‭GROUP 01‬

‭TOPIC: History of IT from discovery up to now‬

‭Reported by:‬

‭EUGINE R. BERINA‬

‭ANGELA B. BATOLEÑA‬

‭CYRILLE Z. VAILOCES‬

‭Submitted to:‬

‭MR. VIRGILIO J. SEBALLE‬

‭Reported by: Eugine R. Berina‬

‭●‬ ‭Introduction in the world of IT its meaning, definition, and function‬

‭●‬ ‭4 main eras in the history of IT‬

‭Reported by: Angela B. Batoleña‬

‭●‬ ‭History Of It In “Business”‬

‭●‬ ‭History Of It In “Education”‬

‭Reported by: Eugine R. Berina‬

‭●‬ ‭History Of It In “Daily Living And For Entertainment‬

‭Overall contribution to the report:‬

‭Eugine R. Berina - Gathering information, PPT making, reporter, and leader‬

‭Angela B. Batoleña - Gathering information, PPT making, reporter‬

‭Cyrille Z. Vailoces - Gathering information‬

‭TOPIC: History of IT from discovery up to now‬

‭Introduction -‬

‭IT‬‭- Information technology‬

‭Information‬‭- is a processed data‬
‭The word‬‭technology‬‭comes from the Greek word:‬
‭-‬ ‭Tekhne‬‭- which means‬‭art‬‭or‬‭craft‬
‭-‬ ‭Logia‬‭- which means a‬‭subject of interest‬‭,‬‭a‬‭saying‬‭, or an‬‭expression‬‭.‬
‭Use to:‬
‭-‬ ‭Generating‬
‭-‬ ‭Storing‬
‭-‬ ‭Manipulating‬
‭-‬ ‭Distributing‬
‭-‬ ‭Regaining‬
‭-‬ ‭exchanging‬
‭-‬ ‭transmitting‬
‭-‬ ‭handling‬
‭-‬ ‭Creating‬
‭-‬ ‭securing‬
‭all data or information in an electronic format.‬
‭The‬‭word‬‭“‬‭IT‬‭”‬‭first‬‭appeared‬ ‭in‬‭1958‬‭as‬‭it‬‭was‬‭coined‬‭in‬‭the‬‭article‬‭published‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Harvard‬‭Business‬‭Review‬
‭when‬‭authors‬‭Harold‬‭J.‬‭Leavitt‬‭and‬‭Thomas‬‭C.‬‭Whisler‬‭said‬‭“the‬‭new‬‭technology‬‭does‬‭not‬‭yet‬‭have‬‭a‬‭single‬
‭established name. We shall call it Information Technology.”‬
‭Role of Information Technology‬‭- “Gaining knowledge through information”‬

‭4 main eras in the history of IT‬

‭-‬ ‭The Pre Mechanical Age: 3000 BC and 1450 AD.‬
‭-‬ ‭The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840.‬
‭-‬ ‭The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940.‬
‭-‬ ‭The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present.‬

‭The Pre Mechanical Age: 3000 BC and 1450 AD.‬

‭-‬ ‭“The earliest age of information technology”‬
‭Petroglyphs‬‭- simple picture drawings.‬
‭-‬ ‭usually carved in rock.‬

‭-‬ ‭This‬ ‭form‬ ‭of‬ ‭language‬ ‭was‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬‭tell‬‭a‬‭story,‬‭to‬‭keep‬‭record‬‭of‬‭how‬‭many‬‭animals‬‭one‬‭owned‬

‭and to mark their territory.‬

‭cuneiform‬ ‭- the first writing systems‬

‭-‬ ‭Instead‬ ‭of‬ ‭using‬ ‭pictures‬ ‭to‬ ‭express‬ ‭words,‬ ‭signs‬ ‭were‬ ‭composed‬ ‭to‬ ‭correspond‬ ‭with‬ ‭spoken‬
‭sounds.‬
 ‭-‬ ‭Cuneiform‬‭was‬‭the‬‭most‬‭widespread‬‭and‬‭historically‬‭significant‬‭writing‬‭system‬‭in‬‭the‬‭ancient‬‭Middle‬
‭East.‬
‭-‬ ‭Example: stars = heaven or god‬

