Steel is the most widely used reinforcing material for

almost all types of concrete construction. It is an

excellent partner of concrete in resisting both
tension and compression stresses.
STEEL BARS
Steel reinforcing bars are provided with distinctive
markings identifying the name of the manufacturer
with its initial brand and the bar size number
including the type of steel bars presented as follows:
In estimating the quantity of steel reinforcing bars,
one has to consider the additional length for the
hook, the bend and the splice whose length varies
depending upon the limitations as prescribed by the
National Building Code.
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT MINIMUM SPLICE LENGHT

TENSION BARS 25 X BAR SIZE + 150 mm

COMPRESSION BARS 20 X BAR SIZE + 150 mm

 Determine the length of the splice joint for 16 mm and 20 mm
steel bars under the following conditions;

A. Tensile reinforcement of a beam

B. Compressive reinforcement of a column

@ 16 mm STEEL BARS

A. 25 x 16 mm + 150 mm
= 550 mm or 55 cm
B.
20 x 16 mm + 150 mm
= 470 mm or 47 cm
@ 20 mm STEEL BARS

A. 25 x 20 mm + 150 mm
= 650 mm or 65 cm
B.
20 x 20 mm + 150 mm
= 550 mm or 55 cm
METAL REINFORCEMENT
A. Concrete Hollow Block Reinforcement
This is the simplest type of vertical and horizontal reinforce-
ment placed in between the layers and the hollow core of
the blocks.
METAL REINFORCEMENT
B. Footing Reinforcements
1. Footing slab reinforcement for small and medium size
footings.
2. Dowels, cut bars, anchor, and bend bars
3. Beam reinforcement for medium construction
4. Beam and slab for large construction
5. Stirrups
METAL REINFORCEMENT
C. Post and Column Reinforcements

1. Main vertical reinforcement

a. Single or
b. Bundled bars

2. Lateral Ties
a. Outer ties
b. Inner ties
c. Straight ties

3. Spiral Ties for circular column

4. Dowels for partitions and other future attachments.

METAL REINFORCEMENT
D. Beam and Girder Reinforcements
1. Main Reinforcement
a. Straight bars
b. Bend bars
c. Additional cut bars for tension and compression
d. Dowel bars for future attachment
2. Stirrups
a. Open stirrups
b. Closed stirrups
c. Straight stirrups or ties
3. Cut Bars
a. Over and across the support
b. Between supports
c. Dowels and hangers for ceiling and partition
METAL REINFORCEMENT
E. Floor Slab Reinforcement

1. Main reinforcements
a. Straight main reinforcing bars extending from on
beam to the other
b. Alternate main reinforcing bars with bend between
and over the beam support. (see figure floor slab
reinforcement)
c. Main alternate bars over Support (beam or girder)
2. Temperature bars tied perpendicular to the main rein-
forcement.
3. Additional alternate cut bars over the support (beam).
4. Dowels and hangers for ceiling and other attachment.
METAL REINFORCEMENT
E. Other Types of Reinforcement

Other special types of reinforcement designed for a

particular structure which may be presented in detail. Not
until after familiarizing with these different parts and types
of reinforcement could one make a sound and reliable
estimate.
1. The main reinforcement of post, column, beam,
girder and she like structures, are determined by the
simple Direct Counting Method, that is, by counting
the number of main vertical reinforcement on one
structure then multiplied by the total number of the
same type or category in the plan.

2. Do not forget to include the additional length for

hook, bend and splices for end lapping joints. The
additional length is the one most often overlooked in
ordering length of steel bars. In ordering steel bars,
always think of minimizing the splices if it cannot be
totally avoided.
3. For other reinforcement parts such as lateral ties,
stirrups, spirals, dowels, cut bars and the like
should be treated or estimated separately one at a
time taking into consideration the additional length
for the hook, bend, and splicing length.

4. After knowing the length of the lateral ties,

stirrups and other similar parts, select the steel
bars from the various commercial lengths of 6.00 to
13.50 meters long where these cut bars could be
obtained avoiding or minimizing unnecessary extra
cuts. Extra cuts are waste when classified as junk
materials.
5. Considering its cost, Tie Wire for reinforcement
joints is a big item in large construction work. The
length of each tie wire should be cut to the minimum
required length based on the diameter of the bars to
be tied on. Indiscriminate cutting of tie wire should
not be permitted.
EXAMPLE;

From Figure 3-6, determine

the number of:

(a) 10 x 20 x 40 cm CHB

(b)Vertical reinforcement
spaced at 80 CRM.

