Chemistry - Bridge Course Material 2024-25

` KKP / MYP CE NTRE
CHEMISTRY MATERIAL
2024-2025
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. BASICS OF CHEMISTRY 2 TO 14
2. MOLE CONCEPT 14 TO 36
3. STOICHIOMETRY 37 TO 45
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2 BASICS OF CHEMISTRY
BASICS OF CHEMISTRY
Day-1
(atom, molecule and ions and atomic number)
Element:
The simplest part of matter which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical
processes (except by nuclear reactions) is known as an element.
Example: Oxygen, hydrogen, mercury, silver, carbon, uranium are some elements.
From the above definition it is clear that “elements are the pure substances made up of only one kind of
particles called “atoms”. For example, graphite is one form of carbon element and consists of only one kind of
atoms called carbon atoms.
Atom
An atom can be defined as “the smallest particle of an element which takes part in the chemical reaction’’.
Atoms of all elements are not alike. Atoms may or may not have an independent existence. Atoms of most of
the elements are highly reactive.
Molecules Do you Know

Two or more atoms of same element or different elements combine to form a Hydrogen is the most
molecule. Atoms of same element combine to form a molecule of an element abundant element in the
and atoms of different elements combine in a definite proportion to form a universe, while the
molecule of a compound. oxygen is the most
2 Hydrogen atoms  1 molecule of Hydrogen abundant element in the
earth’s crust.
2 Hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom  1 water molecule
Atomicity
The number of atoms present in one molecule of an element is called its atomicity. Based upon the
atomicity, the elements are classified as follows:
Mono–atomic elements (mono one)

The elements having atomicity one are called mono atomic elements.
Argon (Ar), Helium (He), Sodium (Na), Neon (Ne) etc., are mono–atomic elements.
Diatomic elements (Di  two)

The elements having atomicity two are called diatomic elements.
Hydrogen gas(H2), oxygen gas(O2), chlorine gas(Cl2), Bromine(Br2) etc., are diatomic elements.
Tetra atomic elements (tetra four)

The elements with atomicity four are known as tetra atomic elements.
Phosphorus (P4) is tetra atomic element.
Octa atomic elements (octa eight)

The elements with atomicity eight are called octa atomic elements
Example; Sulphur (S8), Selenium (Se8) etc.
Polyatomic elements (poly many)

Elements that are having atomicity more than two are called polyatomic elements.
Examples: P4, S8, Se8 and B12 are some polyatomic elements.
BASICS OF CHEMISTRY 3
Valency
Combining capacity of an element is known as its valency.
or
The number of hydrogen atoms or the number of halogen atoms (F, Cl, I) or double the number of oxygen
atoms with which one atom of the element combines.
For example, 1. In NH3, valency of N is 3.
2. In CCl4 valency of C is 4.
3. In CO2, valency of C is 4.
Valency can also be defined as the number of electrons lost or gained by an atom or group of atoms.
+
Examples: Na (valency 1) SO42 (valency2) etc.
Radicals or ions
An atom or group of atoms either with positive charge or negative charge and exist independently are called
radicals (ions). They are of two types:
 Radicals that are formed by the loss of electrons called electropositive radicals or basic radicals
 Radicals that are formed by the gain of electrons are called electronegative radicals or acidic
radicals.
Ions are formed when an atom loses or gains one or more electrons. Ions are of two types
(i) Cation: A cation (positive ion) is formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.

e
For example A   A1 (unipositive ion)

2e
A   A 2 (bipositive ion)
Cations are positively charged ions.
(ii) Anion: An anion (negative ion) is formed when an atom gains one or more electrons.
For example

e
A   A  (uninegative ion)

2e
A   A 2 (binegative ion)
Anions are negatively charged ions.
Let us learn the names and symbols of basic radicals and acidic radicals.
Mono valent basic radicals

Name Symbol Name Symbol
Ammonium NH4 Potassium K
Copper Cu Phosphonium PH4
Hydrogen H Rubidium Rb

Gold Au Silver Ag
Lithium Li Sodium Na
Mercury Hg
Mono valent acidic radicals

Fluoride F1 Hydroxide OH1
Chloride Cl1 Nitrite NO12
Bromide Br1 Nitrate NO13
Iodide I1 Cyanide CN1
Hypochlorite ClO1 Superoxide O12
Chlorite ClO21 Formate HCOO1
Chlorate ClO13 Acetate CH3 COO1

Hydride H1 Permanganate MnO14
Bivalent basic radicals

Barium Ba2 Magnesium Mg2
Calcium Ca2  Manganese Mn2 

Iron Fe2  Mercury Hg2
Lead Pb2 Nickel Ni2
Copper Cu2 Radium Ra2
Cobalt Co2  Strontium Sr 2 
Cadmium Cd2 Zinc Zn2
Bivalent acidic radicals

Name Symbol
Oxide O2 
Peroxide  O 2 2 
Sulphide  S 2 
Carbonate  CO3 2
Sulphate  SO4 2
Sulphite  SO3 2
Trivalent basic radicals

Name Symbol
Antimony Sb3 
Gold Au3 
Arsenic As3 
Aluminium Al3 
Chromium Cr 3 
Cobalt Co3 
Manganese Mn3 
Iron Fe3 
Trivalent acidic radicals

Name Symbol
Aluminate
 AlO3 3
Arsenide As3 
Phosphite
PO3 3
Phosphate
PO4 3
Phosphide P3 
Nitride N3 
Tetravalent basic radicals

Name Symbol
Platinum Pt 4 
Tin(stannic) Sn4 
Lead (plumbic) Pb 4 
Tetravalent Acidic radicals

Name Symbol
Ferrocyanide Fe  CN 
4
 6
Carbide C4 
Pentavalent basic radicals

Name Symbol
Antimony Sb5 
Arsenic As5 
Variable valency
It has been found that certain metals exhibit more than one valency. In such a situation metals are said to
exhibit variable valency.
How to name element with two different valencies

If an element exhibits two different positive valences then suffix -ous is attached at the end of the name of
the element for lower valency and the suffix –ic is attached at the end of the name of the element for higher
valency.
Example
Iron exhibits two types of valencies 2 & 3. The lower valency (+2) is the –ous form and the higher valency
(+3) is the –ic.
+2
Fe ---- Ferrous
+3
Fe ----- Ferric
Note: Symbol of the element with variable valency remains same but the valency changes.
Elements Valency Name Symbol
2+
+2 Ferrous Fe
1. Iron 3+
+3 Ferric Fe
+
+1 Cuprous Cu
2. Copper 2+
+2 Cupric Cu
+1 Mercurous Hg22
3. Mercury
2+
+2 Mercuric Hg
2+
+2 Plumbous Pb
4. Lead 4+
+4 Plumbic Pb
2+
+2 Stannous Sn
5. Tin 4+
+4 Stannic Sn
+
+1 Aurous Au
6. Gold 3+
+3 Auric Au
Objective:
1 Which of the following represents perchlorate ion?

(B) ClO 2 (C) ClO 3 (D) ClO 4
–
(A) ClO
2. Formula of Ferro cyanide is

4 3 4 4
(A) Fe  CN6  (B) Fe  CN6  (C) Fe  CN5  (D) Fe  CN4 
3. Which is not a trivalent radical?

(A) Aluminate (B) Plumbate (C) Arsenite (D) Arsenate
4. Which is not a basic radical?

(A) Platinum ion (B) Tin ion (C) Lead ion (D) Silicate ion
5. The formula of carbonate ion is ______

(A) CO3 (B) CO32 (C) HCO3 (D) CO33
6. What is the formula for sulphate radical?

(A) SO2 (B) SO 42 (C) SO 32 (D) SO3
7. Which among the following radicals is tetravalent?

(A) Platinum (B) Carbonate (C) Barium (D) Sodium
8. The charge on phosphide ion is

(A) – 2 (B) + 2 (C) – 3 (D) + 3
9. Charge on Peroxide Ion is

(A) +1 (B) +2 (C)-2 (D) -3
10. Which of the following ions are formed by loss of electron(s)?

(A) Magnesium ion (B) Oxide ion (C) Bromide ion (D) Chloride ion
11. Charge on Superoxide Ion is

(A) +1 (B) +2 (C) -0.5 (D) -3
12. Which of the following ions are formed by gain of electron(s)?

(A) Magnesium ion (B) ammounium ion (C) potassium ion (D) Chloride ion
13. Number of oxygen atoms present in one ion of oxalate

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 1
14. The charge on phospate ion is

(A) – 2 (B) + 2 (C) – 3 (D) + 3
15. The charge on borate ion is

(A) – 2 (B) + 2 (C) – 3 (D) + 3
KEY
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. B
6. B 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. A
11. C 12. D 13. C 14. C 15. C
Day-2
(Writing chemical formula)
Chemical formula
Symbolic representation of a molecule of a compound is called chemical formula of that substance.
Example: CaCO3 represents the chemical formula of marble.
Chemical compounds are of different types based on the type of elements present in it. They are
(i) Binary compounds

The compounds that are made up of two different elements are called diatomic elements. These are
the simplest compounds.
Examples: H2S, CCl4, H2O, CO2, SO2 etc.
(ii) Ternary compounds

The compounds made up of three different elements are known as tri atomic elements.
Examples: H2SO3, H2CO3 etc.
Chemical formula denotes the exact number of atoms of different elements present in a chemical
substance.
How to write a chemical formula: One has to follow the following rules to write the formula of compounds
1. Positive and negative radicals are written side by side with their charges (First positive radical and
then negative radical).
2. The charges are interchanged and written as the subscript and signs are removed.
3. In the final formula there should be no sign. If the subscripts are same, it can be cancelled. No need
of writing 1 in the formula.
4. If the radical contains two or more atoms (compound radical), then it is enclosed in a bracket.
Example:
1. Calcium phosphate
Step1 Step2 Step3
Ca2 PO34 Ca3 PO 4 2
Ca 2  PO 34 
Calcium Phosphate
2. Potassium ferrocyanide
Step1 Step2 Step3
K 4 Fe  CN6 
4
K1 Fe  CN 
Potassium  6
K1+ [Fe(CN)6]4
Ferrocyanide
Catapult : What is the valency of carbon and magnesium in CO2 and MgO respectively?
In CO2, valency of carbon is 4.
In MgO, valency of magnesium is 2.
Naming Chemical compounds from their formulae:

The following rules are applied in naming a compound.
Rule 1 – In binary compounds if one of them is metal the metal is the name first and non-metallic part is
given a suffix “ide” at the end
Eg: NaCl --- Sodium Chloride
Mg3N2 --- Magnesium nitride
Rule 2 – The compound containing two non-metals are named by sing prefix like mono, di, tri etc, which
denotes the number of atoms present in the compound.
Eg: CO -- Carbon monoxide
CO2 -- Carbon dioxide
SO3 -- Sulphur trioxide
Rule 3 – In tertiary compounds, one of which is oxygen and name with suffix – ate at the end provided there
is only one such compound.
If there are two compounds the one with more oxygen is named with suffix – ate ending and the one with less
oxygen is name with – ite as the suffix.
Eg: NaNO3 ----- Sodium nitrate
NaNO2 ----- Sodium nitrite
CaSO4 ----- Calcium sulphate
CaSO3 ----- Calcium sulphite
Rule 4 - If in a compound oxygen is less than the oxygen present in a compound ending with – ite then it is
given the prefix hypo –, in the beginning and if oxygen is present in a compound ending with –ate is more,
then it is given the prefix per- in the beginning.
KClO ---- Potassium hypochlorite
KClO2 ---- Potassium chlorite
KClO3 ---- Potassium chlorate
KClO4 ---- Potassium perchlorate
Objective:
1. Formula of chromic acid is H2CrO4. Formula of divalent metal chromate is
(A) MCrO4 (B) M2CrO4 (C) M2(CrO4)3 (D) M3CrO4
2. If a compound has a formula A2B3 then nitride of A is

(A) AN (B) A2N3 (C) A3N2 (D) AN3
3. If the formula of metal sulphate is MSO4 then formula of metal chloride is

(A) MCl2 (B) MCl3 (C) MCl (D) M2Cl
4. Atomic number of chlorine is 17 what is the no. of protons

(A) 17 (B) 34 (C) 9 (D) 18
2- +
5. Oxalate ion is C2O4 and ammonium ion is NH4 . The formula of Ammonium oxalate is
(A) NH4C2O4 (B) NH4(C2O4)2 (C) (NH4)2C2O4 (D) (NH4)3(C2O4)2
6. The phosphate radical is written as PO 34 , and then what is the formula of sodium phosphate?
(A) Na2PO4 (B) Na3PO4 (C) Na4PO4 (D) Na2HPO4
7. The valency of iron in Fe2O3 is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
8. The formula of the compound formed by the following pairs of ions is Magnesium ion, nitride ion.
(A) Mg N (B) N3Mg2 (C) Mg N2 (D) Mg3N2
9. Which of the following statement is not true?

