G R E E N C H E M I S T RY

AEC4143 (3+0)
ASSOC. P R O F. DR A LY Z A AZZURA ABD RAHMAN AZMI
a l y z a . a z z u r a @ u m t . e d u . m y

0 1 6 - 3 3 6 1 4 1 5
CONTENT

1. Introduction to Green Chemistry

2. Metrics a nd Mea s urements
3. Cata lyst a nd Green BioCata lyst
4. Green S olvents
5. Green Technolog y
ASSESSMENT

FINAL EXAM (40%)

Involves all topics (1-
5)
ASSIGNMENT (20%)
Will be given on Week3,
and submitted on Week
13 TEST 2 (20%)
WEEK 11
Involves 2 topics
TEST 1 (20%)
WEEK 6
Involves 2 topics
1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N T O G R E E N C H E M I S T RY

a. Definition a nd Concept of Green Chemistry

b. Timeline of Green Chemistry
c. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
d. Individua l, Government a nd Non-Government Orga nization
(NGO)’s Roles Towards Green Technolog y
a. Definition and Concept of Green
Chemistry

Sustainability

Green Engineering

Green
Chemistry
 a. Definition and Concept of Green
Chemistry
General concept of making processes and products that have reduced
environmenta lly impa ct.
Sustainability: Understanding the relationships between the manufacturing system
a nd the ecos ystem, including environmenta l impa cts a nd huma n hea lth.
Green Engineering: Application of fundamental engineering concepts for the
improvement of manufacturing processes (fea sible and economical) while
minimizing generation of pollution at the source, and risk to human health and
environment.
Green Chemistry: Describe synthesis concepts in critical (chemical reaction and
chemical products) to making chemicals in a purposefully more environmentally
benig n wa y.
a. Definition and Concept of Green
Chemistry

Definition of Green Chemistry:

• Also known a s clea n chemistry or susta ina ble chemistry.

• Green chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates
the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and
a pplication of chemica l products.
• It applies across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design,
ma nufa cture, us e, a nd ultimate dis pos a l.
a. Definition and Concept of Green
Chemistry

Purpose of the Green Chemistry:

• To promote innovative chemical technologies that reduce or eliminate the use or

g eneration of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and use of
chemica l products. (US Environmental Protection Ag ency (EPA)).
• S cience-based, non-regulatory and economically driven approach to achieving the
g oa ls of environmental protection a nd susta ina ble development.
Criteria of Green: Avoid
Wa ste
Non Environmenta lly
Toxic friendly

GREEN
S a fe CHEMISTRY
S imple

Economica l S usta ina ble

Atom
Efficient
 b. Timeline of Green Chemistr y
‘Silent Spring’ EPA PPA
1962

1970

1990
Rachel Carson wrote scientific book Richard Nixon established the The Pollution Prevention Act
titled S ilent S pring . US Environmental Protection pas s ed.
Content: The devastation of Agency (EPA) .
chemica ls on loca l ecos ystems . The first decision from EPA-
Impact: It has inspired modern ban the use of DDT and other
environment movement. chemica l pesticides .

Paul T. Anastas coined term The Twelve Principles of Green

1991

2005
The winners: Chauvin, Grubbs,

1998
Green Chemistry Chemistry is published by Paul and Schrock, which commended
Ana sta s and John Warner. their work as “a great step
forward for green chemistry”

Father of G.C. The 12 Principles Nobel Prize

 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
1. PREVENTION

It is better to prevent wa ste tha n to treat or clea n up wa ste a fter it ha s been created.
 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
2. ATOM ECONOMY

S ynthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials

us ed in the proces s into the fina l product.

% Atom Economy = 100 x Relative molecula r ma s s of des ired products

Relative molecula r ma s s of all rea ctants
c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
3. LESS HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS

Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate

substa nces that poss es s little or no toxicity to people or the environment.
 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
4. DESIGNING SAFER CHEMICALS

Chemical products should be designed to effect their desired function while

minimizing their toxicity.
 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
5. SAFER SOLVENTS AND AUXILIARIES

The use of auxiliary substances (i.e. solvents or separation a gents) should be made
unneces s ary wherever poss ible a nd innocuous when us ed.

Green solvent should:

- Reduce the energ y requirements
- Ha ve the lea st toxicity
- Ha ve the fewest life cycle environmenta l impa cts
- Ma jor S a fety impa cts
c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
6. DESIGN FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy requirements of chemical proces se s should be recognized for their environmental

and economic impacts and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods should be
conducted at a mbient temperature a nd pres s ure.

How to arra ng e a synthes is to ha ve the fewest number of steps .

Lowest cost of starting materia ls .

IT IS DESIGN PARAMETER!
 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
7. USE OF RENEWABLE FEEDSTOCKS

A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever

technica lly a nd economica lly practica ble.

Exa mple: Foss il fuels for carbon-ba s ed chemica ls .

 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
8. REDUCE DERIVATIVES

Unneces s a ry derivatization should be minimized or avoided if possible, becau se

such steps require a dditiona l rea g ents a nd ca n g enerate wa ste.

Example of derivatives: use of blocking groups, protection or deprotection, temporary

modification of phys ica l/chemica l proces s es .
 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
9. CATALYSIS

Cata lytic rea g ents (a s selective a s poss ible) are superior to stoichiometric rea g ents.

Definition of Catalyst: A substance that chan ge s the velocity of a reaction without

itself being cha ng ed in the proces s .
IT LOWERS THE ACTIVATION ENERGY OF THE REACTION.
It ca n be us ed in sma ll a mounts a nd ca n be recycled.
 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
Example: reduction of ketone to the secondary a lcohol.
 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
10. DESIGN FOR DEGRADATION

Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they
break down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the
environment.