(c)Horizontal reinforcement
at every 3 layers.
1. Solve for the Area of the fence
Area = Length x Height
A = 4.00 x 3.00 m.
A = 12 sq. m.

2. For vertical reinforcement spaced at 80

centimeters, refer to Table 3-5. Under column
length per sq. m. multiply:

12 sq. m. x 1.60 = 19.20 m. long

3. Solve for the horizontal bars at every 3 layers. From
Table 3-5 under Horizontal Reinforcement per square
meter, multiply:

12 sq. m. x 2.15 = 25.80 meters long

4. Add the results of 2 and 3

19.20 + 25.80 = 45.00 meters

5. Convert this value to the commercial length of a steel

bar, say 6.00 meters long, and divide:

45.00 m./ 6.00 = 7.5 order 8 pcs. 10 mm x 6.00 m. long

EXAMPLE;

From Figure 3-6, determine

the number of:

(a) 10 x 20 x 40 cm CHB

(b)Vertical reinforcement
spaced at 80 CRM.

(c)Horizontal reinforcement
at every 3 layers.
Solving the same problem of Illustration 3-2, by the
Unit Block Method, we have the following solution:

1. Find the area of the wall.

Area: = 4.00 x3.00 m. = 12 sq. m.

2. Determine the number of hollow blocks. Refer to

Table 2-2. Multiply:

CHB: = 12 sq. m. x 12.5 = 150 pieces

3. Refer to Table 3-5.

a.) Vertical reinforcement at 80 cm. spacing, length of

steel bar per block; multiply:

150 x 0.128 = 19.2 meters long.

b.) Horizontal bars at every after 3 lavers, refer agail

Table 3-5. length of steel bar per block; multiply

150 x 0.172 = 25.80 meters long.

4. Add the results of (a) and (b)

19.2 + 25.80 = 45.00 meters long

5. Convert this length to the commercial size of steel

bars, say 6.00 meters long. Divide:

45.00 m./ 6.00 = 7.5 order 8 pieces 10 mm x 6.00 m.

LENGTH OF TIE WIRE REINFORCEMENT
The common size of steel bar reinforcement
specified for concrete hollow block work is either; 10 mm,
12 mm, or 16 mm in diameter depending upon the plan and
specifications. For this particular size of reinforcement, a
25 to 40-centimeter-long tie wire folded at the center is
satisfactory.
LENGTH OF TIE WIRE REINFORCEMENT
Continuing the solution of illustration 3-2, find the
require Tie Wire in kilograms if the reinforcements
are spaced at:

1. Vertical bars spaced at 80 centimeters and one

horizonl bars at every after 3 layers of the block.

2. Vertical bars at 60 centimeters and one

horizontal bar every after 2 layers of the block

3. Tie wire in kilograms.

1. Solve for the wall area.

Area = 4.00 x 3.00

A = 12 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 3-6. Along 80 cm, vertical spacing

and 3 layers horizontal spacing of reinforcement at
30 cm. Tie wire, multiply:

12 sq. m. X .024 =.29 kgs. # 16- G.l. wire

1. Find the wall area.

Area = 4.00 x 3.00 = 12 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 3-6. Along 60 cm. vertical spacing

with one horizontal bar at every after 2 layers of
block and using 30 cm. tie wire, multiply:

12 sq. m. x .044 = 0.53 kilograms # 16 G.I. wire.

Independent column footing is also referred to as
individual or isolated footing. The ACI Code provides
that the minimum underground protective covering of
concrete to steel reinforcement shall not be less than
7.5 centimeters.
FOOTINGS
The reinforcement for this type of structure is determined by
direct counting from the detailed plan under the following
procedures:

1. Know the actual dimensions of the footing as to its length

and width.

2. Consider the 7.5 cm minimum underground protective

covering of concrete.