(A) The formula of silver nitrate is AgNO3 (B) The formula of sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO3
(C) The formula of Aluminium chloride is AlCl2 (D) The formula of copper sulphate is CuSO4
10. When nitric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide the salt formed will have the following acidic radical
and basic radical
(A) Acidic radical NO3 basic radical OH (B) Acidic radical NO32 basic radical Na
– 2+
(C) Acidic radical NO3 basic radical Na (D) Acidic radical Na basic radical NO3
+ +
11. The ionic charges of the group in parenthesis (brackets) in Ca3 PO 4 2 is
(A) 3 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 2
–
12. Formula of Barium nitrate is Ba NO3 2 . Formula of Barium chloride is

(A) BCl2 (B) BaCl2 (C) BCl3 (D) BaCl
13. What is the formula of Iodic acid?

(A) HIO2 (B) HIO3 (C) HI (D) HIO
14. What is the formula of Periodic acid?

(A) HIO2 (B) HIO3 (C) HIO4 (D) HIO
15. What is the formula of Alminium nitride?

(A)AlN (B) Al2N3 (C) AlN3 (D) Al3N
KEY
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. C
6. B 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. C
11. A 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. A
Day- 3
(Atomic number, mass number, isotopes, isobars, isotones)
 Subatomic particles
The atoms of all elements (except hydrogen) contain mainly three subatomic particles, namely electrons,
protons and neutrons and are also called fundamental particles. Hydrogen contains one proton and one
electron and does not contain neutron.
Electron
 An electron is a negatively charged particle and was discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1879.
 Charge of an electron is 1.602  1019 coulombs or 4.8  1010 esu and the relative charge of an
electron is taken as 1.
 Mass of an electron is 9.11  1028 g or 0.000548 amu (amu  atomic mass unit, 1 amu = 1.66 
1
1024 g) or th parts of the mass of a Hydrogen atom.
1837
e
 The mass of the electron is calculated form the formula, m  where e = charge of electron and
e/m
e/m = specific charge of electron.
Proton
 A proton is a positively charged particle and was discovered by E. Goldstein in 1886.
 The charge of a proton is 1.602  1019 coulombs or 4.8  1010 esu and the relative charge of a
proton is taken as +1.
 Mass of a proton is 1.6725  1024 g or 1.007279 amu or equal to the mass of one hydrogen atom.
e
 The mass of a proton is calculated by using the formula, m  where ‘e’ is the charge of the
e/m
proton and e/m is the specific charge of the proton.
Neutron
 A neutron is a neutral particle and was discovered by Chadwick in 1932.
 Mass of a neutron is 1.6748  1024 g or 1.008665 amu.
 Atoms are neutral (as they contain same number of electrons and protons).
Nucleus
 The central part of the atom is nucleus.
 The extra nuclear part that is the space around the nucleus contains electrons.
 Electrons revolve round the nucleus continuously with a high speed.
The radius of the nucleus is of the order of 10 m and that of the atom is of the order of 1010 m.
–14

The volume of the nucleus is of the order of 1045 m and that of the atom is of the order of 10 m .
3 –30 3

 Sub-atomic particles in the nucleus of an atom, i.e. proton and neutrons are called as Nucleons
Particles Electron Proton Neutron

28 24
Mass (g) 9.10939  10 g 1.672 10 g 1.675 1024 g
9.10939  1031 kg 1.672 1027 kg 1.675 1027 kg
0.000548 amu 1.007277 amu 1.008665 amu
Electrical charge 1.6022  1019 +1.6022  1019 0
4.8  1010 esu +4.8  1010 esu
Charge unit 1 +1 0
1 1
1H, 1P
0
Symbol 1e
1
0n
Atomic number (Z)

The atomic number of an element is defined as the no of unit positive charges present in the nucleus of an
atom of that element.
 It denotes the number of protons or the number of electrons in the neutral atom.
 The chemical identity of an atom can be determined solely by its atomic number
Eg: Carbon atomic number is 6. This means that each neutral carbon atom has 6 protons and 6
electrons.
Mass Number (A)

The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an element.
 Mass number is also called nucleon number and it is denoted
by letter A.
Mass number = no. of protons + number of neutrons

= Atomic number + number of neutrons
A =Z +n
or n = A – Z
Symbolic representation of elements

The atom of an element X having mass number (A) and atomic number (Z) may be represented by a symbol,
Atomic Terms
1. Isotopes: Atoms of same element, having same atomic number but different mass numbers are
called isotopes.
Mass number of all the atoms of same element is not same. The chemical properties of an element
remain the same irrespective of their mass numbers.
Examples: Hydrogen has three isotopes. They are (a) Protium or ordinary hydrogen
(b) Deuterium
(c) Tritium
Isotope Symbol Mass number (A) Atomic number (Z) Number of neutrons
Protium ( 11H )H 1 1 0
Deuterium ( 12 H )D 2 1 1
Tritium ( 13 H )T 3 1 2
35 37
Chlorine has two isotopes 17 Cl and 17 Cl .
Isotope Mass number Atomic Number of Number of Number of

number electrons protons neutrons
35 35 17 17 17 18
17 Cl
37 37 17 17 17 20
17 Cl
Carbon is mainly 126 C . However it has two more isotopes 13 14

6 C and 6 C .
16 17 18
Oxygen is mainly 8O . However it has two more isotopes 8O and 8O .
20 21 22
Neon is mainly 10 Ne . However it has two more isotopes 10 Ne and 10 Ne .
Properties of Isotopes
1. Chemical properties of all isotopes are identical.
2. All isotopes of same element have same number of valence electrons or valency.
3. The physical properties such as mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc, of isotopes of same
element is different due to the neutron number variation, present in the nucleus.
Isotopes of Carbon
Isotopes of Hydrogen
 The element having maximum number of naturally occurring isotopes is Sn

(Number of isotopes = 10)
 It should be noted that isotopes were discovered by Soddy (1911) in radioactive elements. Now
isotopes of almost all the elements are known. About 350 isotopes occur naturally on earth and 1500
have been prepared artificially.
2. Isobars: The atoms of different elements which have the same mass number, but different atomic
numbers are called isobars.
14 14
Examples: 6 C and 7 N
40 40
18 Ar and 20 Ca
3. Isotones: Atoms of different elements having same number of neutrons are called isotones.
11 12
Examples: (i) 5 B, 6 C
(ii) 12 H, 32He
4. Isodiaphers: Atoms having same isotopic number are isodiaphers. Isotopic number means np,
A2p or A2Z where n, p, A and Z are number of neutrons, number of protons, mass number and
atomic number respectively.
11 19 23 27
Examples: (i) 5 B, 9 F (ii) 11 Na, 13 Al
Objective:
2+
1. The number of electrons protons and neutrons present in a Ca ion (A=40) is
(A) 20, 18, 20 (B) 20, 20, 18 (C) 18, 20, 20 (D) 18, 18, 20
+ – 2+
2. The number of electrons present in Na , F , Ca respectively are
(A) 10, 10, 10 (B) 10, 10, 18 (C) 10, 10, 20 (D) 11, 9, 20
+
3 Which of the following is the isoelectronic with NH4 ion?
(A) Na (B) Ne (C) F (D) all of these
4. If W is the Mass number and N is the atomic number of an element, the number of
(A) electrons = W – N (B) neutrons = W – N
(C) Protons = W – N (D) electrons = W
5. Which of the following atoms contains the least number of neutrons?
(A) 235
92 U (B) 238
92 U (C) 239
93 Np (D) 240
93 Np
6. The nucleus of a dipositive has mass number 40. The number of protons is equal to the number of
neutrons. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in its dipositive ion respectively are,
(A) 20, 20, 20 (B) 20, 20, 18 (C) 20, 18, 20 (D) 18, 20, 20
7. The mass number of an element is 2.5 times to that of its atomic number, if the number of neutron is
120 the atomic number and mass number of the element respectively are
(A) 40, 160 (B) 60, 180 (C) 80, 200 (D) 120, 240
8. A negative ion of an atom has 18 electrons and 16 protons. The number of electrons and protons in
its corresponding atom respectively are
(A) 18, 16 (B) 16, 16 (C) 18, 18 (D) 16, 18
9. The mass number of an element is the double the number of protons. If the atom has 10 electrons,
the number of protons, neutrons and mass number of the element respectively are
(A) 10, 10, 10 (B) 10, 20, 10 (C) 10, 10, 20 (D) 10, 20, 20
14
10 The total number of fundamental particles in one atom of C is?
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 14 (D) 20
KEY
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. A
6. B 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. D
MOLE CONCEPT
Day- 4
What is a mole?
 It is a collection of 6.023  1023 particles.
 Particles may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, protons etc.
Eg:
 1 mole of sodium  6.023  1023 sodium atoms
 1 mole of H2O  6.023  1023 H2 O molecules
 1 mole of electron  6.023  1023 electrons
 A mole is also defined as amount of substance that contains as many species [atoms, molecules,
ions (or) other particles] as there are atoms in exactly 12 gram of C  12 isotope.
What is Avagadro’s number?

 Avagadro’s number  6.023  1023
 It is represented by N0  or  NA  or  N
 From mass spectroscopy it was found that there are 6.023  1023 atoms are present in 12 gram of C
– 12 isotope.
 Value of Avogadro’s number calculated in the following manner.
1 mole  mass of 1 atom of C – 12 = 12 g
1 mole  12 amu = 12 g
1 mole  12  1.6  1024 = 12 g
1 mole = 6.023  1023
What is Atomic mass unit (a.m.u)

 It is also called as unified mass
1
 It is equal to th mass of an atom of C – 12 isotope
12
1
th mass of C  12
12
12 1
11
2
10
3
9 4
8 5
7 6
Lets assume it is an atom of C – 12
 Actual mass of an atom of C – 12 is equal to 1.9924  1023 gram

1
1 a.m.u   mass of an atom of C  12 isotope
12
1
  1.9924  10 23
12
 1.66  10 24 g
 1 a.m.u  1.66  10 24 g
 1.66  1027 kg
1

6.023  1023
1
1 a.m.u 
NA
 1 a.m.u also called as one Dalton (or) 1 unified mass (U)
What is Atomic mass (or) Atomic weight?

