(i) Which common injuries are observed in the construction sector?

(ii) Discuss the effect and preventive measures of any five injuries.

1. Falls:
 Effect: Falls from heights are a major concern in construction and can result in serious
injuries, including fractures, sprains, and even fatalities.
 Preventive Measures:
 Provide and enforce the use of fall protection equipment such as
harnesses, guardrails, and safety nets.
 Conduct regular safety training on proper use of equipment and
awareness of fall hazards.
 Install warning signs and barriers near unprotected edges.
Struck-by Injuries:
2.  Workers can be injured when struck by falling or flying objects, such as tools,
materials,
Effect: or equipment.


Preventive Measures:
 Implement a strict policy for securing tools and materials when working at
heights.
 Use barricades and warning signs to designate areas where overhead work is
being performed.
 Ensure workers wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE),
including hard hats.

3.Electrical Injuries:
 Effect: Contact with live wires or faulty electrical equipment can lead to electric shocks,
burns, and in extreme cases, electrocution.
 Preventive Measures:
 Follow proper lockout/tagout procedures when working on electrical systems.
 Inspect electrical tools and equipment regularly for signs of damage or wear.
 Provide electrical safety training to workers and ensure they use appropriate PPE,
such as insulated gloves.

2. Discuss any five common diseases that occur in the construction sector, their causes, symptoms and
preventive measures
 1. Respiratory Diseases:
 Causes: Exposure to dust, asbestos, silica, and other airborne contaminants.
 Symptoms: Respiratory issues, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain.
 Preventive Measures:
 Provide and mandate the use of respiratory protective equipment.
 Implement dust control measures, such as wetting down surfaces and using
local exhaust ventilation.
 Conduct regular medical examinations for workers exposed to
respiratory hazards.
2. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss:
 Causes: Prolonged exposure to loud construction site noises, such as heavy
machinery and equipment.
 Symptoms: Gradual hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus).
 Preventive Measures:
 Implement engineering controls, like enclosing noisy equipment or using sound
barriers.
 Provide hearing protection devices, such as earplugs or earmuffs.
 Rotate workers to minimize prolonged exposure to high noise levels.
3. Skin Disorders:
 Causes: Exposure to irritants, chemicals, and prolonged contact with wet
materials.
 Symptoms: Dermatitis, redness, itching, rash, blisters.
 Preventive Measures:
 Use appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves and
protective clothing.
 Implement good hygiene practices, such as regular hand washing.
 Provide training on the safe handling of chemicals and materials.
4. Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs):
 Causes: Repetitive motions, heavy lifting, awkward postures, and vibration from
tools.
 Symptoms: Pain, stiffness, swelling, reduced range of motion.
 Preventive Measures:
 Implement ergonomic practices and proper workstation design.
 Provide lifting aids and training on proper lifting techniques.
 Encourage regular breaks and stretching exercises.
3. What is PPE? What are the regulations needed in using PPES? Discuss the types of PPE used in
various types of hazards.
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment):

PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment. It refers to any equipment or clothing worn by a
person to minimize exposure to specific occupational hazards, ensuring the safety and health of the
individual. PPE is a crucial component of workplace safety, and its use is often regulated to ensure its
effectiveness in protecting workers from various hazards.

Regulations for Using PPE:

 1. Assessment and Selection: Employers are usually required to assess workplace hazards and
select appropriate PPE based on the nature of the work and potential risks.
2. Training: Employers must provide training to workers on the proper use,
maintenance, and limitations of the specific PPE they are required to wear.
3. PPE should fit the individual properly to ensure its effectiveness.
Fit and Comfort:
Uncomfortable or poorly fitting PPE can lead to non-compliance.

Types of PPE Used in Various Types of Hazards:

1. Eye and Face Protection:

 Types: Safety glasses, goggles, face shields.
 Hazards Addressed: Impact, splashes, flying particles, chemical exposure.
2. Head Protection:
 Types: Hard hats, bump caps.
 Hazards Addressed: Falling objects, electrical shock, impacts.
3. Hearing Protection:
 Types: Earplugs, earmuffs.
 Hazards Addressed: Noise-induced hearing loss.
4. Respiratory Protection:
 Types: Dust masks, half-face respirators, full-face respirators.
 Hazards Addressed: Airborne contaminants, dust, fumes, gases.
5. Hand Protection:
 Types: Gloves (e.g., leather, chemical-resistant, cut-resistant).
 Hazards Addressed: Cuts, abrasions, chemicals, punctures.

