(i) Which common injuries are observed in the construc on sector?

(ii) Discuss the effect and preven ve measures of any five injuries.

1. Falls:
Effect: Falls from heights are a major concern in construction and can
•
result in serious injuries, including fractures, sprains, and even fatalities.
• Preventive Measures:

• Provide and enforce the use of fall protection equipment such as

harnesses, guardrails, and safety nets.
• Conduct regular safety training on proper use of equipment and
awareness of fall hazards.
• Install warning signs and barriers near unprotected edges.

2. Struck-by Injuries:
• Effect: Workers can be injured when struck by falling or flying objects,
such as tools, materials, or equipment.
• Preventive Measures:

• Implement a strict policy for securing tools and materials when working
at heights.
• Use barricades and warning signs to designate areas where overhead
work is being performed.
• Ensure workers wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE),
including hard hats.

3.Electrical
Injuries:
 Effect: Contact with live wires or faulty electrical equipment can lead to
electric shocks, burns, and in extreme cases, electrocution.

Preventive
Measures:
• Follow proper lockout/tagout procedures when working on electrical
systems.
• Inspect electrical tools and equipment regularly for signs of damage or
wear.
 • Provide electrical safety training to workers and ensure they use
appropriate PPE, such as insulated gloves.

2.Discuss any five common diseases that occur in the construction sector, their causes,
symptoms and preventive measures

1. Respiratory Diseases:
• Causes: Exposure to dust, asbestos, silica, and other airborne
contaminants.
• Symptoms: Respiratory issues, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath,
chest pain.
• Preventive Measures:

• Provide and mandate the use of respiratory protective equipment.

• Implement dust control measures, such as wetting down surfaces and

using local exhaust ventilation.
• Conduct regular medical examinations for workers exposed to
respiratory hazards.
2. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss:
• Causes: Prolonged exposure to loud construction site noises, such as
heavy machinery and equipment.
• Symptoms: Gradual hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus).

• Preventive Measures:

• Implement engineering controls, like enclosing noisy equipment or using

sound barriers.
• Provide hearing protection devices, such as earplugs or earmuffs.

• Rotate workers to minimize prolonged exposure to high noise levels.

3. Skin Disorders:
 Causes: Exposure to irritants, chemicals, and prolonged contact with wet
•
materials.
• Symptoms: Dermatitis, redness, itching, rash, blisters.

• Preventive Measures:

• Use appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves and

protective clothing.
• Implement good hygiene practices, such as regular hand washing. 
Provide training on the safe handling of chemicals and materials.
4. Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs):
• Causes: Repetitive motions, heavy lifting, awkward postures, and
vibration from tools.
• Symptoms: Pain, stiffness, swelling, reduced range of motion.

• Preventive Measures:

• Implement ergonomic practices and proper workstation design.

• Provide lifting aids and training on proper lifting techniques.

• Encourage regular breaks and stretching exercises.

3. What is PPE? What are the regulations needed in using PPES? Discuss the types of
PPE used in various types of hazards.
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment):

PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment. It refers to any equipment or clothing
worn by a person to minimize exposure to specific occupational hazards, ensuring the
safety and health of the individual. PPE is a crucial component of workplace safety, and
its use is often regulated to ensure its effectiveness in protecting workers from various
hazards.

Regulations for Using PPE:

1. Assessment and Employers are usually required to assess workplace
Selection: hazards
2. and select appropriate PPE based on the nature of the work and potential

3. Employers must provide training to workers on the

Training: proper use,
maintenance, and limitations of the specific PPE they are required to wear.
PPE should fit the individual properly to ensure its
Fit and Comfort:
effectiveness.
Uncomfortable or poorly fitting PPE can lead to non-
compliance.
 Types of PPE Used in Various Types of
Hazards:
1. Eye and Face Protection:
• Types: Safety glasses, goggles, face shields.

• Hazards Addressed: Impact, splashes, flying particles, chemical exposure.

2. Head Protection:
• Types: Hard hats, bump caps.

• Hazards Addressed: Falling objects, electrical shock, impacts.

3. Hearing Protection:
• Types: Earplugs, earmuffs.

• Hazards Addressed: Noise-induced hearing loss.

4. Respiratory Protection:
• Types: Dust masks, half-face respirators, full-face respirators.

• Hazards Addressed: Airborne contaminants, dust, fumes, gases.