 Atomic mass (or) weight is a relative weight because it is compared with respect to C – 12 isotope.
 It is a mass of one atom of an element. It is expressed in a.m.u.
 Atomic mass is the number which indicates how many times one atom of an element heavier in
1
comparision to th mass of one atom of C - 12
12
Mass of an atom of an element
 Atomic mass 
1
 mass of an atom of C  12
12
Mass of an atom of an element

1 amu
Mass of an atom (In a.m.u)  atomic mass  1 a.m.u
 It is equal to number of times heavier than 1 amu.
Eg: Mass of an atom of Nitrogen  14 a.m.u

 14  1.66  10 24 g
 23.24  10 24 g
Q1. What is the mass of one atom of sulphur?

Ans. 32 a.m.u (or) 32  1.66  1024 g
Q2. What is the mass of one atom of oxygen? (in g)

 16 a.m.u
 16  1.66  10 24
 26.56  1024 g
What is gram atomic weight (or) mass:
 It is equal to mass of 1 mole of atoms of an element.
 It is mass of 6.023  1023 atoms
Eg: Gram atomic mass of Nitrogen  14 g

Mass of 6.023  1023 Nitrogen atoms  14 g
Element Relative atomic Atomic mass Gram atomic weight
weight (RAM) (mass of one atom) (GAW)
O 16 16 a.m.u 16 g
N 14 14 a.m.u 14 g
S 32 32 a.m.u 32 g
He 4 4 a.m.u 4g
Ag 108 108 a.m.u 108 g
Na 23 23 a.m.u 23 g
Al 27 27 a.m.u 27 g
Q3. What is gram atomic mass of oxygen?

Ans. 16 g
 Mass of one atom of oxygen

1
= 16 a.m.u 1 a.m.u  g
NA
16
 g NA  Avogadro’s number
NA
Mass of NA atoms of oxygen
16
  NA
NA
 16 g
Q4. What is gram atomic mass of sulphur?

Ans. 32 g
Day- 5
What is molecular mass?

Molecular mass is the number which indicates how many times one molecule of a substance is heavier in
1
comparision to th mass of one atom of C -12 .
12
Mass of one molecule of the subs tan ce  in amu 
Molecular mass 
1
 mass of an atom of C  12
12
Mass of one molecule of the subs tance  in amu 


1amu
Mass of one molecule of H2 O  18 a.m.u
Molecular mass of H2 O  18
What is gram molecular mass (or) weight?

 It is mass of one mole of molecules
 It is a mass of 6.023  1023 (Avogadro’s number) molecules
Eg: Mass of one molecule of H2 O

 18 a.m.u
18
 gram
NA
Mass of NA molecule of H2 O
18
  NA g
NA
 18 g
Gram molecular weight of H2 O  18g
Molecule Relative molecular Molecular Gram molecular

Weight weight weight
H2 O 18 18 a.m.u 18 g
H2 SO4 98 98 a.m.u 98 g
CH3COOH 60 60 a.m.u 60 g
(acetic acid)
Glucose 180 180 a.m.u 180 g
 C6H12O6 
Sucrose 342 342 a.m.u 342 g
C12H22O11
Q. What is gram molecular weight of oxygen?

Ans. 32 g
Calculation of gram molecular weight

It is algebraic sum of gram atomic mass of all atoms present in a molecule of a compound.
Eg: Gram molecular weight of H2 SO4  (2  gram atomic mass of ‘H’) + (1 x Gram atomic mass of
‘S’) ( 4  gram Atomic mass of ‘O’)
  2  1  1 32    4  16  g
 98 g
Calculation of mole:
 From given mass (or) weight:
For atoms:
Given mass (in g)

Number of moles 
Gram atomic mass
1 mole  1 gram atom
Eg: Number of moles present in 16 g of oxygen?

16
Number of moles of oxygen 
16
 1 mole
Eg: Number of gram atoms present in 64 gram of sulphur?

given mass
Number of gram atom 
gram atomic mass
64

32
 2 gram atom
For molecules:
Given mass (in gram)

Number of moles 
Gram molecular weight
 Number of gram molecules
1 gram  molecule  1 mole of molecules
Eg: Number of moles present in 36 gram of H2 O ?

36
Number of moles   0.5 mole
18
Q1. Number of moles present in 49 gram of H2 SO4 ?

49
Number of moles   2 moles
98
(gram molecular weight of H2 SO4  98 gram)
Q2. What will be the mass of 10 mole of SO2 ?
Mass of 1 mole of SO2  64 gram
Mass of 10 mole of SO2  ?

10  64

1
 640 grams
(or)
Mass  given moles  molar mass
 10  64
 640 grams
Q3. Calculation of moles from given particles:
given particles
Number of moles 
6.023  1023
Q4. How many moles present in 3.01 1023 H2 O molecules?
3.01 1023
Number of H2 O molecules 
6.023  1023
 0.5 mole
Q5. A piece of ‘Cu’ contains 6.023  1024 atoms. How many mole of Cu atoms does it contain?
6.023  1024
Numbers of moles of ‘Cu’ 
6.023  1023
= 10 moles
Q6. 5 moles of CO2 are present in a gaseous sample. How many molecules of CO2 are present in the
sample?
1 mole of CO2  6.023  1023
5 mole of CO2  ?

 5  6.023  1023  30.115  1023
(or) given moles  NA
 5  6.023  1023  30.115  1023
Solve the following questions
1. Calculate the mass of

 1 mole of electron
 1 mole of proton
 1 mole of neutron
2. Calculate the charge of
 1 mole of electron
 1 mole of proton
 1 mole of neutron
From the given volume of gas:
What is molar volume?

 Volume occupied by one mole of any gas at S.T.P conditions (273K, 1 atm) is 22.4 lit or 22400 ml
 Volume occupied by 1 mole of any gas at S.T.P conditions (273K, 1 bar) is 22.7 lit or 22700 ml
STP means Standard Temperature and Pressure
Units of pressure 
1 atm  760 mm of Hg
 76 cm of Hg
 760 torr
 1.01325 bar
 1.01325 105 Pa
Units of Volume:
1 lit  1 dm3  103 ml  103 cm3  10 3 m3
1 m3  103 lit
At STP (1 atm, 273K)

1 mole of CO2 gas occupies  22.4 lit
1 mole of O2 gas occupies  22.4 lit
1 mole of He gas occupies  22.4 lit
At S.T.P conditions (1 atm, 273 K):
given volume  in L 
Number of moles 
22.4
given volume  in mℓ 
Number of moles 
22400
Q1. How many moles of CO2 present in 44.8 L of CO2 at S.T.P?

given volume
moles of CO2 
22.4
44.8
  2 moles
22.4
Q2. How much volume occupied by 5 mole of CO2 ?

Volume occupied by gas  given moles  22.4 L
 5  22.4 L  112 L
Q3. How many molecules of O2 are present in 5.6 L of O2 at 1 atm and 273K?
Number of molecules  moles  6.023  1023
5.6
  6.023  1023  1.5  1023 O2 molecules
22.4
Calculation of number of atoms from given moles (or) given weight of molecule
From given moles:
Number of atoms  Number of moles  Avogadro’s number N0   atomicity
From given weight:
given weight
Number of atoms    6.023  1023  Atomicity
Gram molecular weight
Q3. Calculate number of atoms present in 9.8 of H2 SO4

9.8
Number of atoms   6.023  1023  7
98
 42.16  1022
Q4. Calculate number of atoms present in 10 moles of H2 SO4 ?

Number of atoms  10  6.023  1023  7
 42.16  1024
Q5. Calculate number of oxygen atoms present in 9.8g of H2 SO4 ?

9.8
Number of Oxygen atoms   6.023  1023  4
98
 24.09  1022
Q6. Calculate number of Hydrogen atoms present in 9.8g of H2 SO4

9.8
Number of Hydrogen atoms   6.023  1023  2
98
 12.04  1022
Q7. Calculate number of oxygen atoms present in 90g of glucose?

90
Number of Oxygen atoms   6.023  1023  6
180
 18.04  1023
Calculation of number of electrons from given moles (or) given weight:

Number of electrons  given moles  Avogadro’s number  number of electrons per molecules
Ex: Number of electrons present in 18 grams of water.
18
  6.023  1023  10  6.023  1024 electrons
18
Percentage of an element in a compound: (or)
Atomic weight of an element  Atomicity such element
% of an element of compound   100
Molecular mass of compound
Ex: Calculate % of Na, ‘O’ and H in NaOH molecule
23  1
% of Na   100  57.5
40
16  1
% of ‘O’   100  40
40
1 1
% of H   100  2.5
40
Weight Number of Particles
 GAW  or  GMW
GAW   NA
 or   NA
GMW
Mole
22.4 lit  22.4 lit  or  22400 ml

or 
22400 ml
Volume of gas at S.T.P
Note: S.T.P (1 atm, 273 K)

NA  Avogadro’s number
GAW=Gram atomic weight
GMW=Gram molecular weight
44 grams of CO2
6.023 x 1023 CO2 molecules
1 x 6.023 x 1023 carbon atoms
22.4 lit CO2 at S.T.P
1 mole of CO2 1 gram molecule of CO2
2 x 6.023 x 1023 oxygen

atoms
2 gram atom of oxygen 1 gram atom of carbon

1 gram molecule of oxygen
100 gram of CaCO3

6.023 x 1023 molecules
5 x NA total atoms
1 gram molecule of CaCO
1 mole of
CaCO3
1 gram atom of calcium
1 gram atom of carbon 3 x NA oxygen atoms

1.5 gram molecule of oxygen
Relationship between molecular mass and vapour density:

The vapour density of any gas is the ratio of the density of the gas and density of hydrogen gas under similar
condition of temperature and pressure.
Density of gas
Vapour density (V.D) 
Density of Hydrogen
mass of a certain volume of the gas
V.D 
mass of same volume of hydrogen at same temperature and pressure
 If ‘v’ volume of unknown and hydrogen gas contain ‘N’ molecules under similar conditions of ‘T’ and
‘P’
mass of 'N' molecule gas
 V.D 
mass of 'N' molecules of hydrogen gas
 If ‘v’ volume of gas unknown and hydrogen gas contain 1 mole of molecules.
mass of 1 mole of unknown gas
V.D 
mass of 1 mole of hydrogen gas
molecular mass of gas
V.D 
molecular mass of hydrogen gas
molecular mass  or  molar mass of gas
V.D 
2
Molecular mass (or) molar mass of gas  2  vapour density
molecular mass of gas  2  vapour density
Loschmidt number:
Number of molecules in 1 cm3 (or) 1 ml of gas at S.T.P is known as Loschmidt number.
22400 ml  6.023  1023
1 ml  ?
6.023  1023

22400
 2.68  1019 molecules. ml1
 2.68  1019 number is called Loschmidt number.
Fill the blank with suitable answers:

__1__ mole of Glucose
__2__ molecules
__7__ total atoms
__3__ gram atom of ‘O’
1 mole of
Glucose
__6__ gram atom of H __4__ gram molecule of oxygen

__5__ gram molecule of Hydrogen
Day- 6
Numerical Problems - 1
1. Find the relative atomic mass, atomic mass and gram atomic mass of following is
i) Na ii) ‘O’ iii) F iv) Ca v) Ag
2. How many nucleons are present in 5 atoms of an element which has atomic mass 14 amu
3. How many atoms of oxygen are there in 16 gram of oxygen atom?
4. How many gram atoms are present in 144 gram of sulphur?
5. Calculate the mass of sodium which contains same number of atoms as are present in 4 gram of
calcium. Atomic mass of sodium and calcium are 23 and 40 respectively?
6. Calculate the number of molecules in 4.25 gram of Ammonia?
12
7. Calculate the sum of number of protons, electrons and neutrons in 12 gram of 6C
8. Calculate the volume occupied by 112 gram of N2 at S.T.P?
9. Calculate the number of atoms in 3.2 gram of oxygen gas?
10. The largest number of molecules are present in

(A) 36 gram of H2 O (B) 44 gram of CO2
(C) 46 gram of CH3OH (D) 54 gram of N2 O5
11. 40.5 gram of AlCl3 has

(A) N0 number of Cl ions (B) 0.3 N0 number of Al3 ions
(C) 2 N0 number of Al3 ions (D) 0.3 N0 number of Cl
12. Number of molecules in 100 ml of each O2 , NH3 and CO2 at S.T.P are
(A) In the order of CO2  O2  NH3 (B) In the order of NH3  O2  CO2
(C) All contain same (D) In the order of O2  NH3  CO2
13. Which of the following weighs the least ?