4. Write down the precautions against the fall of materials and persons, and collapse of structures.
(ii) Discuss the design and construction of scaffolds.

(i) Precautions Against the Fall of Materials and Persons, and Collapse of Structures:

1. Fall Prevention for Persons:

 Guardrails: Install guardrails and toe boards on elevated platforms, walkways, and
edges to prevent falls.
 Use safety nets as a secondary means of fall protection, especially in areas
Safety Nets:
where guardrails are impractical.
 Provide and require the use of personal fall
Personal
arrest Fall Arrest
systems, Systems
including (PFAS):
harnesses, lanyards, and anchor points, for workers at heights.
Fall Prevention for Materials:
 Erect barricades or warning signs to identify areas where overhead work is
2. in progress to prevent individuals from entering the danger zone.
 Secure tools and materials to prevent them from falling when
Barricades:
working at heights.
 Use debris nets to catch and contain falling materials.
Tool Tethers:

Debris Nets:
(ii) Design and Construction of Scaffolds:

1. Scaffold Design:
 Load-Bearing Capacity: Design scaffolds to bear the anticipated loads,
considering the weight of workers, tools, and materials.
 Structural Stability: Ensure the scaffold structure is stable and can withstand
lateral forces, such as wind loads.
 Incorporate guardrails and toe boards to prevent falls
Guardrails and Toe Boards:
from elevated platforms.
 Construct platforms with slip-resistant surfaces and
Platform width
adequate Construction:
for work activities.
Foundation and Base:
2.  Conduct a thorough soil analysis to determine the appropriate
foundation
Soil Analysis: base support for the scaffold.
and
 Ensure the scaffold base is level and on a solid foundation to prevent
instability.
Leveling:

5. (i) Discuss the safety requirement of Power Shovels (Excavators). (ii) Discuss the safety requirement for
Concrete Work Equipment.

(i) Safety Requirements for Power Shovels (Excavators):

Power shovels, also known as excavators, are powerful construction machines used for digging,
lifting, and moving materials. Ensuring the safety of operators and those working in the vicinity of
power shovels is crucial. Here are some safety requirements for power shovels:

1. Operator Training:
 Operators should receive comprehensive training on the safe operation of power
shovels.
 Training programs should cover equipment controls, stability considerations,
load capacity, and emergency procedures.
2. Pre-Operation Inspection:
 Conduct a thorough pre-operation inspection to check for any defects,
malfunctions, or damage.
 Inspect hydraulic systems, cables, safety devices, and structural components
regularly.
3. Stability Considerations:
 Ensure that power shovels are set up on stable ground.
 Avoid working on slopes exceeding the machine's stability limits.
4. Overhead Hazards:
 Be aware of overhead power lines and structures.
 Maintain a safe distance to prevent accidental contact.
(ii) Safety Requirements for Concrete Work Equipment:

Concrete work involves various equipment, including mixers, pumps, and placing booms. Ensuring
the safety of workers involved in concrete construction is vital. Here are safety requirements for
concrete work equipment:

1. Proper Training:
 Workers should receive training on the safe use and operation of concrete
equipment.
 Training should cover handling concrete mixtures, equipment controls, and
emergency procedures.
2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
 Workers should wear appropriate PPE, including hard hats, safety glasses, gloves,
and steel-toed boots.
 Respirators may be required if there is exposure to dust or fumes.
3. Equipment Inspection:
 Conduct regular inspections of concrete mixers, pumps, and placing booms to identify
and address any defects.
 Ensure that safety features, such as emergency stops, are functional.
4. Avoiding Overloading:
 Adhere to the load capacity specifications of concrete mixers and pumps.
 Avoid overloading the equipment, as it can lead to malfunctions or accidents.
7. (i) What do you mean by Occupational Hazard? (ii) Give some examples of occupation and
potential health hazards. (iii) Write short notes on OSHA and Industrial Hygiene.
(i) Occupational Hazard:

An occupational hazard refers to any potential danger or risk in the workplace that can harm the
health, safety, or well-being of workers. These hazards can arise from various factors, including the
nature of the work, the working environment, the tools and equipment used, and the materials handled.
Occupational hazards can lead to injuries, illnesses, or adverse health effects, and they vary across
different industries and occupations.