‭Early alphabets -‬
‭Phoenician alphabet -‬‭Writing technique using symbols to express single syllables and consonants.‬
‭-‬ ‭Writing‬ ‭system‬ ‭that‬ ‭developed‬ ‭out‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭North‬ ‭Semitic‬ ‭alphabet‬ ‭and‬ ‭was‬ ‭spread‬ ‭over‬ ‭the‬
‭Mediterranean area by Phoenician traders.‬

‭-‬ ‭It was adopted by the Greeks and added vowels‬

‭Pen and paper‬

‭Stylus‬ ‭and‬ ‭wet‬‭clay‬‭-‬‭The‬‭first‬‭writing‬‭material‬‭was‬‭simply‬‭a‬‭pen-like‬‭object‬‭to‬‭create‬‭markings‬‭in‬‭wet‬‭clay‬
‭developed by the Sumarians.‬
‭Papyrus plants‬‭- by the Egyptians‬
‭Rag papers‬‭(100 AD) - by the chinese‬

‭Books and Libraries‬

‭Mesopotamia‬‭- religious leaders kept earliest book‬
‭Egyptians‬‭- Kept scrolls‬
‭Greeks‬‭- fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together‬

‭Abacus‬‭- The first calculator invented in Babylonia and China.‬

‭The First Numbering Systems.‬

‭-‬ ‭Egyptian system‬‭- The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100‬
‭as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom.‬
‭-‬ ‭Hindus (100 – 200 AD)‬‭-‬‭created the‬ ‭9 digit numbering‬
‭-‬ ‭Around 875 A.D., the‬‭concept of zero‬‭was developed.‬
‭The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840.‬
‭-‬ ‭The‬‭mechanical‬‭age‬‭is‬‭when‬‭we‬‭first‬‭start‬‭to‬‭see‬‭connections‬‭between‬‭our‬‭current‬‭technology‬‭and‬
‭its ancestors.‬
‭-‬ ‭Due‬ ‭to‬ ‭many‬ ‭new‬ ‭technological‬ ‭inventions,‬ ‭there‬ ‭was‬ ‭a‬ ‭great‬ ‭interest‬ ‭in‬ ‭computation‬ ‭and‬
‭information.‬

‭Johann Guttenberg (1450)‬‭- Developed the first movable type of printing press.‬
‭-‬ ‭A‬‭movable,‬‭metal-type‬‭printing‬‭machine,‬‭the‬‭process‬‭of‬‭composing‬‭pages‬‭took‬‭only‬‭a‬‭few,‬‭short‬
‭minutes which made written technology easily accessible to the public.‬
‭John Napier (1614)‬‭- invented the LOGS (Logarithm).‬
‭Arabian‬‭Lattice‬‭(1614)‬‭-‬‭Lays‬‭out‬‭a‬‭special‬‭version‬‭of‬‭the‬‭multiplication‬‭table‬‭on‬‭a‬‭set‬‭of‬‭four‬‭sided‬‭wooden‬
‭rods. (multiply, divide large numbers, and find square and cube roots.‬
‭Wilhelm‬ ‭Shickard‬ ‭(1623)‬ ‭-‬ ‭invented‬ ‭the‬ ‭first‬ ‭mechanical‬ ‭calculator‬ ‭that‬ ‭can‬ ‭work‬‭with‬‭six‬‭digits‬‭and‬‭can‬
‭carry digits across columns.‬
‭William‬‭Oughterd‬‭(1575‬‭-‬‭1660)‬‭-‬‭invented‬‭the‬‭slide‬‭rule,‬‭an‬‭analog‬‭computer‬‭that‬‭allowed‬‭users‬‭to‬‭multiply‬
‭and divide.‬
‭Blaise Pascal (1642)-‬‭developed the‬‭The Pascaline‬‭a mechanical computer that allowed users to add,‬
‭subtract, multiply and divide two numbers‬
‭Gottfried Leibniz (1617)‬‭– invented the stepped reckoner, a machine that was an improvement of the‬
‭Pascaline that included additional components that made it easier for users to multiply and divide. Can‬
‭multiply 5 digits and 12 digits number yielding to up to 16 digit numbers.‬
‭joseph-Marie Jacquard (1801)‬‭- developed the automatic loom‬‭(weaving loom) that was controlled‬‭by‬
‭punched cards.‬
‭Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1820)‬‭– developed Arithmometer (the first mass produced‬
‭calculator)‬