(A) 24 gram of carbon (B) 0.9 moles of N2 O3
(C) 22.4 lit of N2 at S.T.P (D) 6.023  1023 molecules of H2 S
14. Which of the following has maximum number of ions when present in 1 litre of the solution
(A) 0.1 mole of Ba NO3 2 (B) 0.1 mole of AlF3
(C) 0.1 mole of CaSO4 (D) 0.1 mole of MgBr2
15. The number of oxygen atoms in 1 gram of CaCO3

(A) 6  1021 (B) 1.8  1022 (C) 6  1023 (D) 6  1022
16. A sample of ammonium phosphate contain 3.18 mole of hydrogen atoms. The number of moles of
oxygen atoms in the sample is
(A) 0.265 (B) 0.795 (C) 1.06 (D) 3.18
17. Number of molecules present in a drop of water, if its volume is 0.05 ml are
(A) 1.66  1021 (B) 1.66  1022 (C) 1.66  1023 (D) 1.66  1024
18. The number of gram atoms of oxygen present in 0.3 mole  COOH2 .2H2O is
(A) 0.6 (B) 1.8 (C) 1.2 (D) 3.6
19. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a molecule that serves to transmit message in the brain. The
chemical formula of dopamine is C8H11O2N . How many moles are there in 1 g of dopamine?
(A) 0.00654 (B) 153 (C) 0.0654 (D) None of these
20. If 0.5 mole of ozone  O3  is removed from a sample of ozone weighing 144 gram, then the number
of gram molecules of ozone left is
(A) 2.5 (B) 5 (C) 7.5 (D) 3
21. The mass of carbon atoms present in 0.5 mole of K 4 Fe  CN6  is
(A) 1.8 g (B) 18 g (C) 3.6 g (D) 36 g
22. A mixture of magnesium chloride and magnesium sulphate is known to contain 0.6 moles of chloride
ions and 0.2 moles of sulphate ions. The number of moles of magnesium ions present is
(A) 0.4 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.8 (D) 1.0
23. How many grams of NH3 are there in 800 cm3 STP of NH3 gas?
(A) 0.607 g (B) 0.407 g (C) 0.807 g (D) 1.607 g
24. The number of electrons present in 4.4 gram of oxalate ion

(A) 0.05 NA (B) 2.3 NA (C) 2.2 NA (D) 2.1 NA
25. The number of valence electrons present in 6.5 gram peroxide ion is
(A) 0.2 NA (B) 3.2 NA (C) 3.6 NA (D) 2.8 NA
26. The number of F ions in 4.2 gram of AlF3 is

(A) 0.05 (B) 9.02  1022 (C) 3.01 1022 (D) 0.15
27. A quantity of 13.5 gram aluminium when changes to Al3 ion in solution will lose
(A) 18  1023 electrons (B) 6.02  1023 electrons
(C) 3.01 1023 electrons (D) 9.03  1023 electrons
28. A person has as many notes as number of oxygen atoms in 24.8 gram Na2S2 O3 .5H2O . A note
counting machine counts 48 million notes per Day-. How many Day-s it would take to count these
notes? (In the order of)
(A) 1012 (B) 1014 (C) 1016 (D) 1018
29. Number of moles in 1 m3 gas at NTP are

(A) 4.46 (B) 44.6 (C) 446 (D) 4460
30. The total number of electrons in 18 ml of water (density  1 g.ml1 )

(A) 6.02  1023 (B) 6.02  1025 (C) 6.02  1024 (D) 6.02  18  1023
KEY
1. i. 23, 23 amu, 23 gram, ii. 16, 16 amu, 16 gram, iii. 19, 19 amu, 19 gram,
iv. 40, 40 amu, 40 gram v. 108, 108 amu, 108 gram
2. 70 3. 6.023  1023 4. 4.5 gram – atm 5. 2.3 gram
6. 1.5  1023 7. 18 8. 89.6 lit 9. 12.04  1022
10. A 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. B
15. B 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. A
20. A 21. D 22. B 23. A 24. B
25. D 26. B 27. D 28. D 29. B
30. C
Day-7
Numerical Problems – 2
1. 10 dm3 of N2 gas and 10 dm3 of gas ‘x’ at the same temperature contain the same number of
molecules. The gas ‘x’ is
(A) CO (B) CO2 (C) H2 (D) NO
2. If “chemistry sir” is written by graphite pencil, it weighs 3  10 10 g . How many carbon atoms are
present in it?
(A) 1.5  1023 (B) 5  1022 (C) 2  1033 (D) 1.5  1010
3. A pre weighed vessel was filled with oxygen at NTP and weighed. It was then evacuated, filled with
SO2 at the same temperature and pressure and again weighed. The weight of oxygen is
1
(A) The same as that of SO2 (B) that of SO2
2
1
(C) twice that of SO2 (D) th that of SO2
4
4. Calculate number electrons present in 9.5 gram of PO4 3

(A) 6 (B) 5 NA (C) 0.1 NA (D) 4.7 NA
5. Number of electrons in 4.2 gram N3 ion is

(A) 3 NA (B) 2 NA (C) 1.5 NA (D) 4.2 NA
6. One atom of an element ‘x’ weighs 6.664  10 23 g . The number of gram atoms in 40 kg of it is
(A) 10 (B) 100 (C) 100000 (D) 1000
7. Mass of one molecule of water approximately

(A) 1 g (B) 0.5 g (C) 1.66  1024 g (D) 3.2  10 23 g
8. ‘x’ L N2 gas at S.T.P contains 3  1022 molecules. The number of molecules in ‘x’ L ozone at S.T.P
will be
(A) 3  1022 (B) 4  1023 (C) 6.023  1023 (D) 3  1024
9. If Avogadro’s number is 1 1023 mol1 then the mass of one atom of oxygen would be
16
(A) a.m.u (B) 16  602 amu (C) 16 amu (D) 16  1023 amu
602
10. Which has maximum number of atoms?

(A) 24g of ‘c’ (B) 56g of Fe (C) 27g f Al (D) 10g of Ag
11. Out of 1 gram of dioxygen, 1 gram of atomic oxygen and 1 gram of ozone the maximum number of
oxygen atoms are contained in
(A) 1 gram of atomic oxygen (B) 1 gram of ozone
(C) 1 gram of oxygen gas (D) All contain the same number of atoms
12. The number of atoms in 0.1 mole of triatomic gas is

(A) 1.8  1022 (B) 6.026  1022 (C) 1.806  1023 (D) 3.6  1023
13. 16 gram of oxygen has same number of molecules as in

(A) 16 gram of CO (B) 25g of N2 (C) 14g of N2 (D) 2 gram of H2
14. Which of the following pairs have the same number of atoms?
(A) 16g of O2 and 4g of H2 (B) 16g of O2 and 44g of CO2
(C) 56 of N2 and 32g of O2 (D) 12g of C and 23g of Na
15. Which of the following element contains greatest number of atoms?

(A) 4 gram of He (B) 46 gram of Na (C) 0.40 gram of Ca (D) 120 gram of Ca
16. Number of moles of glucose present in 540gram of glucose

(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 2.5 (D) 7
17. Calculate the weight 0.1 mole of sodium carbonate

(A) 10.6 (B) 20.6 (C) 5.3 (D) 106
18. Number of molecules present in 1.12  10 7 C.C of a gas at STP

(A) 3.01 1012 (B) 3.01 1023 (C) 6.023  1023 (D) 3.01 1015
19. The number of water molecules is maximum in

(A) 18g of water (B) 18 moles of water
(C) 18 molecules of water (D) 1.8g of water
20. Taking N2 and O2 as main components of the air (79%) N2 and 21% by volume). What is the
molecular mass of air?
(A) 28.84 (B) 27 (C) 25 (D) 23
KEY
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A
6. D 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. A
11. D 12. C 13. C 14. D 15. D
16. A 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. A
Day-8
Numerical Problems – 3
1. If 1021 molecules are removed from 200 mg of CO2 , then the number of moles of CO2
(A) 2.88  103 (B) 1.66  103 (C) 4.54  10 3 (D) 1.66  102
2. The hydrated salt Na2SO 4 . nH2O undergoes 55.9% loss in weight on heating and becomes
anhydrous. The value of ‘n’ will be
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 10
3. The atomic masses of two elements ‘P’ and ‘Q’ are 20 and 40 respectively. If ‘a’ gram of ‘P’ contains
‘b’ atoms then how many atoms are present in ‘2a’ gram of Q?
(A) a (B) b (C) 2a (D) 2b
4. The molecular formula of a compound is X 4 O9 . If the compound contain 40% of ‘X’ by mass, then
what is the atomic mass of ‘X’?
(A) 24 (B) 12 (C) 26 (D) 13
5. The quantity of 1 gram of metallic carbonate MCO3 is completely converted into a chloride XCl2
weighing 1.11 gram. The atomic mass of the element ‘X’ is
(A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 40
6. A sample of hydrogen gas is collected and it is observed that it contains only hydrogen and
deuterium atoms in the atomic ratio 6000:1. The number of neutrons in 3 gram of such a sample
should be nearly
(A) 0.005 (B) 3.01 1020 (C) 1.80  1024 (D) 1
7. A compound contains 7 carbon atoms, 2 oxygen atoms and 9.96  1024 gram of other elements.
The molecular mass of compound is is
(A) 122 (B) 116 (C) 148 (D) 154
8. If the mass of neutron is doubled and that of proton is halved, the molecular mass of H2 O containing
only H1 and O16 atoms will
(A) Increase by about 25% (B) Decrease by about 25%
(C) Increase by about 16.67% (D) Decrease by about 16.67%
9. If an iodized salt contains 1% KI and a person takes ‘2’ gram of the salt everyDay- the iodine ions
going into his body everyDay- would be approximately
(A) 7.2  1021 (B) 7.2  1023 (C) 3.6  1021 (D) 9.5  1019
1
10. If we consider 1/6 in place of mass of carbon atom is taken to be relative atomic mass units, the
12
mass of one mole of substance will be
(A) Increase two fold (B) Decrease twice
(C) Decreases thrice (D) Remain unchanged
11. If 1021 molecules are removed from 200 mg as CO2 , then number of moles of CO2 left are
(A) 2.88  103 (B) 1.66  103
3
(C) 4.54  10 (D) 1.66  102
12. If 1 ml of water contain 20 drops then number of molecules in a drop of water is