3. If the plan does not specify hook or bend of the footing

reinforcement, the length of the bar is equal to the length
or width of the footing minus the 7.5 cm protective covering
at both ends.
4. If the plan indicates hook or bend of the reinforcement,
the bar cut should include the allowances for the hook
and band as presented in Figure 3-4 and 3-5.

5. Know the spacing distance of the steel bars both ways to

determine the exact number required. As much as possible,
select the appropriate commercial length of steel
bar which is divisible by the required cut length to avoid
unwanted cuts.
From the figure, find the number of 12 mm steel bars required
if there are 24 footings having a general dimensions of1.50 x
1.50 meters.
1. Find the net length of one cut reinforcing bar.
Net length is = 1.5 – 2(0.075)
L = 1.35 meters

2. Find the total number of these cut bars in one

footing.
(10)(2) = 20 pcs. of 12 mm at 1.35 m long

3. Find the total number of cut bars in 24 footings.

Total of cut bars: (24)(20) = 480 pcs.
4. If 6 meters long steel bar will be used, how many
cuts will we obtain?
6.00/1.35 = 4.44 pcs.

5. Divide the result of step 3 by step 4 to get the

number of 6 meters steel bar required.
480/4.0 = 120 pieces steel bars at 6 meters long
From the figure, determine the number of 12 mm. diameter
steel bars including the tie wire in kilograms if there are 30
pieces of 1.15 m. x 1.15 m. independent square footing.
A.) NUMBER OF 12MM DIAMETER STEEL BARS:

1. Find the net length of one cut reinforcing bar.

Net length is = 1.15 - 2(0.075) + 0.20 hook
L = 1.20 meters

2. Find the total of cut bars in one footing.

(6)(2) = 12 pcs. per footing

3. Find the total number of cut bars in 30 footings.

Total of cut bars: (30)(12) = 360 pcs.
4. If 6 meters long steel bar will be used, how many
cuts will we obtain?
6.00/1.20 = 5 pcs.

5. Divide the result of step 3 by step 4 to get the

number of 6 meters steel bar required.
360/5.0 = 72 pieces of 12mm at 6m steel bars

B.) TIE WIRE IN KILOGRAMS:

1. Looking at the plan of the figure. There are 36

steel bar intersections to be tied up with G.I Wire:
(6)(6) = 36 ties per footing
2. Solve for the total ties of 30 footings:
(30)(36) = 1080 ties

3. If 1 tie is 30cm long, find the total length of 1080

ties:
(0.30)(1080) = 324 meters long

4. Convert this length to kilograms. Using the value of

53 meters per kilogram, divide;
324/53 = 6.1 kilograms #16 G.I Wire
The reinforcement of post and column to be
considered in this study are: (a.) The main or vertical
reinforcement, (b.) The lateral ties or (c.) Spiral ties
for circular column.
COLUMNS
The quantity and length of the main reinforcement is
determined by the "Direct Counting Method" giving special
attention to the additional length for:

a. Lap joints of end splices

b. Allowance for bending and or hook

c. Additional length for beam depth and floor thickness if

the height indicated in the plan is from floor to ceiling.

d. Distance from floor to footing slab.

e. Provisions for splices of succeeding floors.

From the following figure, list down the main reinforcement
from the footing to the second floor using 20 mm if there are
10 columns in the plan.
1. Determine the total length of the main steel bar
reinforcements.
a. Bend at the base footing......................0.20
b. Length from footing to ground floor......1.20
c. Height from ground line to beam..........3.50
d. Depth of beam.....................................0.50
e. Thickness of the floor slab...................0.15
f. Dowel for second floor (20 x 20 mm).....0.40

Total Length of the Reinforcement =

0.20 + 1.20 + 3.50 + 0.50 + 0.15 + 0.40 = 5.95m
2. Multiply by number of bars in one post x 10 post.
(8)(10) = 80 pcs.

3. Order:
80 pcs. 20mm x 6.00 meters long steel bars.
The Direct Counting so far is the best method in
determining the number of main reinforcement of
beam and girder. The length however, is determined
by the physical condition of the structures in relation
with their support.
1. Verify the plan if the span or distance of the column where
the beam is resting indicates the following conditions:
2. Verify the splicing position of the reinforcement
if it is adjusted to the commercial length of steel
bars. Take note that "the lesser the splice the lesser
is the cost".