The keyword terms : Biodegra dation, hydrolys is , photolys is

 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry
11. REAL-TIME ANALYSIS FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION

Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-

proces s monitoring a nd control prior to the formation of ha zardous substa nces .

The effective application of proces s an alytical chemistry directly contributes to be

sa fe a nd efficient operation of chemica l pla nts worldwide.
 c . Tw e l v e P r i n c i p l e s o f G re e n
Chemistry

12. INHERENTLY SAFER CHEMISTRY FOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION

S ubstances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be

chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including relea se s,
explos ions , a nd fires .

Ca n you na me a ny chemica l a ccidents/ explos ions ?

 d. Individual, Government and Non-
G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n i z a t i o n ( N G O ) ’s R o l e s
To w a r d s G r e e n Te c h n o l o g y

DO YOUR PART.

FIND THE ROLES OF MALAYS IAN GOVERNMENT (POLICY, ACTION, ACTIVITIES ) IN

ENHANCING GREEN TECHNOLOGY

FIND A NGO THAT PROMOTE GREEN TECH AWARENES S .

 d. Individual, Government and Non-
G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n i z a t i o n ( N G O ) ’s R o l e s
To w a r d s G r e e n Te c h n o l o g y
What role should government pla y in promoting susta ina bility?
• Government ca nnot work in this area a lone.
• Achieving susta ina bility will be pla yed by bus ines s (35%), NGOs (30%), a nd governments
(24%). (Bell, 2018).
• Governments need to be able to a nticipate rising dema nd for susta ina ble products a nd
services .
• Governments ca n pla y a key role in aiding the trans ition toward more efficient, les s
da ma g ing economies . Thos e governments that ca n lea d in this role would be able to set
the a g enda for their economies , industries , a nd citizens (Peck & Gibs on, 2002).
 d. Individual, Government and Non-
G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n i z a t i o n ( N G O ) ’s R o l e s
To w a r d s G r e e n Te c h n o l o g y

The g overnment ha s four distinct roles in a ddres s ing susta ina bility concerns .
Thes e roles are a s follows:

❖ Policy development
• Development of new policies to steer a nd ena ble susta ina bility innovation.
• Governments need to provide vis ion a nd strateg y to incorporate susta ina bility in public
policy.
• Used to prioritize, set g oa ls a nd des ig n coherent long -term strateg ies .
• Formulate targ ets a nd determine type of government a ctivities a nd budg et.
 d. Individual, Government and Non-
G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n i z a t i o n ( N G O ) ’s R o l e s
To w a r d s G r e e n Te c h n o l o g y

Facilitation
• Cooperation with bus ines s , society a nd public sector in order to a chieve susta ina bility
policy objectives .
• Boundaries are set by politica l para dig ms a nd ability a nd willing nes s of bus ines s and
other a ctors to cooperate for cha ng e.
• Used to stimulate brea kthroug hs in trans ition ma na g ement.
• R&D, endorsing , convening roles , fina ncia l incentives , societa l cost benefit ma na g ement
 d. Individual, Government and Non-
G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n i z a t i o n ( N G O ) ’s R o l e s
To w a r d s G r e e n Te c h n o l o g y

Regulation
• All government initiatives in leg is lation, administration a nd enforcement.
• Boundaries set by (internationa l) la w.
• Used to protect public benefit and to correct market fa ilure in ma na g ing externa lities .
• Long term res pons e to market (a s it takes time to decide upon a nd implement new
leg is lation).
 d. Individual, Government and Non-
G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n i z a t i o n ( N G O ) ’s R o l e s
To w a r d s G r e e n Te c h n o l o g y

Sustainability Management with Government (CSR)

• The corporate socia l res pons ibility of ea ch government body a s a n economic actor.
• Work principle bas ed instea d of rule bas ed, us e sta keholder dia log ue a nd be trans parent.
• Avoid ‘greenwa s hing ’
• Create sufficient levera g e to ha ve a rea l impa ct on core bus ines s .
 d. Individual, Government and Non-
G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n i z a t i o n ( N G O ) ’s R o l e s
To w a r d s G r e e n Te c h n o l o g y
MEPS : Minimum Energy Performa nce Sta nda rd
BEI: Building Energy Index IBS : Indus trialized Building S ystem
 d. Individual, Government and Non-
G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n i z a t i o n ( N G O ) ’s R o l e s
To w a r d s G r e e n Te c h n o l o g y

Definition:
• Non-g overnmental orga nization, a nd it includes a variety of orga nizations such as
“private voluntary orga nizations ,” “civil society orga nizations ,” a nd “nonprofit
orga nization”.
• NGOs are defined a s orga nizations that pursue a public interest ag enda , rather tha n
commercia l interests .
• The roles : (1) socia l development, (2) susta ina ble community development, (3)
susta ina ble development, a nd (4) susta ina ble cons umption.
 d. Individual, Government and Non-
G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n i z a t i o n ( N G O ) ’s R o l e s
To w a r d s G r e e n Te c h n o l o g y

Sustainable Community Development:

• Reduction in the us e of energ y combined with recycling and ma na g ement of wa ste

products.
• Protection a nd enha ncement of biolog ica l diversity a nd stewards hip of natural res ources .

Example of NGOs in Ma la ys ia :
• S a mpa h Menya mpa h
• EcoKnig ht
• Precious Pla stics