(A) 6.023  1023 (B) 1.376  1026 (C) 1.673  1021 (D) 4.346  1020
13. The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a particular gaseous mixture is 1:4, the ratio of the
number of their molecules is
(A) 3:16 (B) 1:4 (C) 7:32 (D) 1:8
14. A given mixture consist only of pure substance ‘X’ and pure substance ‘Y’. The total mass of mixture
is 3.72g. The total number of moles is 0.06. If the mass of one mole of ‘Y’ is 48 g and there is 0.02
mole of ‘X’ in the mixture then what is the mass of one mole of ‘X’?
(A) 90g (B) 75g (C) 45g (D) 180g
15. Equal masses of oxygen, hydrogen and methane are taken in identical conditions. What is the ratio
of the volumes of the gases under identical conditions?
(A) 16:1:8 (B) 1:16:2 (C) 1:16:8 (D) 2:16:1
16. A gaseous mixture contains 40% H2 and 60% He by volume. What is the total number of moles of
gases present in 10 gram of such mixture?
(A) 5 (B) 2.5 (C) 3.33 (D) 3.125
17. A sample of ozone is found to be 40% dissociated into oxygen. The average molecular mass of
sample should be
(A) 41.60 (B) 40 (C) 43.25 (D) 38.40
18. The total number of atoms of all elements present in mole of ammonium dichromate is
(A) 19 (B) 6.023  1023 (C) 114.473  1023 (D) 84.322  1023
19. A quantity of 5 gram of a crystalline salt when rendered anhydrous lost 1.8 gram of water. The
formula mass of the anhydrous salt is 160. The number of molecules of water of crystallisation in the
salt is
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 1
20. The percentage of oxygen in a compound is 4%. Its minimum molecular mass will be
(A) 100 (B) 400 (C) 200 (D) 32
21. A compound contains 36% carbon by mass. If each molecule contains two carbon atoms, the
number of moles of compound in its 10 gram is
(A) 66.67 (B) 0.15 (C) 0.30 (D) 1.5
th th
22. If the atomic mass were given by as 1/16 part and molecular mass as 1/12 part by mass of one
atom of C -12 isotope, then what would be the molecular mass of water? Suppose atomic masses of
hydrogen and oxygen on new scale are 1 and 16 respectively
(A) 18 (B) 9 (C) 36 (D) Unpredictable
23. In an experiment it is found that 2.0769 gram of pure ‘x’ produces 3.6769 g of pure X2O5 . The
number of moles of ‘x’ is
(A) 0.04 (B) 0.06 (C) 0.40 (D) 0.02
24. The formula of an acid is HXO2 . The mass of 0.0242 moles of the acid is 1.6579. What is the atomic
weight of ‘x’?
(A) 35.5 (B) 28.1 (C) 128 (D) 19
25. The hydrated salt Na2CO3 . xH2 O undergo 63% loss in mass on heating and becomes anhydrous.
The value of ‘x’?
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 8 (D) 18
26. A 6.85 gram sample of the hydrate Sr  OH2 . xH2 O is dried in an oven to give 3.13 gram of
anhydrous Sr  OH2 . What is the value of ‘x’?
(A) 8 (B) 12 (C) 10 (D) 6
27. Twenty molecules of SO3 will weigh as much as ______ molecules of oxygen
(A) 100 (B) 50 (C) 15 (D) 8
28. The mass of CO2 that must be mixed with 20 g of oxygen such that 27 ml of a sample of the
resulting mixture would contain equal number of molecules of each gas, is
(A) 13.75 g (B) 27.50 g (C) 41.25 g (D) 55 g
29. A mixture of 2  1021 molecules of P and 3  1021 molecules of Q weighs 0.60 g. If the molecular
mass of P is 45, then the molecular mass of Q will be NA  6  1023 
(A) 45 (B) 180 (C) 90 (D) 270
30. The shape of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is cylindrical, having length 3000 Å and diameter 170 Å .
If the specific volume of virus is 12.5 ml/g, then the molecular mass of TMV Is NA  6  1023  
24 18 6
(A) 3.28 (B) 5.44  10 (C) 5.44  10 (D) 3.27  10
31. The density of a DNA sample is 1.1 g/ml and its molar mass determined by cryoscopic method was
found to be 6  108 g/mole. What is the volume occupied by one DNA molecule? NA  6  1023  
8 9 16 13
(A) 5.45  10 ml (B) 1.83  10 ml (C) 9.09  10 ml (D) 1.09  10 ml
32. An alkaloid contains 17.28% of nitrogen and its molecular mass is 162. The number of nitrogen
atoms present in one molecule of the alkaloid is
(A) five (B) four (C) one (D) two
33. Vapour density of a molecule is 1.2. Its molecular mass would be

(A) 1.2 (B) 2.4 (C) 36 (D) 72
The atomic ratio of H to H in a sample of water is 1: 8  108 . How many H atoms are present in 9
1 3 3
34.
15
gram of such water sample? (In the order of 10 )
(A) 48 (B) 78 (C) 35 (D) 39
35. Ethanol is a substance, which is commonly called alcohol. The density of liquid alcohol is 0.8 g/ml at
293 K. If 1.2 moles of ethanol is needed for a particular experiment, then what volume of ethanol
should be measured out?
(A) 55.2 ml (B) 57.5 ml (C) 69 ml (D) 47.9 ml
36. The volume of one mole of water at 277 K is 18 ml. One ml of water contains 20 drops. The number

of molecules in one drop of water will be NA  6  1023 
(A) 1.07  1021 (B) 1.67  1021 (C) 2.67  1021 (D) 1.67  1020
37. Suppose two elements ‘X’ and ‘Y’ combine to form two compounds XY2 and X2 Y , when 0.05 mole
of XY2 weights 5 gram while 3.01 1023 molecules of X2 Y3 weighs 85 gram. The atomic masses of
‘X’ and ‘Y’ respectively
(A) 20, 30 (B) 30, 40 (C) 40, 30 (D) 80, 60
38. One mole of element ‘x’ has 0.444 times the mass of one mole of element ‘Y’. One atom of element
‘x’ has 2.96 times the mass of one atom C – 12. What is the atomic weight of ‘Y’?
(A) 80 (B) 18.77 (C) 46.67 (D) 40
39. 16 gram of SO x gas occupies 5.6 lit at 1 atm and 273K. What will be the value of ‘x’
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 5
40. If Ca3 PO 4 2 and H3PO3 contain same number of ‘P’ atoms then the ratio oxygen atoms in these
compounds respectively is
(A) 8/3 (B) 2/3 (C) 3 (D) 4/3
41. Silver (atomic weight  108 g.mol1 ) has a density of 10.5 g. cm3 . The number of silver atoms on
surface area 10 12 m2 can be expressed in scientific notation as y  10 x . The value of ‘x’
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 3 (D) 5
42. A mixture of gases contains H2 and O2 gases in ratio of 1:4 (w/w). What is the molar ratio of the two
gases in the mixture?
(A) 16:1 (B) 2:1 (C) 1:4 (D) 4:1
43. Insulin contains 3.4% sulphur. Then the minimum molecular mass of the insulin about
(A) 941 g (B) 9400 g (C) 3600 g (D) 970 g
44. 25 gram of MCl4 contains 0.5 mol chlorine then its molecular mass is
(A) 100 g.mol1 (B) 200 g.mol1 (C) 150 g.mol1 (D) 400 g.mol1
45. A gas has a vapour density 11.2. The volume occupied by 1g of the gas at NTP is
(A) 1L (B) 11.2 L (C) 22.4 L (D) 4.6 L
46. The density of a gaseous element is 5 times that of oxygen under similar conditions. If the molecule
of the element is tri atomic. What will be its atomic mass?
(A) 53.33 (B) 63.3 (C) 60.4 (D) 52.3
47. One atom of an element weighs 6.644  10 23 g. Calculate the number of gram atoms in 40 kg of it
(A) 1000 (B) 100 (C) 500 (D) 3000
48. If the volume occupied in a crystal by a molecule of NaCl is 47  10 24 ml. Calculate the volume of the
crystal weighing 1 g.
(A) 0.482 ml (B) 0.784 ml (C) 0.22 ml (D) 0.64 ml
49. The density of a gas ‘A’ is three times that of a gas ‘B’. If molecular mass of A is ‘M’. The molecular
mass of ‘B’ is
M M
(A) 3M (B) (C) 3 M (D)
3 3
50. If mass of neutron is assumed to half of its original value whereas that of proton is assumed to be
twice of its original value then atomic mass of 146 C will be
(A) same (B) 14.28% more (C) 14.28% less (D) 28.56% less
KEY
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. D
6. B 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. D
11. A 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. B
16. D 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. B
21. B 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. A
26. A 27. B 28. B 29. C 30. D
31. C 32. D 33. B 34. A 35. C
36. B 37. C 38. A 39. B 40. D
41. B 42. D 43. A 44. B 45. A
46. A 47. C 48. A 49. B 50. B
Day- 9
What is a limiting reagent? How it is useful in chemical equation

Quite often, one of the reactant is present in larger amount than the other as required according to balanced
equation. The amount of the product formed then depends upon the reactant which has reacted completely.
Limiting Reagent :- The reactant which reacts completely in the reaction is called the limiting reagent (or)
limiting reactant.
Excess Reagent:-
The reactant which is not consumed in the reaction is called excess reagent.
Example 5: When 5 moles of N2 reacts with 5 moles of H2

i) Which is limiting reagent?
ii) Calculate the maximum amount of NH3 that can be formed?
Methods of find limiting reagent

1N2  3H2  2NH3
N2 : H2
Stoichiometric moles= 1 3
Given Moles = 5 5
given moles 5 5
=
Stoichiometric moles 1 3
=5 = 1.66

Least ratio

Limiting reagent
 H2 is limiting reagent
 The reactant which gives least ratio of given moles to stoichiometric moles is limiting reagent
 The amount of product depends upon limiting reagent.
N2  3H2 
 2NH3
5 moles 5 moles
Limiting reagent is H2
3moles of H2  2moles of NH3
5moles of H2  ?
52

3
 3.33 moles of NH3
= 3.33  17
= 56.61 gram of NH3 produced
Example 6:
6 gram of H2 reacts with 16 gram of O2 to from H2 O
i) Which is limiting reagent ?
ii) Calculate the maximum amount of H2 O that can be formed?
iii) Calculate the amount of reactant left unreacted?
6
Moles of H2 
2
 3 mole
16
Moles of O2 =
32
 0.5 mole
2H2  O2  2H2 O
H2 : O2
Stoichiometric moles =2 1
Given Moles =3 0.5

3 0.5
Ratio =
2 1
= 1.5 = 0.5
 O2 is limiting reagent
1 mole of O2  2 mole of H2O
0.5 mole of O2  ?
= 0.5 x 2
= 1 mole of H2O
= 18 grams
Ans: 18 g
Example 7:
If 0.5 mole of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.2 mol of Na3PO4 the maximum number of moles of Ba3 PO 4 2 that can
be formed is
(A) 0.7 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.1
Ans: D
Solution: Balanced stoichiometric equation 3BaCl2  2Na3PO 4  Ba3 PO4 2  6NaCl

BaCl2 : Na3PO4
Stoichiometric moles = 3 2
Given Moles = 0.5 0.2
0.5 0.2
Ratio =
3 2
= 0.166 = 0.1
 Limiting Reagent is Na3PO4