‭Charles Babbage‬ ‭– invented the difference engine(1821)‬‭a machine creation that could calculate‬
‭numbers and print the results‬‭and analytical engine (1832).‬

‭Father of modern computers.‬

‭Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace Byron‬‭(18‬‭42)‬‭- the first computer programmer.‬

‭The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940.‬

‭-‬ ‭The beginning of telecommunication emerged‬

‭Alessandro Volta -‬‭invented the‬ ‭Voltaic Battery‬‭, a first electric battery known as voltaic pile.‬
‭Alexander Graham Bell (1879)‬‭- developed the first working‬‭Telephone and Radio‬‭.‬

‭Guglielmo Marconi (1894)‬‭– discovered that electrical waves travel through space and can produce‬
‭an effect far from the point at which it originated and introduce radio.‬

‭George Boole (1852)‬ ‭- developed the binary algebra known as Boolean Algebra‬

‭Dorr Felt (1885)‬‭- devises the comptometer, a key driven adding and subtracting calculator.‬
‭Comptograph containing a built in printer Comptometer Comptograph‬

‭Herman Hollerith‬‭– father of information processing.‬

‭-‬ ‭provided computer programmers with a new way to put information into their machines called‬
‭punched Cards.‬
‭-‬ ‭He founded the Tabulating Machine Company , later became the Computer Tabulating‬
‭Recording Company and International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)‬

‭Otto Shweiger (1893)‬‭- invented the first efficient four function calculator called Millionaire.‬

‭Lee de Forest (1906‬‭) - developed vacuum tubes‬

‭-‬ ‭This is important because it provides an electrically controlled switch.‬

‭-‬

‭The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present.‬

 ‭-‬ ‭is the stage of information technology that we currently live in.‬

‭Konrad Zuse (1941)‬‭- built the first programmable computer called Z3.‬

‭Howard Aiken (1942)‬‭- developed‬‭Mark I‬‭, the first stored program computer.‬

‭John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry (1942)‬‭- completed the first all electronic computer called ABC or‬
‭Atanasoff-Berry Computer John Atanasoff Clifford Berry‬

‭-‬ ‭History of “It” In Business‬

‭Early Days (1950s-1960s)‬

‭-Mainframe‬ ‭computers,‬ ‭which‬ ‭were‬ ‭big,‬ ‭costly‬ ‭machines‬ ‭used‬ ‭mostly‬‭for‬‭intricate‬‭calculations‬‭and‬‭data‬
‭processing,‬‭were‬‭the‬‭first‬‭computers‬‭utilized‬‭in‬‭business.‬‭Large‬‭corporations‬‭and‬‭government‬‭organizations‬
‭owned and ran the majority of them.‬

‭Emergence of Minicomputers (1970s)‬

‭-‬ ‭Smaller‬ ‭enterprises‬ ‭can‬ ‭now‬ ‭access‬ ‭computing‬ ‭more‬ ‭easily‬ ‭because‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭development‬ ‭of‬
‭minicomputers.‬ ‭Businesses‬ ‭were‬ ‭able‬ ‭to‬ ‭automate‬ ‭a‬ ‭number‬ ‭of‬ ‭operations,‬‭including‬‭payroll‬‭processing,‬
‭inventory management, and accounting, because to these smaller, less expensive computers.‬