3. Identify the bars with hook and bend for

adjustment of their order length.
Tied column has reinforcement consisting of vertical
bars held in a position by lateral reinforcement
called lateral ties.

The ACI Code provides that: All non pre-stressed

bars for tied column shall be enclosed by lateral ties
of at least No. 3 in size for longitudinal bars No. 10 or
smaller and at least No. 4 in size for No. 11 to 18 and
bundled longitudinal bars
The Code Simply Means That:
a.) If the main longitudinal reinforcement of a tied column
is No. 10 bars or smaller in size (lower than 30 mm), the
lateral ties should not be smaller than No. 3 bar or 10 mm
diameter.

b.) If the main reinforcement of a tied column is 35 mm to

65 mm in diameter, the lateral ties should not be less than
12 mm diameter.
Maximum Spacing of Ties

a.) 16x the longitudinal bar diameter

b.) 48x the lateral tie bar diameter

c.) The least dimension of the column

Determine the spacing distance of the lateral ties for a tied
column as shown in the following figure.
1. Determine the spacing distance of the lateral ties.
a.) (16)(20) mm = 320 mm or 32 cm
b.) (48)(10) mm = 480 mm or 48 cm
c.) The least side of the column is = 30 cm

2. The lowest value is 30. Therefore, adopt 30

centimeters spacing of the lateral ties.
 When we bend a steel bar, the length of the bar slightly
increased due to stretching in the bending area. The formulas
for bend deduction are:
Where d = diameter
of the bar.

Minimum Length of
Hook: 75 mm

For 45° bend = 1 x d For 90° bend = 2 x d

For 135° Bend = 3 x d For 180° bend = 4 x d

A building has 26 square columns 7.00 m. high with cross
sectional dimensions of 0.50 x 0.50 m. with 8 pieces of 20 mm
main reinforcement. Find the lateral ties required using 10 mm
and the corresponding tie wire.
1. Determine the spacing of the lateral ties.
a.)(16)(20) = 320 mm or 32 cm
b.)(48)(10) mm = 480 mm or 48 cm
c.)The least side of the column is = 50 cm

2. Adopt 32 cm spacing of the lateral ties being the

smallest value.

3. Determine the lateral ties in one column.

Spacing = 7.00 m ht./0.32 m = 21.875 or let’s say 22
4. Take note that this 22 is the spacing between
lateral ties. What we are after is the number of ties
in one column height. Add one to get the number of
lateral ties.
No. of lateral ties: 22 + 1 = 23 pcs.

5. Now, let’s solve for the total lateral ties in the 26

columns.
Total ties: (23)(26 columns) = 598 ties.

6. Determine the length of one lateral tie. By

inspection, the tie is 180 cm or 1.80 meters long.
 Length = 42(4) + 7.5(2) - (1)(5)(2)
= 173 or let’s say 180

7. Find how many 1.80 meters could be derived from

a commercial length of steel bars ranging from
6.00 m, 7.50 m, or 9.00 meters long. By trial division,
we have:
6.00/1.80 = 3.33 7.50/1.80 = 4.16

9.00/1.80 = 5.0
8. From the above results, select 5 for having the
exact value, which means exactly 5 pieces could be
derived from a 9.00 meters long steel bar.

9. Divide the total number of ties in step 5 by the

values found in step 7 to get the number of steel
bars required.
598/5.0 = 119.6 or 120

10. Order:
120 pcs. 10mm x 9.00 meters long steel bars
Stirrup is the structural reinforcing member that holds
or binds together the main reinforcement of a beam
or girder to a designed position. The two types of
stirrup commonly used are the open stirrups and the
closed stirrups.
The procedures adopted in estimating the number of
stirrups for beam and girder is the same as that of
the lateral ties as explained using Table 3-8.