2 moles of Na3PO4  1 mole of Ba3 PO 4 2
0.2 mole of Na3PO4  ?
0.2  1
= = 0.1
2
Example 8: If 20.0 g of CaCO3 is treated with 20.0 gm of HCl, how many grams of CO2 will be produced ?
Sol: CaCO3  2HCl  CaCl2  H2 O  CO2
100g 173g 44
(Here CaCO3 will be the limiting reagent)
100g CaCO3 produces 44g CO2
44  20 44
 20g CaCO3 will produces =   8.8gm
100 5
Example 9: A 10.0 g samples of a mixture of calcium chloride and sodium chloride is treated with \
Na2CO3 to precipitate the calcium carbonate. This CaCO3 is heated to convert all the calcium
to CaO and the final mass of CaO is 1.62 gms. The % by mass of CaCl2 in the original
mixture is
Sol: CaCl 2  Na2CO3  CaCO3  2NaCl
113 100

CaCO3   CaO  CO2
100 56
56 gm CaO Formed by = 100 g CaCO3
100
1.62 gm will formed by   1.62 g CaCO3
56
100 gm of CaCO3 is formed by = 113 g CaCl2
100 113 100 113  1.62
 1.62 g will be formed by    1.62  = 3.27 gm
50 100 56 56
10.0 gm contains = 3.27 g CaCl2
3.27
1 gm contains  gm CaCl2
100
3.27
100 gm contains   100  32.7% of CaCl2
100
Example 10: 27.6 g of K 2 CO3 was treated by a series of reagents so as to convert all of its carbon
to K 2 Zn3 [Fe  CN6 ]2 . Calculate the weight of the product.
(Given at wt. K = 39, C=12, O=16, Zn=65, Fe=56, N= 14)
Sol: mol. mass of K 2 CO3  138
Mol. mass of K 2 Zn3 Fe  CN6   698

2
Reaction involved
many steps
12K 2 CO3   K 2 Zn3 Fe  CN6 
2
12  138g 698 g
27.6 g w=?
698
w=  27.6  11.6g
138  12
[Note: stoichiometry is based on the molecular wt. of balanced equations here we do not
know the full equation so carbon is balanced at least]
Example 11: What volume of hydrogen at NTP is needed to reduce 125g of MoO3 to the metal ? Given
at.wt Mo = 96, O=16]
Sol: MoO3+3H2 Mo  3H2 O
(96+48) = 144g 3 x 2 = 6g
125 g w=?
6 125
w  125  g of H2
144 24
125 / 24 125
moles of H2   mole
2 48
125
volume of H2 at NTP=  22.4 litre
48
= 58.33 litres
Example 12: How many moles of slaked lime would be required to decompose completely 4 gms of
ammonium chloride & what would be the mass of each product.
Sol: Ca  OH2  2NH4 Cl  CaCl2  2NH3  2H2 O
74g 107g 111g 34g 36g
From the eq.
107 gm of NH4 Cl are decomposed by 74g of Ca(OH)2
74  4
Therefore 4 gm of NH4Cl will be decomposed by =
107
= 2.76 g
wt
so the mole of slaked lime =
molecular wt.
2.76
=  0.04 mole
74
Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula

Empirical Formula: The empirical formula of a compound is the chemical formula which expresses the
simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of the various elements present in one molecule of the compound.
Molecular Formula: The molecular formula of a compound is the chemical formula which represents the
true formula of its molecule.
 It express the actual number of atoms of various elements present in one molecule of the compound.
Molecular formula of Glucose = C6H12 O6

Empirical formula of Glucose = CH2O
Relation between Empirical and molecular formula :
Molecular Formula = n  Empirical Formula
n = any integer such as 1,2,3,…. Etc
Molecular formulamass(or)Molecular mass

n
EmpiricalFormula mass
Molecular mass = 2 x vapour density
Methods for calculation of the Empirical Formula
The empirical formula of a chemical compound can be deduced from

(a) Percentage composition of different elements by mass.
(b) Atomic masses of the elements.
The following steps are involved in the calculation of the empirical formula
Steps 1: To convert the mass percent into grams considering 100 gram of the compound the given mass
percentage represent the masses of the elements in grams.
Step 2: To calculate the number of moles. Divide the percentage (mass is given) of each element by its
atomic mass. This gives the number of moles of different elements thus calculated represent the relative
number of moles.
Step 3: To calculate the simplest molar ratio. Divide the moles obtained in step -1 by the least value amongst
the value obtained for each element. This gives the simplest molar ratio.
Step 4: To calculate the simplest whole number ratio multiply all the simplest atomic ratios by suitable
integer.
Step 5: Write empirical formula by mentioning the above numbers after writing the symbols of respective
elements.
Example 13:
A compound contains 4.07 % Hydrogen, 24.27%.Carbon and 71.65% Chlorine. Its molar mass is 98.96 g.
What is its empirical and molecular formula?
Element : Carbon Hydrogen Chlorine

Symbol : C H Cl
Percentage of and element 24.27 4.07 71.65
%..an element 24.27 4.07 71.65
Atomic mass 12 1 35.5
(Relative no of moles) 2.02 4.07 2.02
2.02 4.07 2.02

Simplest Molar ratio 2.02 2.02 2.02
=1 =2 =1
Simplest Whole number molar ratio 1 2 1
 Empirical Formula = CH2Cl

Molecular Formula = n x E. F
Molecular Formula Weight
n
Emperical Formula Weight
98.96

49.5
=2
Molecular Formula = 2  CH2Cl

Molecular Formula = C2H4Cl2
Example 14:
A carbon compound on analysis gave the following percentage composition carbon 14.5 %, Hydrogen 1.8 %,
Chlorine 64.46 and oxygen 19.24 % . Calculate the empirical formula of the compound .
Ans: C2H3 Cl3 O2
Example 15: A carbon compound contains 12.8% carbon, 2.1 % Hydrogen, 85.1 % brominc. The molecular
weight of the compound is 187.9 . Calculate the molecular formula
Ans: C2H4Br2
STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
Day- 10
 Stoichiometry of chemical reactions
 Balanced equations of chemical reaction provides quantitative information about masses, moles,
molecules and volumes of reactant and product involved in it.
 The quantitative information conveyed by a chemical equation helps in a number of calculations. The
problems involving these calculations may be classified into the following different types
(i) Mole –mole relationship
(ii) Mass - Mass relationship
(iii) Volume – Volume relationship
(iv) Mass (or) Moles – Volume relationship
(v) Mole – Mass relationship
 N2  3H2  2NH3
According to above chemical reaction following relations can be written as
Mole – Mole relation :-

N2  3H2  2NH3
1mole 3 mole 2mole
1 mole of N2 reacts with 3 moles of H2 and form 2 moles of NH3

Mass – Mass Relation Ship :
28 grams of N2 reacts with 6 grams of H2 and form 34 gram of NH3
N2 g  3H2 g  2NH3 g
1 28 32 2  17
= 28g = 6g = 34g
Volume – Volume relationship :-
N2 g  3H2 g  2NH3 g
1 22.4 3  22.4 2  22.4
= 22.4 lit = 67.2 lit = 44.8 lit
At S.T.P, 22.4 lit of N2 reacts with 67.2 lit of H2 and form 44.8 lit of ammonia ( NH3 )
Mass – Volume relation relationship
N2 g  3H2 g  2NH3 g
28g 3  2  6g 2  22.4
1 22.4 3  22.4 ?
= 22.4 L = 67.2 L = 44.8 L at S.T.P
 28 g of N2 reacts with 6 gram of H2 and form 44.8 lit of Ammonia NH3 
 28 gram of N2 reacts with with 67.2 lit of H2 and form 44.8 lit of NH3
 22.4 lit of N2 reacts with 6 gram of H2 and form 44.8 lit of NH3
Example 1:
Calculate the amount of water (in gram) produced by the combustion of 16 gram of methane?
Solution :
CH4  2O2  CO2  2H2 O
1 mole 2 mole
= 16 gram = 2  18
= 36 gram
16 gram of CH4  36 gram of H2 O
Ans: 36 g
Example 2:
How many moles of methane are required to produce 22gram of CO2 after combustion?
Solution:
CH4  2O2  CO2  2H2O
1mole 44 gram
44 gram of CO2  1mole of CH4 required
22 gram of CO2  ?  required 
22  1
 = 0.5 mole
44
Ans: 0.5
Example 3:
3
The decomposition of a certain mass of CaCO3 gave 11.2 dm of CO2 gas at S.T.P. The mass of KOH
required to completely neutralize the gas is
(A) 56 gram (B) 28 gram (C) 42 gram (D) 20 gram
Ans: A
CaCO3  CaO  CO2
2KOH  CO2  K 2 CO3  H2O
3
= 112 g 22.4 dm at S.T.P
22.4 dm3 of CO2 at S.T.P require KOH = 112 g

 11.2 dm3 of CO2 at S.T.P will require KOH = 56 gram
Example 4:
What volume of CO2 is obtained at S.T.P by heating 4 gram of CaCO3

CaCO3   CaO  CO2
100 gram of  22.4lit CO2 at
CaCO3 S.T.P
4 gram of CaCO3  ?
4  22.4
100
Ans : 0.8962
 From these relationship. The given data can be inter converted as follows


