laboratory temperature 25o

2.2.4.1 Casting and Curing
Before casting, the selection materials were prepared
and weighed according to the volume of the mix . The
reinforcement and shear connector was placed in the right
position carefully inside of all column steel molds with
the required bottom and sides cover being accurately
maintained and all molds were filled with concrete in
three layers with compaction by using vibrator. The upper
surface of conventional concrete was smoothly finished
after completing the casting by using hand trowel. Then,
the specimens were removed from their molds, within 24
hours and kept in a tap water basin for 28 days.
2.2.4.2. Application of CFRP Strips
After casting and curing the samples then, CFRP–
strips were applied on columns. The following steps were
followed:
C the columns be ready to cast the jacket
of(UHPFRC). Fig.3 shows some these steps.
2.2.4.3. Casting the Jacketing of column's using
UHPFRC
Before casting, all steel molds were well cleaned and
their internal surfaces were lightly oiled to prevent the
adhesion with hardened (UHPFRC). Steel molds were
manufactured with very accurate dimensions based on the
required jacket thickness(25,35) mm . The column cores
were provided with shear connectors (fixed during
casting) to connect with jacketing. After that putting the
columns in steel molds and casting the jacket finally the
surface was smoothed by troweling. All the above
mentioned steps were repeated again to cast the jackets for
the groups A and B of column cores. Fig.4 shows the
thickness of jacketing for groups .

1. Cutting CFRP according to the length of column and

required width of strips.
2. Specify area of concrete surface to make it rough by
using steel brush and cleaned with a normal brush to
remove all dirt and dust according to ACI Committee
440[25] to avoid failure at the adhesion.
3. Two parts of epoxy adhesives A, B Sikadur-330 are
mixed by ratio( 4: 1 ) respectively, until the color is
uniform. Then epoxy is applied to the column with a
thickness about 1.5 mm.
4. Putting CFRP-strip on columns surface that coated by
epoxy and pressure subjecting by a rubber roller to fix
the strip.
2.2.4.4. Curing jacketing of UHPFRC
Curing of the jacketed column specimens is as
follows:
1. After 24 hours Of casting. The specimens were taken
off the molds.
2. Next the specimens were submerged in curing water
basin full with hot water temperature about 900 for 28
days for the enhancement of the microstructure of
UHPFRC jackets .

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After (28) days, they were taken out of the water and left were placed vertically and eccentrically with respect to
in the laboratory till the time of the vertical axis of the testing machine. To apply a proper
testing. axial compression loading and transmit it to the column
with accurate eccentricity, arrangement of a new loading
2.2.4.5. Painting the specimens after jacketing cap was manufactured based on a loading cap designed by
with (UHPFRC) Hadi [26]. The loading cap has rectangular section
(120×240) mm, thickness 20mm and can be provided with
Usually, one day before testing, the column specimen values of eccentric loading, see Fig. 6. However, in the
surface was cleaned and coated with white emulation to present work, one eccentricity distance of 120mm was
simplify the spread of cracks and make the crack viewing, used. The loading caps were made of high strength steel
easier. and provided with screws and each end of the columns
was covered with loading cap. The lower end of the
2.2.5. SUPPORT AND LOADING CONDITION
column was attached to the actuator of the machine, while
The columns were tested in a (250) ton capacity the upper end was supported on the steel reaction cap of
universal testing machine model (AVERY) with the machine. Both end supports were designed as hinged
hydraulic jack and dial gauge for detecting the load. Fig. connections with predefined eccentricity by using these
5 shows a general view of the testing machine. Columns loading caps see Fig. 7.

Fig. 3: apply CFRP –strips on columns. Fig. 4: Thickness of jackets for groups
A, B

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Fig. 5: Electro-hydraulic testing machine Fig. 6: Loading cap with eccentricity distance.

Fig. 7: Columns placed inside testing machine..

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Load Carrying Capacity of RC Columns

The load carrying capacity reflected the ultimate
applied load that can be subjected to the tested column
specimens, after that a drop in machine reading appeared
with a rapid deformation on column, which termed as
failure. The results showed that the control column had
less load capacity than the others specimens. the load
carrying capacity for the Confined column was increased
about (110.5,168.4,184.2)% and (157.9,226.3,263.2)%
for (group A) and (group B) respectively compared with
the control column due to the change in the thickness of
jacketing and width of CFRP layer in the tension zone as
shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 below..