‭The Rise of Personal Computers (1980s)‬

‭-‬‭The‬‭corporate‬‭sector‬‭saw‬‭a‬‭transformation‬‭with‬‭the‬‭introduction‬‭of‬‭personal‬‭computers,‬‭or‬‭PCs.‬‭Because‬
‭the‬ ‭computers‬ ‭were‬ ‭user-friendly,‬ ‭reasonably‬ ‭priced,‬ ‭and‬ ‭enabled‬ ‭firms‬ ‭to‬ ‭disperse‬ ‭computing‬ ‭power,‬
‭individual‬‭staff‬‭members‬‭were‬‭able‬‭to‬‭handle‬‭jobs‬‭like‬‭database‬‭management,‬‭spreadsheet‬‭analysis,‬‭and‬
‭word processing.‬

‭Networking and Internet (1990s)‬

‭-‬ ‭The‬ ‭internet‬ ‭and‬ ‭local‬ ‭area‬ ‭networks‬ ‭(LANs)‬ ‭became‬ ‭widely‬ ‭used,‬ ‭changing‬ ‭business‬ ‭operations‬ ‭and‬
‭communication.‬ ‭Email,‬ ‭instant‬ ‭messaging,‬ ‭and‬ ‭shared‬ ‭file‬ ‭systems‬ ‭made‬ ‭it‬ ‭easier‬ ‭for‬ ‭employees‬ ‭to‬
‭communicate‬ ‭and‬ ‭work‬ ‭together‬ ‭within‬ ‭companies,‬ ‭and‬ ‭e-commerce‬ ‭created‬ ‭new‬ ‭opportunities‬ ‭for‬
‭businesses to offer goods and services to consumers around the globe.‬
‭Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems (1990s-2000s)‬
‭-‬ ‭ERP‬ ‭systems‬ ‭combined‬ ‭several‬ ‭corporate‬ ‭operations‬ ‭into‬ ‭a‬ ‭single‬ ‭software‬ ‭platform,‬ ‭including‬ ‭supply‬
‭chain‬ ‭management,‬ ‭finance,‬ ‭and‬ ‭HR.‬ ‭Businesses‬ ‭were‬ ‭able‬ ‭to‬ ‭increase‬‭productivity,‬‭simplify‬‭operations,‬
‭and have deeper understanding of their workflows as a result.‬

‭Cloud Computing (2000s-2010s)‬

‭-‬ ‭With‬ ‭the‬ ‭advent‬ ‭of‬ ‭cloud‬ ‭computing,‬ ‭companies‬ ‭could‬ ‭now‬ ‭pay-as-you-go‬ ‭for‬ ‭online‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬
‭computing‬‭resources‬‭like‬‭processing‬‭power‬‭and‬‭storage.‬‭Due‬‭to‬‭this‬‭change,‬‭organizations‬‭of‬‭all‬‭sizes‬‭were‬
‭able‬ ‭to‬ ‭benefit‬ ‭from‬ ‭increased‬ ‭flexibility‬ ‭and‬ ‭scalability‬ ‭without‬ ‭having‬ ‭to‬ ‭make‬ ‭costly‬ ‭infrastructure‬
‭investments.‬

‭Big Data and Analytics (2010s-Present)‬

‭-‬‭Big‬‭data‬‭analytics‬‭has‬‭become‬‭more‬‭popular‬‭due‬‭to‬‭the‬‭explosion‬‭of‬‭data‬‭from‬‭numerous‬‭sources,‬‭such‬
‭as‬‭social‬‭media,‬‭sensors,‬‭and‬‭mobile‬‭devices.‬‭Large‬‭datasets‬‭may‬‭now‬‭be‬‭mined‬‭for‬‭insightful‬‭information‬
‭by‬ ‭businesses‬ ‭using‬ ‭sophisticated‬ ‭analytics‬ ‭tools,‬ ‭giving‬ ‭them‬ ‭a‬ ‭competitive‬ ‭advantage‬ ‭and‬ ‭facilitating‬
‭data-driven decision-making.‬