Mass  

 moles 
 number of molecules
Mole – Mole Related Problems:
1. How many moles of water are produced when 2.5 moles of hydrogen gas react with excess
oxygen gas?
Ans: 2.5 moles of water are produced.
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
From the equation, we can see that for every 2 moles of hydrogen gas reacted, 2 moles of water are
produced. Therefore, if 2.5 moles of hydrogen gas reacts, we can calculate the number of moles of
water produced as follows:
2.5 mol H2 x (2 mol H2O / 2 mol H2) = 2.5 mol H2O
2. How many moles of oxygen gas are required to react with 3.0 moles of hydrogen gas to
produce water?
Ans: 1.5 moles of oxygen gas are required.
Sol: Using the balanced chemical equation from the previous example, we can see that for every 2 moles
of hydrogen gas reacted, 1 mole of oxygen gas is required. Therefore, we can calculate the number
of moles of oxygen gas required as follows:
3.0 mol H2 x (1 mol O2 / 2 mol H2) = 1.5 mol O2
3. How many moles of sodium hydroxide are required to neutralize 0.50 moles of hydrochloric
acid?
Ans: 0.50 moles of sodium hydroxide are required.
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction between sodium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid is:
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of NaOH reacts with 1 mole of HCl. Therefore, the
number of moles of sodium hydroxide required to neutralize 0.50 moles of hydrochloric acid is also
0.50 moles.
4. How many moles of sulfuric acid are required to react completely with 2.0 moles of calcium
hydroxide to form calcium sulfate and water?
Ans: 2.0 moles of sulfuric acid are required.
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:
H2SO4(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → CaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of sulfuric acid reacts with 1 mole of calcium hydroxide.
Therefore, the number of moles of sulfuric acid required to react completely with 2.0 moles of
calcium hydroxide is also 2.0 moles.
5. How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced when 2.5 moles of glucose are completely
burned in excess oxygen?
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of glucose is:
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of glucose produces 6 moles of carbon dioxide.
Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide produced from 2.5 moles of
glucose as follows:
2.5 mol glucose x (6 mol CO2 / 1 mol glucose) = 15 mol CO
6. How many moles of ammonia can be produced from 4.0 moles of nitrogen gas and excess
hydrogen gas?
Ans: 8.0 moles of ammonia can be produced.
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the synthesis of ammonia is:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of nitrogen gas reacts with 3 moles of hydrogen gas to
produce 2 moles of ammonia. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of ammonia
produced from 4.0 moles of nitrogen gas as follows:
4.0 mol N2 x (2 mol NH3 / 1 mol N2) = 8.0 mol NH3
7. How many moles of magnesium chloride can be produced from 2.5 moles of magnesium and
excess hydrochloric acid?
Ans: 2.5 moles of magnesium chloride can be produced.
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid is:
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of magnesium reacts with 2 moles of hydrochloric acid to
produce 1 mole of magnesium chloride. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of
magnesium chloride produced from 2.5 moles of magnesium as follows:
2.5 mol Mg x (1 mol MgCl2 / 1 mol Mg) = 2.5 mol MgCl2
8. How many moles of nitrogen gas are required to react completely with 10.0 moles of oxygen
gas to form nitrogen dioxide?
Ans: 20.0 moles of nitrogen gas are required.
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the formation of nitrogen dioxide is:
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
From the equation, we can see that 2 moles of nitrogen gas react with 1 mole of oxygen gas to
produce 2 moles of nitrogen dioxide. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of nitrogen
gas required as follows:
10.0 mol O2 x (2 mol NO / 1 mol O2) = 20.0 mol NO
9. How many moles of carbon monoxide are required to react completely with 4.0 moles of
iron(III) oxide to produce iron and carbon dioxide?
Ans: 2.0 moles of carbon monoxide are required.
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reduction of iron(III) oxide with carbon monoxide is:
3Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) → 2Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g)
From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of iron(III) oxide reacts with 1/2 mole of carbon monoxide
to produce 3/2 moles of iron(II,III) oxide. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of carbon
monoxide required as follows:
4.0 mol Fe2O3 x (1/2 mol CO / 1 mol Fe2O3) = 2.0 mol CO
10. How many moles of hydrogen gas are required to react completely with 6.0 moles of nitrogen
gas to form ammonia?
Ans: 18.0 moles of hydrogen gas are required.
Sol: Using the balanced chemical equation from example 6, we can see that 3 moles of hydrogen gas
react with 1 mole of nitrogen gas to produce
2 moles of ammonia. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of hydrogen gas required as
follows:
6.0 mol N2 x (3 mol H2 / 1 mol N2) = 18.0 mol H2
11. How many moles of water can be produced from 5.0 moles of propane and excess oxygen
gas?
Ans: 20.0 moles of water can be produced.
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane is:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of propane reacts with 5 moles of oxygen gas to produce
4 moles of water. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of water produced from 5.0
moles of propane as follows:
5.0 mol C3H8 x (4 mol H2O / 1 mol C3H8) = 20.0 mol H2O
12. How many moles of aluminum are required to react completely with 4.0 moles of hydrochloric
acid to produce aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas?
Ans: 1.33 moles of aluminum are required.
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between aluminum and hydrochloric acid is:
2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
From the equation, we can see that 2 moles of aluminum react with 6 moles of hydrochloric acid to
produce 3 moles of hydrogen gas. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of aluminum
required as follows:
4.0 mol HCl x (2 mol Al / 6 mol HCl) = 1.33 mol Al (rounded to two significant figures)
Day-11
Mole – Mass Related Calculations
1. What is the mass of 3 moles of carbon dioxide (CO2)?

Sol: The molar mass of CO2 is 44.01 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of 3 moles of CO2 is:
mass = 3 moles x 44.01 g/mol = 132.03 g
2. How many moles are there in 55 grams of water (H2O)?

Sol: The molar mass of water is 18.02 g/mol. Therefore, the number of moles in 55 grams of water is:
moles = 55 g / 18.02 g/mol = 3.05 mol
3. What is the mass of 4 moles of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)?

Sol: The molar mass of H2SO4 is 98.08 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of 4 moles of H2SO4 is:
mass = 4 moles x 98.08 g/mol = 392.32 g
4. How many moles are there in 75 grams of carbon monoxide (CO)?
Sol: The molar mass of CO is 28.01 g/mol. Therefore, the number of moles in 75 grams of CO is:
moles = 75 g / 28.01 g/mol = 2.68 mol
5. What is the mass of 2.5 moles of methane (CH4)?

Sol: The molar mass of CH4 is 16.04 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of 2.5 moles of CH4 is:
mass = 2.5 moles x 16.04 g/mol = 40.1 g
6. How many moles are there in 125 grams of sodium chloride (NaCl)?
Sol: The molar mass of NaCl is 58.44 g/mol. Therefore, the number of moles in 125 grams of NaCl is:
moles = 125 g / 58.44 g/mol = 2.14 mol
7. What is the mass of 1.5 moles of nitric acid (HNO3)?

Sol: The molar mass of HNO3 is 63.01 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of 1.5 moles of HNO3 is:
8. How many moles are there in 28 grams of nitrogen gas (N2)?

Sol: The molar mass of N2 is 28.02 g/mol. Therefore, the number of moles in 28 grams of N2 is:
moles = 28 g / 28.02 g/mol = 0.999 mol
9. What is the mass of 2.2 moles of ethanol (C2H5OH)?

Sol: The molar mass of C2H5OH is 46.07 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of 2.2 moles of C2H5OH is:
10. How many moles are there in 500 grams of potassium nitrate (KNO3)?
Sol: The molar mass of KNO3 is 101.11 g/mol. Therefore, the number of moles in 500 grams of KNO3 is:
moles = 500 g / 101.11 g/mol = 4.94 mol
11. What is the mass of 0.25 moles of magnesium chloride (MgCl2)?
Sol: The molar mass of MgCl2 is 95.21 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of 0.25 moles of MgCl2 is: mass = 0.25
moles x 95.21 g/mol = 23.8 g
12. How many moles are there in 12 grams of carbon (C)?

Sol: The molar mass of C is 12.01 g/mol. Therefore, the number of moles in 12 grams of C is:
moles = 12 g / 12.01 g/mol = 0.999 mol (approximately 1 mol)
Day-12
Volume – Volume Related Calculations
1. What is the volume of hydrogen gas required to react completely with 10 L of oxygen gas to
produce water vapor?
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. This means that 2 moles of
hydrogen gas react with 1 mole of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of water vapor. Since the volume
of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles, we can use the mole ratio to calculate the
volume of hydrogen gas required. If 1 mole of oxygen gas occupies 22.4 L at standard temperature
and pressure (STP), then 10 L of oxygen gas contains 10/22.4 = 0.4464 moles of oxygen gas.
Therefore, we need 2 x 0.4464 = 0.8928 moles of hydrogen gas, which occupies
0.8928 x 22.4 = 19.98 L at STP.
2. If 5 L of hydrogen gas is mixed with 10 L of oxygen gas and ignited, what volume of water
vapor is produced?
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. This means that 2 moles of
hydrogen gas react with 1 mole of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of water vapor. Since the volume
of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles, we can use the volume ratio to calculate the
volume of water vapor produced. The total volume of gas before the reaction is 5 L + 10 L = 15 L.
According to the stoichiometry of the reaction, 2 moles of water vapor are produced for every 1 mole
of oxygen gas consumed. Since 1 mole of oxygen gas occupies 22.4 L at STP, 10 L of oxygen gas
contains 10/22.4 = 0.4464 moles of oxygen gas. Therefore, we can calculate the volume of water
vapor produced as follows: (2 x 0.4464) x 22.4 = 19.97 L.
3. If 2 L of nitrogen gas reacts with 6 L of hydrogen gas to form ammonia gas, what volume of
ammonia gas is produced?
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3. This means that 1 mole of
nitrogen gas reacts with 3 moles of hydrogen gas to produce 2 moles of ammonia gas. Since the
volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles, we can use the volume ratio to
calculate the volume of ammonia gas produced. If 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at STP, then 2
L of nitrogen gas contains 2/22.4 = 0.0893 moles of nitrogen gas, and 6 L of hydrogen gas contains
6/22.4 = 0.2679 moles of hydrogen gas. Therefore, we can calculate the volume of ammonia gas
produced as follows: (2 x 0.0893) x 22.4 = 4.00 L.
4. If 10 L of nitrogen gas reacts with excess hydrogen gas to form ammonia gas, what volume of
calculate the volume of ammonia gas produced. If 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at STP, then
10 L of nitrogen gas contains 10/22.4 = 0.4464 moles of nitrogen gas. Since hydrogen gas is in
excess, we assume all of the nitrogen gas reacts to form ammonia gas. Therefore, 0.4464 moles of
nitrogen gas reacts with 3 x 0.4464 = 1.3392 moles of hydrogen gas to produce 2 x 0.4464 = 0.8928
moles of ammonia gas. Therefore, the volume of ammonia gas produced is 0.8928 x 22.4 = 19.98 L.
5. If 4 L of methane gas reacts with excess oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide gas and water
vapor, what volume of carbon dioxide gas is produced?
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O. This means that 1
mole of methane gas reacts with 2 moles of oxygen gas to produce 1 mole of carbon dioxide gas.
Since the volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles, we can use the volume ratio
to calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced. If 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at STP,
then 4 L of methane gas contains 4/22.4 = 0.1786 moles of methane gas. Since oxygen gas is in
excess, we assume all of the methane gas reacts to form carbon dioxide gas. Therefore,
0.1786 moles of methane gas reacts with 2 x 0.1786 = 0.3572 moles of oxygen gas to produce
0.1786 moles of carbon dioxide gas. Therefore, the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced is
0.1786 x 22.4 = 4.00 L.
6. If 2 L of carbon monoxide gas reacts with 4 L of oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide gas, what
volume of carbon dioxide gas is produced?
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is 2CO + O2 → 2CO2. This means that 2 moles of
carbon monoxide gas react with 1 mole of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide gas.
then 2 L of carbon monoxide gas contains 2/22.4 = 0.0893 moles of carbon monoxide gas, and 4 L of
oxygen gas contains 4/22.4 = 0.1786 moles of oxygen gas. Therefore, we can calculate the volume
of carbon dioxide gas produced as follows: (2 x 0.0893) x 22.4 = 4.00 L.
7. If 6 L of carbon dioxide gas reacts with excess calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonate
and water vapor, what volume of water vapor is produced?
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O. This means
that 1 mole of carbon dioxide gas reacts with 1 mole of calcium hydroxide to produce 1 mole of water
vapor. Since the volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles, we can use the
volume ratio to calculate the volume of water vapor produced. If 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at
STP, then 6 L of carbon dioxide gas contains 6/22.4 = 0.2679 moles of carbon dioxide gas. Since
calcium hydroxide is in excess, we assume all of the carbon dioxide gas reacts to form water vapor.
Therefore, 0.2679 moles of carbon dioxide gas reacts with 0.2679 moles of water vapor to produce
0.2679 moles of water vapor. Therefore, the volume of water vapor produced is
0.2679 x 22.4 = 6.00 L.
8. If 2 L of hydrogen gas reacts with 1 L of nitrogen gas to form ammonia gas, what volume of
calculate the volume of ammonia gas produced. If 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at STP, then 2
L of hydrogen gas contains 2/22.4 = 0.0893 moles of hydrogen gas, and 1 L of nitrogen gas contains
1/22.4 = 0.0446 moles of nitrogen gas. Therefore, we can calculate the volume of ammonia gas
produced as follows: (2/3 x 0.0446) x 22.4 = 0.999 L.
9. If 10 L of propane gas reacts with excess oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide gas and water
vapor, what volume of carbon dioxide gas is produced?
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O. This means that 1
mole of propane gas reacts with 5 moles of oxygen gas to produce 3 moles of carbon dioxide gas.
then 10 L of propane gas contains 10/22.4 = 0.4464 moles of propane gas. Since oxygen gas is in
excess, we assume all of the propane gas reacts to form carbon dioxide gas. Therefore, 0.4464
moles of propane gas reacts with 5 x 0.4464 = 2.232 moles of oxygen gas to produce
3 x 0.4464 = 1.3392 moles of carbon dioxide gas. Therefore, the volume of carbon dioxide gas
produced is 1.3392 x 22.4 = 29.98 L.
10. If 1 L of methane gas reacts with 2 L of chlorine gas to form chloromethane gas and hydrogen
chloride gas, what volume of hydrogen chloride gas is produced?
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl. This means that
1 mole of methane gas reacts with 1 mole of chlorine gas to produce 1 mole of hydrogen chloride
gas. Since the volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles, we can use the volume
ratio to calculate the volume of hydrogen chloride gas produced. If 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L
at STP, then 1 L of methane gas contains 1/22.4 = 0.0446 moles of methane gas, and 2 L of chlorine
gas contains 2/22.4 = 0.0893 moles of chlorine gas. Therefore, we can calculate the volume of
hydrogen chloride gas produced as follows: 0.0446 x 22.4 = 0.999 L.
11. If 5 L of ethylene gas reacts with excess oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide gas and water
vapor, what volume of oxygen gas is required?
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O. This means that
1 mole of ethylene gas reacts with 3 moles of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide gas.
to calculate the volume of oxygen gas required. If 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at STP, then
5 L of ethylene gas contains 5/22.4 = 0.2232 moles of ethylene gas. Since ethylene gas is the
limiting reagent, we need to calculate how many moles of oxygen gas are required to react with
0.2232 moles of ethylene gas. From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 1 mole of
ethylene gas requires 3 moles of oxygen gas. Therefore, 0.2232 moles of ethylene gas requires
3 x 0.2232 = 0.6696 moles of oxygen gas. Therefore, the volume of oxygen gas required is
0.6696 x 22.4 = 15.00 L.
12. If 2 L of hydrogen gas reacts with 1 L of chlorine gas to form hydrogen chloride gas, what
volume of hydrogen chloride gas is produced?
Sol: The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl. This means that 1 mole of
hydrogen gas reacts with 1 mole of chlorine gas to produce 2 moles of hydrogen chloride gas. Since
the volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles, we can use the volume ratio to
calculate the volume of hydrogen chloride gas produced. If 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at
STP, then 2 L of hydrogen gas contains 2/22.4 = 0.0893 moles of hydrogen gas, and 1 L of chlorine
gas contains 1/22.4 = 0.0446 moles of chlorine gas. Therefore, we can calculate the volume of
hydrogen chloride gas produced as follows: 2 x 0.0446 x 22.4 = 1.999 L.
Day- 13
Mass – Volume Related Calculations
1. How many liters of carbon dioxide gas will be produced when 10 grams of calcium carbonate
reacts with hydrochloric acid?
Sol: The balanced equation for this reaction is CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O. Using the molar
mass of CaCO3 and stoichiometry of the balanced equation, we can calculate that 10 grams of
CaCO3 reacts with 0.1 moles of HCl, which produces 0.05 moles of CO2 gas. Using the ideal gas
law, we can convert moles to liters at STP: 0.05 moles CO2 * (22.4 L/mol) = 1.12 liters of CO2 gas.
2. What mass of hydrochloric acid is required to completely react with 5 grams of magnesium
metal?
Sol: The balanced equation for this reaction is Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2. Using the molar mass of Mg
and stoichiometry of the balanced equation, we can calculate that 5 grams of Mg reacts with 0.2
moles of HCl, which requires 7.6 grams of HCl.
3. If 25 milliliters of a 0.2 M hydrochloric acid solution reacts with sodium hydroxide, how many
grams of sodium chloride will be produced?
Sol: The balanced equation for this reaction is HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O. Using the concentration and
volume of HCl, we can calculate that 0.005 moles of HCl reacts with an equal amount of NaOH,
producing 0.005 moles of NaCl. Using the molar mass of NaCl, we can convert moles to grams:
0.005 moles NaCl * (58.44 g/mol) = 0.2922 grams of NaCl.
4. If 10 grams of copper reacts with excess nitric acid, what volume of nitrogen dioxide gas will
be produced at STP?
Sol: The balanced equation for this reaction is 3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O. Using the
molar mass of Cu and stoichiometry of the balanced equation, we can calculate that 10 grams of Cu
reacts with 3.17 moles of HNO3, which produces 2.12 moles of NO gas. Using the ideal gas law, we
can convert moles to liters at STP: 2.12 moles NO * (22.4 L/mol) = 47.5 liters of NO gas.
5. How many grams of sulfuric acid are required to neutralize 250 milliliters of 0.1 M sodium
hydroxide solution?
Sol: The balanced equation for this reaction is H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O. Using the
concentration and volume of NaOH, we can calculate that 0.025 moles of NaOH reacts with an equal
amount of H2SO4, requiring 0.0125 moles of H2SO4. Using the molar mass of H2SO4, we can
convert moles to grams: 0.0125 moles H2SO4 * (98.08 g/mol) = 1.226 grams of H2SO4.
6. How many moles of oxygen gas are produced when 1 mole of potassium chlorate
decomposes?
Sol: The balanced equation for this reaction is 2KClO3 →2KCl + 3O2. From the balanced equation, we
can see that 1 mole of KClO3 produces 3 moles of O2 gas.
7. If 50 milliliters of a 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solution is mixed with 50 milliliters of a 0.5 M

