Long Answer Type Questions

Q. 1. What is modern periodic law? Discuss the main features of the long form
of the periodic table. Give its important disadvantages.
Ans. Modern Periodic Law: This law states that, the physical and chemical
properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers’.
Main features of the long form of the Periodic Table are given as below:
(i) This periodic table has 18 vertical columns called the groups, which are numbered
from 1 to 18.
(ii) Elements of group 1, 2 and 13 to 17 are called main group or typical or
representative elements. Elements of group 1 and 2 are also known alkali metals and
alkaline earth metals respectively.
(iii) Elements of group 3 to 12 are called transition elements.
(iv) Lanthanoids (elements with atomic number 58 to 71) and actinoids (elements with
atomic number 90 to 103) are placed in two separate rows below the periodic table in
order to avoid the unnecessary sidewise expansion of the periodic table.
(v) This periodic table contains seven horizontal rows, known as periods.
Q. 2. Explain the important general characteristics of groups in modern
periodic table in brief.
Ans. The elements of a group show the following important similar characteristics:
(i) Electronic configuration-All elements in a particular group have similar
outermost electronic configuration e.g., all elements of group 1, i.e., alkali metals
have ns1 configuration in their valency shell. Similarly group 2 elements (alkaline
Earths) have ns2 outermost electronic configuration and halogens (group 17) have
ns2 np5 configuration (where n is the outermost shell).
(ii) Valency-- The valency of an element depends upon the number of electrons in
the outermost shell. So elements of a group show the same valency, e.g., elements
of group 1 show +1 valency and group 2 show +2 valency i.e., NaCl, MgCl 2 etc.
(iii) Chemical properties-The chemical properties of the elements are related to the
number of electrons in the outermost shell of their atoms. Hence, all elements
belonging to the same group show similar chemical properties. But the degree of
reactivity varies gradually from top to bottom in a group. For example, in group 1, all
the elements are highly reactive metals but the degree of reactivity increases from Li
to Cs. Similarly elements of group 17, i.e., halogens: F, CI, Br, I are all non-metals
and their reactivity goes on decreasing from top to bottom.
Q. 3. Explain the variation of valence in the periodic table.
Ans. Variation of valence in a group as well as across a period in the periodic table
occurs as follows:
(i) In a group: All elements in a group show the same valency. For example, all alkali
metals (group 1) show a valency of +1. Alkaline earth metals, (group 2) show a
valency of +2. However, the heavier elements of p-block elements (except noble
gases) show two valence: one equal to the number of valence electrons or 8 - No. of
valence electrons and the other two less. For example, thallium (TI) belongs to group
13. It shows valence of +3 and +1.
Lead (Pb) belongs to group 14. It shows valance of +4 and +2. Antimony (Sb) and
Bismuth (Bi) belong to group 15. They show valence of +5 and +3 being more stable.
This happens due to the non-participation of the two s-electrons present in the
valence shell of these elements. This non-participation of one pair of s-electrons in
bonding is called inert-pair effect.
(ii) In a period : The number of the valence electrons increases in going from left to
right in a period of the periodic table. Therefore, the valency of the elements in a
period first increases and then decreases.
Q. 4. Element ∆𝐢 𝐇𝟏𝚯 ∆𝐢 𝐇𝟐𝚯 ∆𝐞𝐠 𝐇 𝚯

I 1681 3374 -328

II 1008 1846 -295
III 2372 5251 +48
(a) The most reactive non-metal
(b) The least reactive non-metal
(c) The least reactive element
Give reason also. [DDE, 2017-18]
Ans. (a) The most reactive non-metal has high ∆i H1 and ∆i H2 and most negative
∆eg H Hence, the most reactive non-metal is I.

(b) The least reactive non-metal has low ∆i H1 and ∆i H2 and less negative ∆eg H.
Hence, the least reactive non-metal is II.
(c) The least reactive element has very high ∆i H1 and ∆i H2 and has positive
∆eg H values. Hence, the least reactive element is III.

Q. 5. The amount of energy released when one million of atoms of iodine in

vapour state are converted to I- ions is 6.2 x 10-13J according to the reaction: I(g)
+ e- → I-(g) Express the electron gain enthalpy of iodine in terms of kJ mol -1 and
eV per atom.
Ans. The amount of energy released for the conversion of 1 x 10 6 atoms of iodine is
6.2 x 10-13 J according to following reaction:

I(g) + e- → I-(g)
The amount of energy released for the conversion of 1 mole (6.023 x 10 23) of atoms
of iodine in to I- ions can be determined, which corresponds to electron gain enthalpy.
∴ Amount of energy released for 1 x 10 6 atoms of iodine = 6.2 x 10 -13J
∴ Amount of energy released for 6.023 x 10 23
6.2 ×10−13
Atoms of iodine = × 6.023 x 1023
1 ×106
= 37.34 x 104J
= -373.4 kJ/mol
∴ 1 eV/atom = 96.3 kJ mol-1
−373.4
∴ Electron gain enthalpy = =
96.3
= -3.88 eV/atom
Q. 6. (a) Are the oxidation state and covalency of Al in [AICI(H 2O)5]𝟐+ + same?
(b) Which of the following will have the most negative electron gain enthalpy
and which the least negative? P,S, C1, F
Explain your answer.
(c) Using the Periodic Table, predict the formulas of compounds which might
be formed by the following pairs of elements:
(i) Si and Br (ii) Al and S
Ans. (a) No, the oxidation state of Al is +3 and the covalency is 6.
(b) Electron gain enthalpy generally becomes more negative across a period as we
more from left to right. Within a group, electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative
down a group. However, adding an electron to the 2p-orbital leads to more repulsion
than adding an electron to the larger 3p-orbital. Hence, the element with most
negative electron gain enthalpy is CI and the one with the least negative electron gain
enthalpy is P
(c) (i) Si is a group 14 element with a valence of 4; Br belongs to the halogen family
with a valence of 1. Therefore, the formula of the compound formed would be SiBr4.
(ii) Al belongs to group 13 with a valence of 3, S belong to group 16 elements with
valence of 2. Therefore, the formula of the compound formed would be Al 2S3.