‭Artificial Intelligence and Automation (Present and Future)‬

‭-‬ ‭Businesses‬ ‭are‬ ‭embracing‬ ‭AI‬ ‭technologies‬ ‭like‬‭robotic‬‭process‬‭automation‬‭(RPA)‬‭and‬‭machine‬‭learning‬
‭more‬ ‭frequently‬ ‭in‬ ‭order‬ ‭to‬‭streamline‬‭operations,‬‭improve‬‭customer‬‭experiences,‬‭and‬‭automate‬‭tedious‬
‭activities.‬‭In‬‭the‬‭upcoming‬‭years,‬‭these‬‭technologies‬‭have‬‭the‬‭power‬‭to‬‭completely‬‭transform‬‭a‬‭number‬‭of‬
‭industries.‬

‭-‬ ‭History of “It” In Education‬

‭Emergence of Educational Computing (1960s-1970s)‬
‭-‬ ‭IT‬‭was‬‭first‬‭incorporated‬‭into‬‭education.‬‭Although‬‭scientific‬‭research‬‭and‬‭administrative‬‭uses‬‭dominated‬
‭the use of these systems, educators started to investigate how they may be applied to teaching.‬
‭Personal Computers in Schools (1980s)‬
‭-‬ ‭In‬ ‭the‬ ‭1980s,‬ ‭as‬‭personal‬‭computers‬‭became‬‭more‬‭widely‬‭accessible,‬‭educational‬‭institutions‬‭began‬‭to‬
‭utilize‬ ‭them.‬ ‭Computers‬ ‭entered‬ ‭classrooms‬ ‭because‬‭to‬‭initiatives‬‭like‬‭the‬‭IBM‬‭PC‬‭and‬‭Apple‬‭II‬‭programs,‬
‭though‬ ‭mostly‬ ‭in‬ ‭wealthy‬ ‭districts‬ ‭and‬ ‭schools.‬ ‭Word‬ ‭processors‬ ‭in‬ ‭their‬ ‭early‬ ‭iterations‬ ‭and‬ ‭instructional‬
‭games gained popularity as educational software.‬

‭Internet in Education (1990s)‬

‭-‬‭As‬‭colleges‬‭and‬‭universities‬‭started‬‭to‬‭link‬‭to‬‭the‬‭internet,‬‭a‬‭plethora‬‭of‬‭information‬‭became‬‭available‬‭to‬
‭educators‬‭and‬‭students.‬‭Websites‬‭provided‬‭access‬‭to‬‭research‬‭and‬‭instructional‬‭resources,‬‭while‬‭email‬‭and‬
‭online forums promoted communication and teamwork.‬

‭Learning Management Systems (LMS) 2000s‬

‭-‬‭Learning‬‭Management‬‭Systems‬‭(LMS),‬‭like‬‭Moodle‬‭and‬‭Blackboard,‬‭became‬‭more‬‭popular‬‭in‬‭the‬‭2000s.‬
‭These‬ ‭platforms‬ ‭gave‬ ‭educators‬ ‭the‬ ‭means‬ ‭to‬ ‭organize‬ ‭classes,‬ ‭assign‬ ‭readings,‬ ‭and‬‭evaluate‬‭students'‬
‭development.‬ ‭With‬ ‭their‬ ‭increased‬ ‭flexibility‬ ‭and‬ ‭accessibility‬ ‭for‬ ‭students,‬ ‭blended‬ ‭learning‬ ‭and‬ ‭online‬
‭learning models gained popularity.‬

‭Mobile Learning and Educational Apps (2010s)‬

‭-‬‭The‬‭ubiquity‬‭of‬‭tablets‬‭and‬‭smartphones‬‭in‬‭the‬‭2010s‬‭paved‬‭the‬‭way‬‭for‬‭the‬‭adoption‬‭of‬‭mobile‬‭learning‬
‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭classroom.‬ ‭Digital‬ ‭textbooks‬ ‭and‬ ‭educational‬ ‭apps‬ ‭have‬ ‭gained‬‭popularity‬‭as‬‭tools‬‭for‬‭educating‬
‭students‬ ‭and‬ ‭providing‬ ‭knowledge.‬ ‭Students‬ ‭were‬ ‭permitted‬ ‭to‬ ‭use‬ ‭their‬ ‭own‬ ‭devices‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭classroom‬
‭under Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policy.‬