sodium hydroxide solution, what is the final concentration of the resulting solution?
Sol: The balanced equation for this reaction is HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O. The reaction is a
neutralization reaction that produces water and a salt. The initial moles of HCl and NaOH are equal
(assuming complete reaction), and using the volumes and concentrations given, we can calculate the
total moles of acid and base in the mixture. Then, we can divide by the total volume to find the final
concentration: 0.5 M HCl * 0.05 L = 0.025 moles HCl 0.5 M NaOH * 0.05 L = 0.025 moles NaOH
0.025 moles HCl = 0.025 moles NaOH Total moles of acid and base = 0.05 moles
Total volume = 0.1 L Final concentration = 0.5 moles/L
8. If 10 grams of methane gas reacts with excess oxygen gas, what volume of carbon dioxide
gas will be produced at STP?
Sol: The balanced equation for this reaction is CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O. Using the molar mass of CH4
and stoichiometry of the balanced equation, we can calculate that 10 grams of CH4 reacts with 0.2
moles of O2, which produces 0.1 moles of CO2 gas. Using the ideal gas law, we can convert moles to
liters at STP: 0.1 moles CO2 * (22.4 L/mol) = 2.24 liters of CO2 gas.
9. What mass of magnesium oxide is produced when 5 grams of magnesium reacts with oxygen
gas?
Sol: The balanced equation for this reaction is 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO. Using the molar mass of Mg and
stoichiometry of the balanced equation, we can calculate that 5 grams of Mg reacts with 0.196 moles
of O2, which produces 0.392 moles of MgO. Using the molar mass of MgO, we can convert moles to
grams: 0.392 moles MgO * (40.31 g/mol) = 15.88 grams of MgO.
10. How many milliliters of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid are required to neutralize 25 milliliters of 0.2 M
sodium hydroxide solution?
Sol: The balanced equation for this reaction is HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O. Using the concentration and
volume of NaOH, we can calculate that 0.005 moles of NaOH reacts with an equal amount of HCl,
requiring 0.005 moles of HCl. Using the concentration of HCl, we can convert moles to volume:
0.005 moles HCl / 0.1 moles/L = 0.05 L = 50 milliliters of HCl.
11. If 1 gram of calcium metal reacts with excess hydrochloric acid, what volume of hydrogen gas
will be produced at STP?
Sol: The balanced equation for this reaction is Ca + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2. Using the molar mass of Ca and
stoichiometry of the balanced equation, we can calculate that 1 gram of Ca reacts with 0.025 moles
of HCl, which produces 0.025 moles of H2 gas. Using the ideal gas law, we can convert moles to
liters at STP: 0.025 moles H2 * (22.4 L/mol) = 0.56 liters of H2 gas.
12. How many grams of calcium carbonate are needed to react with 50 milliliters of 0.1 M
hydrochloric acid solution?
Sol: The balanced equation for this reaction is CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O. Using the
concentration and volume of HCl, we can calculate that 0.005 moles of HCl reacts with an equal
amount of CaCO3, requiring 0.005 moles of CaCO3. Using the molar mass of CaCO3, we can convert
moles to grams: 0.005 moles CaCO3 * (100.09 g/mol) = 0.500 grams of CaCO3.

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` KKP / MYP CE NTRE

Molecules Do you Know

Mono–atomic elements (mono one)

Diatomic elements (Di  two)

Tetra atomic elements (tetra four)

Octa atomic elements (octa eight)

Polyatomic elements (poly many)

Cations are positively charged ions.

Mono valent basic radicals

Ammonium NH4 Potassium K

Copper Cu Phosphonium PH4

Hydrogen H Rubidium Rb

Mono valent acidic radicals

Chlorate ClO13 Acetate CH3 COO1

Bivalent basic radicals

Calcium Ca2  Manganese Mn2 

Bivalent acidic radicals

Trivalent basic radicals

Trivalent acidic radicals

Tetravalent basic radicals

Tetravalent Acidic radicals

Pentavalent basic radicals

How to name element with two different valencies

1 Which of the following represents perchlorate ion?

2. Formula of Ferro cyanide is

3. Which is not a trivalent radical?

4. Which is not a basic radical?

5. The formula of carbonate ion is ______

6. What is the formula for sulphate radical?

7. Which among the following radicals is tetravalent?

8. The charge on phosphide ion is

9. Charge on Peroxide Ion is

10. Which of the following ions are formed by loss of electron(s)?

11. Charge on Superoxide Ion is

12. Which of the following ions are formed by gain of electron(s)?

13. Number of oxygen atoms present in one ion of oxalate

14. The charge on phospate ion is

15. The charge on borate ion is

(i) Binary compounds

(ii) Ternary compounds

Naming Chemical compounds from their formulae:

2. If a compound has a formula A2B3 then nitride of A is

3. If the formula of metal sulphate is MSO4 then formula of metal chloride is

4. Atomic number of chlorine is 17 what is the no. of protons

(A) NH4C2O4 (B) NH4(C2O4)2 (C) (NH4)2C2O4 (D) (NH4)3(C2O4)2

(A) Na2PO4 (B) Na3PO4 (C) Na4PO4 (D) Na2HPO4

7. The valency of iron in Fe2O3 is

(A) Mg N (B) N3Mg2 (C) Mg N2 (D) Mg3N2

9. Which of the following statement is not true?

12. Formula of Barium nitrate is Ba NO3 2 . Formula of Barium chloride is

13. What is the formula of Iodic acid?

14. What is the formula of Periodic acid?

15. What is the formula of Alminium nitride?

Particles Electron Proton Neutron

Atomic number (Z)

Mass Number (A)

Mass number = no. of protons + number of neutrons

Symbolic representation of elements

Isotope Mass number Atomic Number of Number of Number of

Carbon is mainly 126 C . However it has two more isotopes 13 14

 The element having maximum number of naturally occurring isotopes is Sn

5. Which of the following atoms contains the least number of neutrons?

What is Avagadro’s number?

6 gram atom of H 4 gram molecule of oxygen