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Fig. 8: The load carrying capacity for
specimens.
3.2. Mid-Height Lateral Displacement of RC Columns
The load versus mid-height lateral displacement
relationship of reinforced concrete column specimens
loaded at eccentricity of 120 mm for group A and B are
presented in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11. The decreasing
percentage of lateral displacement of these column
specimens was about (66.6%,42.3%,and 35.9%) for group
A and about (46.15%,38.46%,and 32.3%) for group B
Fig. 10: Axial load carrying capacity VS the
mid-height lateral displacement for group(A).
65
Fig. 9: The change in percentage load carrying
capacity for specimens.
with CFRP width (0,8,12) cm respectively compared with
the reference, which occurred immediately when they
were loaded. The values of mid-height lateral
displacement were decreased due to increase the size of
columns and improvement the modulus of elasticity of
concrete that leads to reduce the effect of cracking. So,
CFRP reduces the lateral displacement of the
Fig. 11: Axial load carrying capacity and the
mid-height lateral displacement for group(B).
 Abd-al-Salam I. M. Al-Hazragi , Assim M. Lateef / Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences (2021) 28(2): 54-72.
strengthened column compared with specimen without
CFRP because , it delays the presence of cracks and
increases the strength of columns. The value of lateral
3.3. Axial Deformation of RC Columns
The strengthening specimens with (UHPFRC jackets,
and CFRP) effected on the characteristics of axial
deformation for columns with eccentric loading are
presented in Fig. 12 and Fig. 13. The dial gauge was fixed
on the bottom plate to measure the vertical displacement
of these columns. The percentage decreasing of axial
deformation was about (71.7%,60.86 %,and 55.86 %) for
group (A), and about (65.5%,60.5%,and 53.4%) for
group (B) compared with reference. The results clarify
Fig. 12: Axial load carrying capacity VS the
axial deformation for group(A).
3.4. Ductility of RC Columns
The ductility of the tested columns were computed
using the approach developed by priestly and park[28].
They defined the displacement ductility as the ratio
between the displacement at peak load (∆u) and the yield
displacement (∆y), the notional yield displacement (∆y) is
defined as the intersection of a line passing through a
point on the load-displacement curve corresponding to
75% of the maximum applied load on the specimen
66
displacement is taken from all strengthening specimens at
same load 66.5 kN (service load about 0.7 of ultimate load
of control specimens suggested by Ibrahim [27].
that specimens strengthening with thickness 25 mm
(group A) has large value of axial deformation compared
with columns strengthening with thickness 35 mm (group
B).Also, result shows that the increasing width of CFRP
leads to reduction of the axial deformation. The
improvement on behavior of axial deformation of
strengthened specimens is satisfying by increasing
thickness of jacket and width of CFRP where that causes
increase in the flexural stiffness.
Fig. 13: Axial load carrying capacity VS the
axial deformation for group(B).
(0.75Pu) is extended to intersect with the horizontal line
at (Pu). The results of ductility index of columns were
listed in Table 8 . (∆µ) = ∆u / ∆y. The results showed that
increasing of UHPFRC jacketing thickness improved the
ductility because the UHPFRC contented steel fibers. and
using CFRP as strip in the longitudinal direction of
columns in the tension zone led to reduction of the
ductility as shown in Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 below.
 Abd-al-Salam I. M. Al-Hazragi , Assim M. Lateef / Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences (2021) 28(2): 54-72.

Table 8
Ductility index test results of column specimens

Specimens Symbols ∆y ∆u ∆µ

R 4.28 5 1.17

C-25 6 8 1.33

C-25-CF8 7 7.75 1.11

C-25-CF12 7.25 7.5 1.03

C-35 6.75 5.9 1.4

C-35-CF8 8 8.25 1.16

C-35-CF12 8.5 9 1.06

Fig. 14: Ductility index VS CFRP. Fig. 15: Ductility index VS CFRP.