‭Century Skills and Digital Literacy (21st)‬

‭-‬‭Teaching‬‭21st-century‬‭skills‬‭like‬‭critical‬‭thinking,‬‭creativity,‬‭cooperation,‬‭and‬‭communication‬‭has‬‭become‬
‭more‬ ‭important‬ ‭as‬ ‭technology‬ ‭develops.‬ ‭With‬ ‭an‬ ‭emphasis‬ ‭on‬‭teaching‬‭students‬‭how‬‭to‬‭access,‬‭assess,‬
‭and produce digital content, instructors are now required to teach digital literacy.‬

‭Remote Learning in Response to COVID-19‬

‭-‬ ‭The‬ ‭COVID-19‬ ‭pandemic‬ ‭of‬ ‭2020‬ ‭hastened‬ ‭the‬ ‭deployment‬ ‭of‬ ‭technologies‬ ‭for‬ ‭remote‬ ‭learning.‬ ‭To‬
‭maintain‬‭educational‬‭continuity‬‭during‬‭lockdowns‬‭and‬‭social‬‭distancing‬‭measures,‬‭schools‬‭and‬‭colleges‬‭all‬
‭around‬ ‭the‬ ‭world‬ ‭swiftly‬ ‭made‬ ‭the‬ ‭switch‬ ‭to‬ ‭online‬ ‭learning‬ ‭environments,‬ ‭video‬ ‭conferencing‬
‭technologies, and other digital resources.‬

‭-‬ ‭History of “It” In Daily living and entertainment‬

‭Evolution of Telephone -‬

‭The‬ ‭word‬ ‭“‬‭telephone‬‭”‬ ‭traces‬ ‭back‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭Greek‬ ‭roots‬ ‭“tēle”‬ ‭(meaning‬ ‭“far”)‬ ‭and‬ ‭“phonē”‬
‭(meaning‬‭“sound”).‬‭In‬‭the‬‭late‬‭17th‬‭century,‬‭it‬‭referred‬‭to‬‭simple‬‭string‬‭telephones‬‭used‬‭by‬‭children.‬‭Later,‬‭it‬
‭encompassed inventions like the megaphone and speaking tube.‬

‭However,‬ ‭the‬ ‭modern‬ ‭telephone‬ ‭we‬ ‭know‬ ‭today‬ ‭emerged‬ ‭from‬ ‭the‬‭groundbreaking‬‭work‬‭of‬‭Alexander‬
‭Graham Bell and others.‬

‭Alexander Graham Bell and the Invention:‬

‭-‬ ‭In‬‭1876,‬‭Alexander‬‭Graham‬‭Bell‬‭patented‬‭the‬‭telephone.‬‭His‬‭device‬‭allowed‬‭for‬‭the‬‭simultaneous‬
‭transmission and reception of human voice.‬
‭-‬ ‭Bell’s invention spread rapidly, and by 1880, there were over 49,000 telephones in the United States.‬

‭Components and Functionality:‬

‭-‬ ‭The‬ ‭telephone‬ ‭is‬ ‭simple‬ ‭to‬ ‭operate,‬‭inexpensive,‬‭and‬‭offers‬‭immediate,‬‭personal‬‭communication‬
‭that no other medium can match.‬
‭-‬ ‭Billions of telephones are now in use worldwide.‬

