THREAD

Thread is a helical groove having a definite cross-

section with constant helix angle that has been cut on
a cylindrical job internally of externally.
Threads generally cut on a machine called as
“lathe” on a small size screw. Thread is often cut by
means of tool called as die.
The principal uses of thread are :-
1. For fastening such as nut, bolt and screw etc.
2. For transmitting power such as lead screw.
3. For lacking accurate measurement.
4. For adjusting.
5. For applying pressure.
THREAD NOMENCLATURE.
 TYPE OF THREAD.
METRIC THREAD.
It is used where light fits are necessary e.g steam fitting, pipe
fittings etc.
Angle of “v” thread is 60⁰. Depth = 0.866 x Pitch
H = 0.866 x P.
BSW THREAD.
BRITISH STANDARD WHITWORTH THREAD (BSW).
It is used for general engineering work as bolts & nuts,
screw etc. Angle of “v” thread is 55⁰.Depth (H) = 0.6403
x Pitch (P).
Radius at the root and crest (R) = 0.137329 x Pitch.
BRITISH STANDARD FINE (BSF)THREADS.

It is similar to BSW having fine pitch. It has more number of

TPI than BSW on the same size. It is used largely on the bolts,
nuts and parts of automobiles.
BRITISH STANDARD PIPE THREAD.(BSP)

It is a standard screw thread that has been adopted

internationally for interconnecting and sealing pipe
ends by mating an external (male) with an internal
(female) thread and has been adopted as a standard
scale used in plumbing fittings. It is similar to B.S.W
used on pipes only.
SQUARE THREAD.
It’s shape is square at an angle of 90⁰. It is strong enough
to transmit heavy loads on both directions. It is used on the
spindle of vices, Presses, screw jacks etc. it has no definite
size and number of threads per inch. It is fixed according to
the capacity required
ACME THREAD.
It is similar to square thread but it’s include angle is 29⁰. It is
considerably stronger, used in automatic working machines
since it gives easiest engagement. Ex. Of lead screw of
lathes.
BUTTRESS THREAD

It has one surface normal to the axis and the other side is
inclined at an angle of 45⁰, so the shearing strength is twice
as great as square thread. It is only used where the forces
acts one direction such as quick release vice , hand press
etc.
KNUCKLE THREAD.
The shape is half round on crest and it is used for uses
,in the part of coupling etc. It is also used on hard
woods for light fitting purpose.
TAPS
TAPPING.
Tapping is the operation of cutting internal threads by
means of a cutting tool called tap.
TAPS
• A tap is a screw like tool which has threads like a bolt and
three or four flutes cut across the thread.
• It is used to cut threads on inside of a hole .
• The edge of the thread formed by the flutes are the cutting
edges.
• The lower part of the tap is slightly tapered as it can enter
into the hole easily.
• The upper part of the tap consists of a shank ending in a
square for holding the tap by tap wrench.
• They are made up of carbon steel or high speed steel.
HAND TAP

• The hand taps consists 3 nos. as roughing, intermediate

& finish tap respectively.
• All hand taps are straight fluted.
• The end of the roughing tap has 6 threads tapered. This
is used to start the thread so that the threads are
formed gradually.
• The intermediate is tapered of 3-4 threads. This is used
after the roughing tap.
• The finishing tap has 1-2 threads tapered. This is used to
finish the thread, which is prepared by other two taps.
 MACHINE TAP.
Machine taps have straight or helical flute. In machine
tapping it is necessary to see that the chips always clear the
cutting edges.
MATERIAL
Taps are made from carbon steel or from high speed steel
and are hardened and tempered.
METHOD OF TAPPING.

• Check the size of the hole and hold the job firmly in the vice
setting the hole to be vertical.
• Select the set of taps and use proper wrench.
• Insert the first tap at right angle and turn it to clockwise
applying even pressure putting of oil if required.
• Check up the position to stand vertical to base with a try-
square. The inclined position should be rectified before the
formation of thread.
• Turn the tap forward for making threads and backward to
get relief.
• Change the series of tap, I, II & III often before feeling the
strain. Repeat the procedure till the whole threaded part of
the tap passes into the hole.
• Be careful while threading into blind hole. Chips to be
removed during the threading process to achieve the
required length of thread in the work-piece.
CAUSES OF THE BREAKAGE OF TAPS.
• The hole is smaller than the required size.
• The hole is inclined or tapered.
• The pressure is over and uneven.
• The wrench is non-stand.
• The cutting edges of the tap are dull.
• Failed to hold the job firmly.
• Failed to concentrate with the work to know the
sensitivity of feel.
• Failed to turn back the tap to get relief.
• Failed to remove the cutting chips.
• Failed to apply coolant.
• Failed to use series of taps in order.
• Failed to minimise the force on the blind hole.
METHOD OF REMOVING BROKEN TAP.
• If the height of the broken tap is enough to grip for a
wrench or a plier, turn to left with it.
• Insert a tool which has 3 to 4 knobs into the grooves of
the tap, and turn it to left.
• Insert a prick punch into the grooves and give light
blows on the head for unscrewing.
DIES & STOCKS.
• Dies are used to cut threads on a round bar of metal, such
as the threads on a bolt.
• It is a round or square block of hardened steel with a hole
containing threads and flutes which form cutting edges.
• The dies are of two types as solid die & adjustable die.
• A solid die is one which has fixed dimension and can’t
be adjusted for larger or smaller diameter.
• An adjustable die can be set to cut larger or smaller
diameter.
• A circular adjustable die is very common.
• In adjustable die the die is splited through one side and
a slight adjustment is made by means of the set screw.
• Another common type is two piece rectangular die. In
this type of dies are fitted into a special stock and
closed by means of the adjusting screw.
• The size of the die is specified by the outside diameter
of the thread to be cut and pitch of thread.
STOCK.
• The tool for holding and turning the threading die is
called a die stock. It is often just called a stock.
• Die stock are provided with small screws.
• When the threading die has been inserted into the
stock, the thread screws are tightened so that they
engaged in the drill holes of the die to hold it.