3.5.Stiffness of Column Specimens

Sullivan et al.[29] proposed two procedures that
are commonly utilized to determine the stiffness of (RC)
columns, secant stiffness (Ks) and initial stiffness (Kin).
Secant stiffness of RC columns, is defined as the ratio of
the maximum applied load on the specimen (Pu), to the
maximum displacement (Δu), while initial stiffness
determined by simple approach, in which a secant passing
through a point on the load-displacement envelope
corresponding to 70% of the maximum applied load on
the specimen (0.7Pu) is extended to intersect with the
horizontal line at (Pu). The results of the secant and initial
stiffness columns were listed in Table 9.
The results showed that increasing the thickness of
UHPFRC jacketing led to increase in the initial and secant
stiffness because the section became large and improved
the modules of elasticity. So, the use of CFRP in the
tension zone cause increased the initial and secant
stiffness because of the higher resisted of CFRP to the
tension stresses that lead to reduce the cracks as shown in
Fig. 16 and Fig. 17:

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Table 9
Initial Stiffness and Secant Stiffness test results of columns.

Columns Initial Stiffness Secant Stiffness

Pu y∆ Kin Increase Pu u∆ KS Increase

kN/mm Kin% kN/mm Ks%

R 95 4.2 22.62 0 95 5 19 0

C-25 200 5.9 33.9 49.87 200 8 25 31.58

C-25-CF8 255 7.1 35.9 58.7 255 7.75 32.9 73.16

C-25-CF12 270 7.15 37.8 67.1 270 7.5 36 89.47

C-35 255 6.85 35.8 58.3 255 9.5 25.8 35.79

C-35-CF8 310 7.75 40 76.84 310 9.25 33.5 76.32

C-35-CF12 345 8.4 41 81.26 345 9 38.33 101.74

Fig. 16: Initial Stiffness Fig. 17: Secant Stiffness

3.6.Toughness of Column Specimens

The toughness of the RC column is defined as the
area surrounded by load-displacement curve till the
maximum load is reached, which represents the energy
absorption of the RC column that could be sustained
before a significant drop in the load- capacity can be
recorded Kumar et al.[30]. The results of the energy
absorption of the columns are shown in Table 10 . It is
obvious that the thickness of jacket and width of cfrp
affect the energy absorption capacity of column
specimens by increasing the energy absorption capacity as
shown in Fig. 18 and Fig. 19.

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Table 10
The energy absorption capacity test results of Columns.
Specimens Symbols Energy Absorption Increasing Energy

Capacity (kN.mm) Absorption Capacity%

R 266.125 0

C-25 995.25 273.97

C-25-CF8 1068.625 301.55

C-25-CF12 1076.5 304.5

C-35 1473.5 453.69

C-35-CF8 1628.5 511.93

C-35-CF12 1661.375 524.28

Fig .18: Toughness of Specimens Fig. 19: Change in Toughness of Specimens

3.7. Mode of Failure

The columns were tested with eccentric load by
(e/h) equal to (1) The columns tested with such type of
loading often have compression failure. The side which
the load shifting forward of it, exposed to compression
stress, while the other opposite side has tension stresses.
The failure began gradually with presence cracks in
tension side and progressive spread to compression side
passing through the other sides. The failure of control
specimens which have in addition to cracks, crushing in
compression area and yield in steel reinforcement. For
specimens of group (A), the failure of the column(C-25)
occurs at the tension zone, and cracks were focused in the
middle third of column and occurred perpendicular to the
column axis, finally, the concrete was crushed, and steel
reached to the yield strain. Because, the UHPFRC jacked
lead to raise the neutral axis forward the compression area
of block stresses, , while for the columns (C-25-CF8,and
C-25-CF12) the bonded CFRP in tension zone caused
descent of the neutral axis in compression area of block
stresses, and reduced the stress in tension reign, but the
failure occurred in tension zone of columns as shown in
Fig.20. The failure of specimens of group (B) was similar
to the failure of group (A) but, the failure occurred under
a larger loading, because of increasing the thickness of
jacket.

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Fig.20: modes of failure for specimens

4. CONCLUSIONS 5. Using the CFRP improves the efficiency of UHPFRC

jacketing because of increasing the ultimate load
This experimental study proposed a new
carrying capacity, toughness, stiffness. And decreases
strengthening technique for square RC columns that
the lateral displacement, axial deformation compared
subjected to axial loaded with eccentricity. The new
with reference column.
strengthening technique included strengthened of the
6. The experimental results showed that the technique of
square RC column with a strip of CFRP fixed in the
strengthening columns with UHPFRC jacketing and a
tension zone by epoxy on the original columns, then
strip of CFRP in the tension zone can be used
casting jacketing of the UHPFRC with different thickness
effectively for strengthening square RC columns
.The jackets connected with original columns by using
Under eccentric axial loads.
shear connectors and curing with hot water for 28 days.
Based on the experimental results of this study, the
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