(ii) Examples of Occupation and Potential Health Hazards:

1. Construction Workers:
 Potential Health Hazards: Falls from heights, exposure to hazardous substances
(e.g., asbestos, silica), noise, and heavy machinery-related injuries.
2. Healthcare Professionals:
 Potential Health Hazards: Exposure to infectious diseases, needlestick injuries,
musculoskeletal disorders from patient lifting, and exposure to hazardous drugs.
Office Workers:
3.
 Potential Health Hazards: Prolonged sitting leading to musculoskeletal issues, eye
strain from computer use, stress-related disorders, and indoor air quality concerns.
(iii) Short Notes on OSHA and Industrial Hygiene:

1. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration):

 Role: OSHA is a federal agency in the United States that is responsible for
enforcing safety and health regulations in the workplace.
 Functions:
 Sets and enforces standards for workplace safety and health.
 Conducts inspections to ensure compliance with regulations.
 Provides training, education, and assistance to employers and workers.
 Promotes a culture of safety and awareness in workplaces.
 Key Regulations: OSHA regulations cover a wide range of topics, including fall
protection, hazard communication, respiratory protection, machine guarding, and
more.
2. Industrial Hygiene:
 Definition: Industrial hygiene is the science and art of anticipating, recognizing,
evaluating, and controlling environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the
workplace that may cause sickness, impaired health, or well-being.
 Objectives:
 Identify and assess workplace hazards.
 Implement controls to minimize or eliminate hazards.
 Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of control measures.
 Conduct exposure assessments and recommend appropriate protective
measures.
Discuss in short (i) Physical Hazard, (ii) Biological Hazard, (iii) Chemical Hazard, (iv) Ionizing and non-ionizing
radiations.

4x2
(i) Physical Hazard:

 Definition : Physical hazards are factors or conditions in the workplace that can cause harm
without necessarily touching or interacting with the substance.
 Examples:
1. Noise: Excessive noise levels can lead to hearing damage.
2. Vibration: Prolonged exposure to vibration can cause musculoskeletal issues.
3. Temperature: Extreme heat or cold can result in heat stress or hypothermia.
4. Exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation can have physical effects
Radiation:
on the body.

(ii) Biological Hazard:

 Definition: Biological hazards involve exposure to organisms or substances that can harm
human health.
 Examples:
1. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can cause
Pathogenic Microorganisms:
infections.
2. Substances that cause allergic reactions, such as pollen or animal
Allergens:
dander.
 3. Bloodborne Pathogens: Viruses like HIV or Hepatitis B transmitted through
blood or bodily fluids.
4. Vector-Borne Diseases: Diseases transmitted by vectors, like mosquitoes
carrying malaria.

(iii) Chemical Hazard:

 Definition: Chemical hazards are substances that can cause harm due to their chemical nature
and properties.
 Examples:
1. Substances that can cause harm through ingestion, inhalation, or skin
Toxic Chemicals:
contact.
2. Chemicals that can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, or respiratory
Irritants:
system.
3. Substances that have the potential to cause cancer.
4. Carcinogens: Substances that can ignite easily and pose a fire hazard.
Flammable Chemicals:

(iv) Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiations:

 Ionizing Radiation:
 Definition: Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons
from atoms, creating ions.
 Examples:
1. X-rays: Used in medical imaging.
2. Gamma rays: Emitted by radioactive materials.
3. Alpha and Beta Particles: Emitted by certain radioactive substances.
 Health Effects: Can cause cellular damage, genetic mutations, and an increased risk of
cancer.
 Non-ionizing Radiation:
 Definition: Non-ionizing radiation has lower energy and cannot remove
electrons from atoms.
 Examples:
1. Microwaves: Used for cooking.
2. Radiofrequency Waves: Used in telecommunications.
3. Infrared Radiation: Heat emitted by objects.
 Health Effects: Generally considered less harmful than ionizing radiation. Can cause
heating of tissues, leading to burns or thermal injuries. Long-term exposure may have
other effects that are still being studied.
9. Writeshort notes on (i) Hazard Evaluation, (ii) Hazard Control
(i) Hazard Evaluation:

Hazard evaluation, also known as risk assessment, is a systematic process used to identify, analyze,
and assess potential hazards in the workplace. The goal is to understand the risks associated with
various tasks, processes, or materials and determine appropriate measures to control or mitigate
these risks. The process typically involves the following steps:

1. Identification of Hazards:
  Identify and list potential hazards in the workplace. This includes physical,
chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards.
2. Risk Analysis:
 Assess the likelihood and severity of each identified hazard. This involves
evaluating the probability of an incident occurring and the potential consequences.

