CHAPTER 1

Learning Module in
IT Inst 3 – DATA SCIENCE ANALYTICS
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

 Differentiate Data Science and Data Analytics;

 Explain the data analytics process; and

 Demonstrate proficiency in fundamental Excel

functions such as data entry, formatting,
formula creation, and use of Excel functions
LESSON:
I. Overview of Data, Data Science Analytics,
and Tools Data Science vs. Data Analytics
These two terms often referred in the same context, but
they do have different
definitions. The objective of both terms is the same, to
extract meaningful insights from data to strengthen
business decision making. The main difference lies in
the tactics each uses to achieve this.
Data Analysts examine large datasets to identify
trends, forecast and data visualizations to tell a
compelling story through actionable insights. These
insights help stakeholders make informed decisions
according to business needs.
Data Scientists are tasked with designing and
constructing new processes for data modeling using
algorithms, predictive analytics and statistical analysis.
Data Scientists have the technical skills to arrange
unstructured data and build their own methodologies
and frameworks.
There are key differences between the two roles, but
they share the same goal: To translate data analysis
into business intelligence.
Data Analytics reviews raw data and drawing
meaningful insights to solve business problems.
Types of Data Analytics
 Descriptive analytics
Answers the question “What has happened in the past
and what is happening right now?” by providing a
current snapshot of trends and patterns by leveraging
current and historical data.
 Diagnostic analytics
Answers the question “Why are these trends and
patterns happening? By focusing on the trend data to
discover the factors or reasons for past performance.
 Predictive analytics
Answers the question “What is likely to happen in the
future?” by utilizing machine learning and artificial
intelligence (AI) to build predictive models and
statistical models to predict the future.
 Prescriptive analytics
Answers the question “What do we need to do?”
through testing and other techniques to recommend
specific solutions that will drive a desired outcome.

These types of data analytics are performed using a

variety of tools and techniques that vary based on the
type of analysis and objective.
Data Science focuses on building models and
designing frameworks that will gather and analyze
data. Typically, data science includes data mining,
statistical methods and machine learning algorithms.
 Unstructured Data
Unorganized and unusable until it is processed. Data
scientists are charged with cleaning this data and
processing it. They rely on classification,
categorization and
sentence chunking to make sense of unstructured data.
 Statistical Methods
Once the data is collected there can be many variables
to consider. Regression analysis is one statistical
method that allows data scientists to explore the
relationship between these variables. Correlation
analysis is also used for both qualitative and
quantitative data.
 Machine Learning Algorithms
Data scientists use machine learning algorithms to
predict, categorize and classify data with minimal
chance for error. There are three main sets of machine
learning algorithms:
- Supervised
- Unsupervised
- Reinforcement learning
Again, there are many techniques and models that data
scientists use to find the right data. These are simply a
few of the most common.
Data Analytics Process
As the data available to companies continues to grow
both in amount and complexity, so too does the need
for an effective and efficient process by which to
harness the value of that data. The data analysis
process typically moves through several iterative
phases. Let’s take a closer look at each.
1. Identify the business question you’d like to
answer. What problem is the company trying
to solve? What do you need to measure, and
how will you measure it?
2. Collect the raw data sets you’ll need to help
you answer the identified question. Data
collection might come from internal sources,
like a company’s client relationship
management (CRM) software, or from
secondary sources, like government records or
social media application programming
interfaces (APIs).
3. Clean the data to prepare it for analysis. This
often involves purging duplicate and
anomalous data, reconciling inconsistencies,
standardizing data structure and format, and
dealing with white spaces and other syntax
errors.
4. Analyze the data. By manipulating the data
using various data analysis techniques and
tools, you can begin to find trends,
correlations, outliers, and variations that tell a
story. During this stage, you might use data
mining to discover patterns within
databases or data visualization software to help
transform data into an easy-to- understand graphical
format.
5. Interpret the results of your analysis to see how
well the data answered your original question. What
recommendations can you make based on the data?
What are the limitations to your conclusions?
Intro to Excel
Introduction
MS Excel is a very good tool for the purpose of
accounts and other purposes. This simplifies the work
load of a person by many folds. MS Excel apart of
being a spread sheet tool helps the user to add new
work sheets to a workbook. Sheets can be renamed,
deleted from a workbook.
Workbooks those that we create can be shared among
different people via email. This enables transparency
in the work force. Password protection helps us
protecting confidential data. So let us get started with
MS Excel.
Excel
is a spread sheet application in the Microsoft Office
suite that lets you store, manipulate, and analyses data
in organized workbooks for home and business tasks.
Rule To Remember:
An Excel workbook is comprised of Excel
worksheets .
◦ Each Worksheet is comprised of rows and
columns.
◦ Total number of rows are 104857 and
 ◦ total number of columns are 16384 Brief description about the tabs components.
from A to XFD.
1. File Tab
◦ The intersection between a row and a
2. Quick Access Tab
column is called a cell.
3. Ribbon Tab
◦ Total cells = 104857 X 16384
= 1717977088 4. Title Bar
Uses Of MS Excel 5. Column bar
Used in data collection data manipulation 6. Help menu
data Analysis which are related to 7. Row Bar
◦ Accounts and financial operations 8. Cell
◦ Mathematical operations. 9. Sheet Area
◦ Scientific operation. 10. Zoom control
◦ Non Scientific operations. 11. View buttons
12. Create New Sheet
Entering MS Excel 13. Current Closed Sheet
14. Current Open Sheet
15. Status Bar

File Tab:
The file tab is used to
◦ Create a new file
◦ Save an existing file
◦ Open very recent files
◦ Save an existing file in another format
◦ Print an existing file

The working env

 The column bar is used to identify in which column the
cursor is

Help
The help menu gives instant help to the new user as to
Quick Access Tab how to use the MS Excel.