‭Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN):‬

‭-‬ ‭The PSTN, which evolved alongside telephones, facilitated widespread communication.‬
‭-‬ ‭Inter-city‬ ‭lines‬ ‭were‬ ‭built,‬ ‭and‬ ‭telephone‬ ‭exchanges‬ ‭sprouted‬ ‭up‬ ‭in‬ ‭major‬ ‭U.S.‬ ‭cities‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬
‭mid-1880s.‬
‭Technological Advancements:‬
‭-‬ ‭Over time, telephones underwent remarkable changes:‬
‭-‬ ‭Rotary‬ ‭Phones:‬ ‭Introduced‬ ‭just‬ ‭before‬ ‭the‬ ‭1920s,‬ ‭these‬ ‭gave‬ ‭way‬ ‭to‬ ‭touch‬ ‭tone‬ ‭phones‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬
‭1960s, making dialing faster and enabling texting.‬
‭-‬ ‭Mobile Telephones, Videophones, Fax, and Modems further expanded communication possibilities.‬

‭Evolution of Television -‬
‭-‬ ‭Even‬ ‭before‬ ‭the‬ ‭technology‬ ‭existed,‬ ‭inventors‬ ‭speculated‬ ‭about‬ ‭television.‬ ‭In‬ ‭1876,‬ ‭Boston‬ ‭civil‬
‭servant‬ ‭George‬ ‭Carey‬ ‭envisioned‬ ‭complete‬ ‭television‬ ‭systems,‬ ‭proposing‬ ‭a‬ ‭“selenium‬ ‭camera”‬
‭that would allow people to “see by electricity” 1.‬
‭-‬ ‭Several technological developments during the late 1800s set the stage for television.‬
‭Key Technological Developments:‬
‭-‬ ‭Cathode‬‭Ray‬‭Tube‬‭(CRT)‬‭:‬‭German‬‭physicist‬‭Karl‬‭Ferdinand‬‭Braun‬‭invented‬‭the‬‭CRT‬‭in‬‭1897.‬‭Initially‬
‭designed‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭scanning‬ ‭device,‬ ‭the‬ ‭CRT‬ ‭combined‬ ‭camera‬ ‭principles‬ ‭with‬ ‭electricity.‬ ‭It‬ ‭had‬ ‭a‬
‭fluorescent‬ ‭screen‬ ‭that‬ ‭emitted‬ ‭visible‬ ‭light‬ ‭when‬ ‭struck‬ ‭by‬ ‭an‬ ‭electron‬ ‭beam,‬ ‭serving‬ ‭as‬ ‭the‬
‭forerunner of the TV picture tube.‬
‭-‬ ‭Mechanical‬‭Scanner‬‭System‬‭:‬‭German‬‭inventor‬‭Paul‬‭Nipkow‬‭created‬‭the‬‭mechanical‬‭scanning‬‭disk‬
‭during‬ ‭the‬ ‭1880s.‬ ‭This‬ ‭large,‬ ‭flat‬‭metal‬‭disk‬‭had‬‭small‬‭perforations‬‭arranged‬‭in‬‭a‬‭spiral‬‭pattern.‬‭As‬
‭the‬ ‭disk‬ ‭rotated,‬ ‭light‬ ‭passed‬ ‭through‬ ‭the‬ ‭holes,‬ ‭separating‬ ‭images‬ ‭into‬ ‭electronic‬ ‭lines.‬ ‭Each‬
‭rotation produced a television frame 1.‬

‭Electronic Television Triumphs:‬

‭-‬ ‭The‬ ‭battle‬ ‭between‬ ‭electronic‬ ‭and‬ ‭mechanical‬ ‭television‬‭ensued.‬‭Electronic‬‭television‬‭prevailed‬
‭due to its superior image quality and feasibility.‬
‭-‬ ‭The‬ ‭mechanical‬ ‭system,‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭Nipkow’s‬ ‭disk,‬ ‭faced‬ ‭limitations‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭low‬ ‭resolution‬ ‭and‬
‭flickering images.‬
‭-‬ ‭In‬ ‭contrast,‬ ‭electronic‬ ‭television,‬ ‭pioneered‬ ‭by‬ ‭inventors‬ ‭like‬ ‭Philo‬ ‭Farnsworth,‬ ‭used‬ ‭cathode‬‭ray‬
‭tubes and electronic scanning to create smoother, higher-quality images.‬