5. Hand Protection:
• Types: Gloves (e.g., leather, chemical-resistant, cut-resistant).

• Hazards Addressed: Cuts, abrasions, chemicals, punctures.

4.Write down the precautions against the fall of materials and persons, and collapse of
structures.
(ii) Discuss the design and construction of scaffolds.

(i) Precautions Against the Fall of Materials and Persons, and Collapse of
Structures:
1. Fall Prevention for Persons:
• Guardrails: Install guardrails and toe boards on elevated platforms, walkways,
and edges to prevent falls.
• Safety Nets: Use safety nets as a secondary means of fall protection, especially
in areas where guardrails are impractical.
• Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS): Provide and require the use of personal
fall arrest systems, including harnesses, lanyards, and anchor points, for
workers at heights.
2. Fall Prevention for Materials:
 • Barricades: Erect barricades or warning signs to identify areas where
overhead work is in progress to prevent individuals from entering the danger
zone.
• Tool Tethers: Secure tools and materials to prevent them from falling when
working at heights.
• Debris Nets: Use debris nets to catch and contain falling materials.

(ii) Design and Construction of

Scaffolds:
1. Scaffold
Design:
• Load-Bearing Capacity: Design scaffolds to bear the anticipated loads,
considering the weight of workers, tools, and materials.
• Structural Stability: Ensure the scaffold structure is stable and can

withstand lateral forces, such as wind loads.

• Guardrails and Toe Boards: Incorporate guardrails and toe boards to

prevent falls from elevated platforms.

• Platform Construction: Construct platforms with slip-resistant
surfaces and adequate width for work activities.
2. Foundation and
Base:
• Soil Analysis: Conduct a thorough soil analysis to determine the
appropriate

foundation and base support for the scaffold.

• Leveling: Ensure the scaffold base is level and on a solid foundation to
prevent instability.
5. (i) Discuss the safety requirement of Power Shovels (Excavators). (ii) Discuss the safety
requirement for Concrete Work Equipment.
(i) Safety Requirements for Power Shovels
(Excavators):
Power shovels, also known as excavators, are powerful construction machines
used for digging, lifting, and moving materials. Ensuring the safety of operators
and those working in the vicinity of power shovels is crucial. Here are some safety
requirements for power shovels:
 1. Operator Training:
• Operators should receive comprehensive training on the safe operation of
power shovels.
• Training programs should cover equipment controls, stability considerations,
load capacity, and emergency procedures.
2. Pre-Operation Inspection:
• Conduct a thorough pre-operation inspection to check for any defects,
malfunctions, or damage.
• Inspect hydraulic systems, cables, safety devices, and structural components
regularly.
3. Stability Considerations:
• Ensure that power shovels are set up on stable ground.

• Avoid working on slopes exceeding the machine's stability limits.

4. Overhead Hazards:
• Be aware of overhead power lines and structures.

• Maintain a safe distance to prevent accidental contact.

(ii) Safety Requirements for Concrete Work Equipment:

Concrete work involves various equipment, including mixers, pumps, and placing booms.
Ensuring the safety of workers involved in concrete construction is vital. Here are safety
requirements for concrete work equipment:
1. Proper
Training:
• Workers should receive training on the safe use and operation of
concrete equipment.
• Training should cover handling concrete mixtures, equipment controls,
and emergency procedures.
2. Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE):
• Workers should wear appropriate PPE, including hard hats, safety
glasses, gloves, and steel-toed boots.
• Respirators may be required if there is exposure to dust or fumes.
3. Equipment
Inspection:
 • Conduct regular inspections of concrete mixers, pumps, and placing
booms to identify and address any defects.
• Ensure that safety features, such as emergency stops, are functional.
4. Avoiding
Overloading
• Adhere to the load capacity specifications of concrete mixers and
pumps.
• Avoid overloading the equipment, as it can lead to malfunctions or
accidents.
7. (i) What do you mean by Occupational Hazard? (ii) Give some examples
of occupation and potential health hazards. (iii) Write short notes on OSHA
and Industrial Hygiene. (i) Occupational Hazard:

An occupational hazard refers to any potential danger or risk in the workplace

that can harm the health, safety, or well-being of workers. These hazards can arise
from various factors, including the nature of the work, the working environment,
the tools and equipment used, and the materials handled. Occupational hazards
can lead to injuries, illnesses, or adverse health effects, and they vary across
different industries and occupations.
(ii) Examples of Occupation and Potential Health
Hazards:
1. Construction
Workers:
 Potential Health Hazards: Falls from heights, exposure to hazardous
substances (e.g., asbestos, silica), noise, and heavy machinery-related
injuries.
2. Healthcare
Professionals:
 Potential Health Exposure to infectious diseases, needlestick
Hazards: injuries, s from patient lifting, and exposure to
musculoskeletal hazardous
disorder drugs.
3. Office
Workers:
 Potential Health Prolonged sitting leading to musculoskeletal
Hazards:
issues, eye strain from computer use, stress-related disorders, and

concerns.
(iii) Short Notes on OSHA and Industrial
Hygiene:
1. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health
Administration):
 Role: OSHA is a federal agency in the United States that is responsible
for enforcing safety and health regulations in the workplace.

Functions:
• Sets and enforces standards for workplace safety and health.
• Conducts inspections to ensure compliance with regulations.
• Provides training, education, and assistance to employers and
workers.
• Promotes a culture of safety and awareness in workplaces.
 Key OSHA regulations cover a wide range of topics,
Regulations: including fall
protection , hazard communication, respiratory protection, machine
and more. guarding,
2. Industrial
Hygiene
 Definition: Industrial hygiene is the science and art of anticipating,
evaluating recognizing,
the workp , and controlling environmental factors or stresses arising in

Objectivesor from lace that may cause sickness, impaired health, or well-
being.
:
• Identify and assess workplace hazards.
• Implement controls to minimize or eliminate hazards.
• Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of control measures.
• Conduct exposure assessments and recommend appropriate
protective measures.
Discuss in short (i) Physical Hazard, (ii) Biological Hazard, (iii) Chemical Hazard, (iv)
Ionizing and non-ionizing radia ons.
4x2
(i) Physical Hazard:
 Definition
harm with
  Examples: Physical hazards are factors or conditions in the workplace
that can cause out necessarily touching or interacting with
the substance.
1. 2. Noise: Excessive noise levels can lead to hearing damage.
3. Vibration: Prolonged exposure to vibration can cause
4. musculoskeletal issues.
Temperature: Extreme heat or cold can result in heat stress or
Radiation hypothermia. Exposure to ionizing and non-
ionizing radiation can have physical

(ii) Biological Hazard:

 Definition: Biological hazards involve exposure to organisms or
harm human substances
health. that can
 Examples:
1. Pathogenic Microorganisms: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
infections. can cause
2. Allergens: dander.
Substances that cause allergic reactions, such as
pollen or animal
3. Bloodborne Pathogens: Viruses like HIV or Hepatitis B transmitted through
blood or bodily fluids.
4. Vector-Borne Diseases: Diseases transmitted by vectors, like mosquitoes
carrying malaria.
(iii) Chemical Hazard:
 Definition Chemical hazards are substances that can cause harm due to
nature an their chemical d properties.
 Examples:

1. Toxic Substances that can cause harm through ingestion,

Chemicals: inhalation,
2. or skin contact.
Irritants: Chemicals that can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, or
3. respiratory
system.
4.
Carcinogens: Substances that have the potential to cause cancer.

Flammable Substances that can ignite easily and pose a fire

Chemicals: hazard.
(iv) Ionizing and Non-ionizing
Radiations:
• Ionizing Radiation:

• Definition: Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound

electrons from atoms, creating ions.
• Examples:

1. X-rays: Used in medical imaging.

2. Gamma rays: Emitted by radioactive materials.
3. Alpha and Beta Particles: Emitted by certain radioactive substances.
• Health Effects: Can cause cellular damage, genetic mutations, and an
increased risk of cancer.
• Non-ionizing Radiation:

• Definition: Non-ionizing radiation has lower energy and cannot remove

electrons from atoms.
• Examples:

1. Microwaves: Used for cooking.

2. Radiofrequency Waves: Used in telecommunications.
3. Infrared Radiation: Heat emitted by objects.
 Health Effects: Generally considered less harmful than ionizing radiation. Can
cause heating of tissues, leading to burns or thermal injuries. Long-term
exposure may have other effects that are still being studied.
9. Writeshort notes on (i) Hazard Evaluation, (ii) Hazard Control (i) Hazard
Evaluation:

Hazard evaluation, also known as risk assessment, is a systematic process used to identify,
analyze, and assess potential hazards in the workplace. The goal is to understand the risks
associated with various tasks, processes, or materials and determine appropriate measures
to control or mitigate these risks. The process typically involves the following steps:
1. Identification of
Hazards:

 Identify and list potential hazards in the workplace. This includes

physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards.
2. Risk
Analysis:
 Assess the likelihood and severity of each identified hazard. This
involves evaluating the probability of an incident occurring and the
potential consequences.
(i) Hazard Evaluation:

Hazard evaluation, also known as risk assessment, is a systematic process used to

identify, analyze, and assess potential hazards in the workplace. The goal is to
understand the risks associated with various tasks, processes, or materials and
determine appropriate measures to control or mitigate these risks. The process
typically involves the following steps:
1. Identification of
Hazards:
 Identify and list potential hazards in the workplace. This includes
physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards.
2. Risk
Analysis:
 Assess the likelihood and severity of each identified hazard. This
involves evaluating the probability of an incident occurring and the
potential consequences.
3. Exposure
Assessment:
 Determine the level and duration of exposure to the identified hazards.
This helps in understanding the actual risk faced by workers.
4. Risk
Prioritization:
 Prioritize risks based on their severity and likelihood. This helps in
allocating resources effectively to address the most significant risks
first.
5. Documentation:
 Document the hazard evaluation process, including the identified
hazards, risk assessments, and prioritization. This documentation
serves as a basis for developing control measures and for ongoing
monitoring and review.
6. Continuous Monitoring and
Review:
 Hazards and risks can change over time. Regularly monitor and review
the workplace to identify new hazards or changes in existing ones.
Update hazard evaluations accordingly.
Effective hazard evaluation provides a foundation for developing and
implementing appropriate control measures to ensure the safety and well-being of
workers.
(ii) Hazard
Control:
Hazard control involves implementing measures to eliminate or reduce the risks
associated with identified hazards in the workplace. The goal is to create a safer
and healthier working environment. There are several types of hazard controls,
ten applied in a
hierarchy:
1. Elimination or
Substitution:
 The most effective control is to eliminate the hazard altogether or
replace it with a less hazardous substance or process. This approach
removes the source of risk.
2. Engineering
Controls:
 Engineering controls involve modifying equipment, machinery, or
processes to reduce or eliminate exposure to hazards. Examples include
enclosing noisy machinery or installing ventilation systems to control
chemical exposure.

10. (i) What are the roles of Industrial Hygienists?

(ii) Discuss the various steps or components of Industrial Hygiene Program.
4+4
(i) Roles of Industrial
Hygienists:
Industrial hygienists play a crucial role in ensuring the health and safety of
workers by identifying, evaluating, and controlling workplace hazards. Their
responsibilities encompass a wide range of activities aimed at preventing
roles of industrial hygienists
injuries. Some key
include:
1. Hazard
Identification:
 Identify and assess potential health hazards in the workplace, including
chemical, biological, physical, and ergonomic hazards.
 2. Risk
Assessment:
 Evaluate the risks associated with workplace exposures to determine
the likelihood and severity of health effects.
3. Exposure
Monitoring:
 Conduct regular monitoring of workplace environments to measure
the levels of hazardous substances and assess worker exposures.
4. Health and Safety
Training:
 Develop and deliver training programs to educate workers and
management about potential hazards, safe work practices, and the
proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
(ii) Steps or Components of Industrial Hygiene
Program:
1. Hazard
Identification
 Identify and compile a list of potential hazards in the workplace,
considering chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic factors.
2. Risk
Assessment:
 Evaluate the risks associated with identified hazards by considering
the probability and severity of adverse health effects.
3. Exposure
Monitoring
 Conduct systematic exposure monitoring to measure the levels of
hazardous substances in the workplace and assess worker exposures.
4. Engineering
Controls:
 Implement engineering controls to eliminate or minimize hazards at
the source. This may involve modifying equipment, processes, or
ventilation systems.
5. Administrative
Controls:
 Implement administrative controls, including policies, procedures, and
work practices, to reduce worker exposure to hazards.