Quick access tab is used for very fast users who do not
have time to go the roundabout process to
Open Save
Print Preview And Print Quick Print
Spelling
Undo Redo
Row Bar
Sort Ascending Sort Descending Open Recent Files
The row bar is used to identify in which row the user is
Show More Commands Show Below The Ribbon working.

Ribbon Tab:-
The Ribbon Tab is used for many jobs Cell
The Cell is the intersection of the row and the column.

Title Bar
The title bar is used to show what is the name of the
document .When multiple documents are opened at
one time the title bar identifies which document is
currently active by showing the name of the document Sheet Area
at the top. The sheet area shows the current sheet the user is
working on.

Column Bar
 Status Bar
Zoom Control
The status bar shows weather the document is in which
The zoom control is used to control the zooming effect state ready to take values or Enter State when values
of the screen. are being entered.

View Buttons
The Components of a Excel Formula
The view buttons option is used to view the page in
any of the three formats
1) Normal
2) Page Layout
3) Page Break

Create New Sheet

Values in a formula can be:
This option is used to create new sheet.
▶A constant value (120)

▶A cell (B2)

▶A range of a cell

(B2:B10)

Current Open Sheet ▶A worksheet (function)

This option is used to print a current open sheet. Mathematical operators Excel uses standard operators
for formulas, such as
 • a plus sign for addition (+), Entering Formulas
• a minus sign for subtraction (-),
• an asterisk for multiplication (*),
• a forward slash for division (/),
• a caret (^) for exponents.
• a Open and close ( ) parentheses to group
operation A formula using constant as values

▶ While you can create simple formulas in Excel

manually (for example, =2+2 or =5*5)

Order of Operation

A formula using cell reference value

▶ Example : A3 *(B3-C3)

Parentheses
cell addresses
Understanding cell references
Cell References
Using cell references will ensure that your formulas
are always accurate because you can change the value
of referenced cells without having to rewrite the
formula.
A formula using cell references and constant values
▶ Example: =A3+B3*2
Try this:
To create a simple formula using the point-and-click
method:
 Type the numbers you want to calculate in
separate cells (for example, type 128 in cell B2
and 345 in cell B3).
 Click the cell where the answer will appear
(B4, for example).
 Type the equals sign (=) to let Excel know a
formula is being defined.
 Click the first cell to be included in the
formula (B3, for example).
 Type the subtraction sign (-) to let Excel
know that a subtraction operation is to be
performed.
 Click the next cell in the formula (B2, for
example).
 If you include multiple cells in the formula,
repeat steps 4 and 5 until the entire formula is
entered.
 Press Enter or click the Enter button on the
formula bar to complete the formula.
STEPS
1. Click the cell where you want to insert the
reference.
2. Type = to start building the reference.
3. Select the worksheet that contains the cell you
want to reference.
4. Select the cell you want to reference.
5. Click or press Enter.
1. Click where you want to insert the reference.
You’ll need to open the workbook that contains the
data you want to reference before entering the formula.
2. Type = and start building the reference.
3. Click on the Excel icon in the task bar
4. Select the workbook with the cell(s) you want
to reference.
5. Select the cell(s) you want to reference
6. Click or press Enter.
***Note: If you move, delete, or rename the file you
referenced, your formula will break.The value from the
other workbook appears in the worksheet.
Relative references
By default, all cell references are relative references.
When copied across multiple cells, they change based
on the relative position of rows and columns. For
example, if you copy the formula =A1+B1 from row 1
to row 2, the formula will become =A2+B2. Relative
references are especially convenient whenever you
need
to repeat the same calculation across multiple rows or
columns.
To create and copy a formula using relative
references:
Let us understand the concept of relative cell
references in Excel with an example. We want a
summation of three numbers located in cells A1 &
A2 & A3. Say we want the sum in cell A4.
So, in cell A4, we applied “=A1+A2+A3”
The sum of cell A1 and A2 and A3 is equal to 37.
Now, with different values of cells B1 and B2 and B3,
we want a summation in cell B4 The summation can
be done in two ways.
 We can either apply the Excel formula of
addition to cell B3
 copy and paste the formula of cell A4 to cell
B4.
o On copying cell A4 and pasting in cell
B4, the answer is not 37. This is
because cell A3, which is copied,
contains a formula, not a value.
o The output of cell A4 depends on cells
A1 and A2 and A3. After copying cell
A4, as we move one cell to the right,
A1 becomes B1 and A2 becomes B2
and A3 becomes B3. Thus, cell B4
applies summation to the values of
cells B1 and B2 and b3.
 To create and copy a formula using
Absolute references
 absolute references do not change when
copied or filled. You can use an absolute
reference to keep a row and/or column
constant.
 An absolute reference is designated in a
formula by the addition of a dollar sign ($)
before the column and row. If it precedes the
column or row (but not both), it's known as a
mixed reference.
NOTE: You will use the relative (A2) and absolute
($A$2) formats in most formulas. Mixed references are
used less frequently.
EXAMPLE
we'll use the 8.0% sales tax rate in cell L1 to calculate
the sales tax for all items in column K. We'll need to
use the absolute cell reference $L$1 in our formula.
Because each formula is using the same tax rate, we
want that reference to remain constant when the
formula is copied and filled to other cells in column D.
Select the cell that will contain the formula. In our
example, we'll select cell K3.
Enter the formula to calculate the desired value. In our
example, we'll type =(I3*J3)*$L$1.

Press Enter on your keyboard. The formula will

calculate, and the result will display in the cell.
Locate the fill handle in the lower-right corner of the
desired cell. In our example, we'll locate the fill handle
for cell k3.

Click, hold, and drag the fill handle over the cells you
wish to fill, cells K4:K5 in our example.

Without the dollar sign the output would be