(i) Hazard Evaluation:

Hazard evaluation, also known as risk assessment, is a systematic process used to identify, analyze,
and assess potential hazards in the workplace. The goal is to understand the risks associated with
various tasks, processes, or materials and determine appropriate measures to control or mitigate
these risks. The process typically involves the following steps:

1. Identification of Hazards:
 Identify and list potential hazards in the workplace. This includes physical,
chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards.
2. Risk Analysis:
 Assess the likelihood and severity of each identified hazard. This involves
evaluating the probability of an incident occurring and the potential consequences.

3. Exposure Assessment:
 Determine the level and duration of exposure to the identified hazards. This
helps in understanding the actual risk faced by workers.
4. Risk Prioritization:
 Prioritize risks based on their severity and likelihood. This helps in allocating
resources effectively to address the most significant risks first.
5. Documentation:
 Document the hazard evaluation process, including the identified hazards, risk
assessments, and prioritization. This documentation serves as a basis for developing
control measures and for ongoing monitoring and review.
6. Continuous Monitoring and Review:
 Hazards and risks can change over time. Regularly monitor and review the workplace
to identify new hazards or changes in existing ones. Update hazard
evaluations accordingly.

Effective hazard evaluation provides a foundation for developing and implementing appropriate
control measures to ensure the safety and well-being of workers.

(ii) Hazard Control:

Hazard control involves implementing measures to eliminate or reduce the risks associated with
identified hazards in the workplace. The goal is to create a safer and healthier working environment.
There are several types of hazard controls, and they are often applied in a hierarchy:

1. Elimination or Substitution:
 The most effective control is to eliminate the hazard altogether or replace it with a less
hazardous substance or process. This approach removes the source of risk.
 2. Engineering Controls:
 Engineering controls involve modifying equipment, machinery, or processes to reduce or
eliminate exposure to hazards. Examples include enclosing noisy machinery or installing
ventilation systems to control chemical exposure.

10. (i) What are the roles of Industrial Hygienists?

(ii) Discuss the various steps or components of Industrial Hygiene Program.

4+4

(i) Roles of Industrial Hygienists:

Industrial hygienists play a crucial role in ensuring the health and safety of workers by identifying,
evaluating, and controlling workplace hazards. Their responsibilities encompass a wide range of
activities aimed at preventing occupational illnesses and injuries. Some key roles of industrial hygienists
include:

1. Hazard Identification:
 Identify and assess potential health hazards in the workplace, including
chemical, biological, physical, and ergonomic hazards.
2. Risk Assessment:
 Evaluate the risks associated with workplace exposures to determine the
likelihood and severity of health effects.
3. Exposure Monitoring:
 Conduct regular monitoring of workplace environments to measure the levels
of hazardous substances and assess worker exposures.
4. Health and Safety Training:
 Develop and deliver training programs to educate workers and management about
potential hazards, safe work practices, and the proper use of personal
protective equipment (PPE).

(ii) Steps or Components of Industrial Hygiene Program:

1. Hazard Identification:
 Identify and compile a list of potential hazards in the workplace, considering
chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic factors.
2. Risk Assessment:
 Evaluate the risks associated with identified hazards by considering the
probability and severity of adverse health effects.
3. Exposure Monitoring:
 Conduct systematic exposure monitoring to measure the levels of hazardous
substances in the workplace and assess worker exposures.
4. Engineering Controls:
  Implement engineering controls to eliminate or minimize hazards at the source. This may
involve modifying equipment, processes, or ventilation systems.
5. Administrative Controls:
 Implement administrative controls, including policies, procedures, and work
practices, to reduce worker exposure to hazards.