However, the spacing distance of the stirrup requires

special consideration because they are gradually
becoming closer towards the support. Hence, it is
important to get the average number of stirrups per
span or by direct counting from the detailed plan.
A reinforced concrete beam with a cross-sectional dimensions
as shown below, specify the use of 10 mm open stirrups. If
there are 16 beams of the same design, find the materials
required for the stirrups.
L1 = 23 + 33 + 33 + 7.5 +7.5 - 2(2)(1) - 2(3)(1)
L1 = 94 say 95 cm.

n = (17 stirrups per beam) x (16 beams)

n = 272 stirrups

272/5 = 54.4 say 55 pcs - 10 mm dia. x 5.00 meters

From the figure, compute the number of 12 mm stirrups
required if there are 12 girder of the same design.
L1 = 42 + 42 + 30 + 30 + 7.5 + 7.5 - 3(2)(1.2) - 2(3)(1.2)
L1 = 144.6 say 145 cm.

n = (15 stirrups per girder) x (12 girders)

n = 180 stirrups

180/4 = 45 pcs - 12 mm dia. x 6.00 meters

The spiral reinforcement consist of evenly spaced
continuous spirals held firmly in place by at least
three vertical bar spacers under different
considerations
Considerations
1. That the center to center spacing of the spiral should
not exceed 6th part of the diameter core.

2. That the clear spacing between the spirals should not

exceed 7.5 centimeters nor less than 5.0 centimeters.

3. That the clear spacing between the spirals be less

than 1-1/2 times the biggest size of the coarse
aggregate.
A spiral column reinforce sectional diameter of 50 cm.
requires 10 mm spiral reinforcement as shown in the following
figure. If there are 14 columns at 7.00 meters high, find the
number of 10 mm steel bars needed for a 5 cm. pitch spirals.
L = (7 meters per column) * (14 columns)
L = 98 meters

98 x 4.919 = 482.1 say 483 - 10 mm dia. x 6.00 meters

For tie wire:

n = (12 ties per turn) * (21 turns per meter height)
n = 252 ties per meter height

N = (252 ties per meter height) * (98 meters)

N = 24,696 ties

LT = 24,696 x 0.30 = 7,409 meters

7,409/53 = 139.8 say 140 kilograms
One of the most commonly used concrete floor systems is
the solid slab that is continuous over parallel supports.
The supports may consist of bearing walls of masonry or
a set of evenly spaced concrete beams. The principal
reinforcement runs in one direction parallel to the slab
span and perpendicular to the supports.
From figure of a one-way reinforced concrete slab,
determine the number of 12 mm steel bars including the tie
wire required. Use 15 cm spacing.
A = 4.70 x 4.30 = 20.21 sqm.
20.21 x 2.584 = 52.22

53 pcs - 12 mm dia. x 6.00 meters

For tie wire:

20.21 x 0.228 = 4.61

5 kilograms #16 G.I wire

From the following floor plan, find the quantity of steel
bars and the tie wire required using 12 mm by 7.50
meters steel bars
A = 7.20 x 7.00 = 50.40 sqm.
50.40 x 2.381 = 120

120 pcs - 12 mm dia. x 7.50 meters

For tie wire:

50.40 x 0.307 = 15.47

15.5 kilograms #16 G.I wire
Two-way slabs are slabs that are supported on
four sides. In two-way slabs, the load will be
carried in both directions, thus main
reinforcement is provided in both directions for
two-way slabs.
From the figure, determine the number of 12 mm steel
spaced at 10 cm on center including the tie wire required.
A = 7.20 x 7.20 = 51.84 sqm.
51.84 x 3.337 = 173

173 pcs - 12 mm dia. x 7.50 meters

For tie wire:

51.84 x 0.648 = 33.6

37 kilograms #16 G.I wire
These pipes are typically used in roadway and
site development, as they are designed to convey
a very large amount of liquid volume and built to
withstand environmental stressors.
From the following figure, determine the quantity of 10
mm steel bars and tie wires required.
Inner Diameter = 90 cm
Outer Diameter = 110 cm
Reinforcement Ring = 100 cm

C = 3.14 x 1 meter = 3.14 meters

Total Length of Ring plus Splice = 3.29 meters

1.00/0.15 = 6.7 say 7 spaces

Total rings = 7 + 1 = 8 pcs - 10 mm dia. x 3.29 meters
Temperature bars = 6 pcs - 10 mm dia. x 1.00 meter

For Tie Wire:

8 x 6 = 48 ties
48 x 0.4 = 19.2 say 20 meters
20/53 = 0.377 say 0.50 kilograms #16 G.I. wire