‭Post-1960 Developments:‬
‭Since the 1960s, television has witnessed significant milestones:‬
‭-‬ ‭Colored‬ ‭Televisions‬‭:‬ ‭The‬ ‭transition‬ ‭from‬ ‭black-and-white‬ ‭to‬ ‭color‬ ‭TV‬ ‭revolutionized‬ ‭viewing‬
‭experiences.‬
‭-‬ ‭Cable‬ ‭and‬ ‭Satellite‬ ‭TV‬‭:‬ ‭In‬ ‭the‬ ‭1980s‬ ‭and‬ ‭1990s,‬ ‭cable‬ ‭and‬ ‭satellite‬ ‭television‬ ‭emerged‬ ‭as‬
‭alternatives‬ ‭to‬ ‭traditional‬‭over-the-air‬‭broadcasting.‬‭These‬‭platforms‬‭offered‬‭specialized‬‭channels‬
‭for sports, news, and entertainment‬
‭-‬ ‭Digital‬ ‭Broadcasting‬‭:‬ ‭Digital‬‭broadcasts‬‭replaced‬‭analog‬‭waveforms,‬‭delivering‬‭more‬‭information‬
‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭same‬ ‭data‬ ‭stream.‬ ‭Digital‬ ‭TV‬ ‭improved‬ ‭image‬ ‭quality‬ ‭and‬ ‭allowed‬ ‭for‬ ‭high-definition‬
‭content‬

‭Evolution of Radio -‬
‭-‬ ‭The‬ ‭term‬ ‭“radio”‬ ‭originally‬ ‭referred‬ ‭to‬ ‭electromagnetic‬ ‭radiation‬ ‭used‬ ‭in‬ ‭innovations‬ ‭like‬
‭radio-telegraphy (a method of transmitting messages without poles, cables, or wires).‬
‭-‬ ‭Scientists‬ ‭like‬ ‭Nikola‬ ‭Tesla,‬ ‭Guglielmo‬ ‭Marconi,‬ ‭and‬ ‭others‬‭developed‬‭transmitters,‬‭receivers,‬‭and‬
‭conductors.‬ ‭These‬ ‭inventions‬ ‭allowed‬ ‭Morse‬ ‭code‬ ‭messages‬ ‭to‬ ‭travel‬‭between‬‭distant‬‭locations‬
‭without physical connections.‬
‭-‬ ‭Broadcast‬ ‭radio‬ ‭emerged‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭technology‬ ‭welcomed‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬ ‭public,‬ ‭providing‬ ‭news‬ ‭over‬ ‭the‬
‭airwaves.‬

‭Who Invented Radio?:‬

‭-‬ ‭While there’s some misconception, Guglielmo Marconi played a significant role.‬
‭-‬ ‭Marconi‬ ‭combined‬ ‭existing‬ ‭literature‬ ‭with‬ ‭ideas‬ ‭from‬ ‭other‬‭scientists‬‭to‬‭build‬‭portable‬‭transmitter‬
‭and receiver devices. These devices enabled wireless communication between distant locations.‬
‭-‬ ‭His work built upon the experiments of his predecessors, making him a key figure in radio history.‬

‭Radio’s Golden Age (1920-1945):‬

‭-‬ ‭Between 1920 and 1945, radio evolved into the first electronic mass medium.‬
‭-‬ ‭It‬ ‭monopolized‬ ‭“the‬ ‭airwaves”‬‭and‬‭defined‬‭mass‬‭culture‬‭alongside‬‭newspapers,‬‭magazines,‬‭and‬
‭motion pictures.‬
‭-‬ ‭The appearance of television around 1945 transformed radio’s content and role.‬

‭Technological Shifts:‬
‭-‬ ‭The transition from analog to digital broadcasting set the stage for further innovations.‬

‭-‬ ‭Internet‬ ‭radio,‬ ‭streaming‬ ‭platforms,‬ ‭and‬ ‭personalized‬ ‭radio‬ ‭experiences‬ ‭emerged‬ ‭as‬ ‭digital‬
‭technology advanced‬