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• Show that the given function has a root in 1,2, and use the Bisection Method to
determine an

approximation to the root that is after 4�ℎ iterations.

�4-2�3-4�2+4�+4=0

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o Step 1
Provided that, x4−2x3−4x2+4x+4=0.
Let f(x)=x4−2x3−4x2+4x+4.

If x=1, then

f(1)=14−(2×13)−(4×12)+(4×1)+4=1−2−4+4+4=9−6=3>0

If x=2, then

f(2)=24−(2×23)−(4×22)+(4×2)+4=16−16−16+8+4=12−16=−4<0

Thus, f(1).f(2)=3×(−4)=−12<0.
Therefore, the given functions has a root in [1,2].

Explanation:

Let f(x)=0 be a equation with f(a).f(b)<0 for a,b∈�. Then it can be said
that the equation has a root in the interval [a,b].

o Step 2
Using Bisection method, the following calculations are followed:

1st iteration:

Here, f(1)=3>0 and f(2)=−4<0.

So, it already concludes that the root for the provided function lies
between 1 and 2.
Let x1=1+22=32=1.5.
Then, it can be obtained that

f(x1)=f(1.5)=(1.5)4−2.(1.5)3−4.(1.5)2+4.(1.5)+4=−0.6875<0⇒f(x1)<0

2nd iteration:

Here, f(1)=3>0 and f(1.5)=−0.6875<0.

So, f(1).f(1.5)<0.
So, the root lies between 1 and 1.5.
Therefore, the root approximation becomes
 x2=1+1.52=2.52=1.25

Then, it can be obtained that

f(x2)=f(1.25)=(1.25)4−2.(1.25)3−4.(1.25)2+4.(1.25)+4=1.2852>0⇒f(x2)>0

Explanation:

The Bisection method states: Let � be the root of the equation f(x)=0 that
lies in the interval [a,b], i.e., f(a).f(b)<0, and (b−a) is not sufficiently small.
The interval [a,b] is divided into two equal intervals [a,c] and [c,b], each of
the length b−a2, and c=a+b2. If f(c)=0, then c is the exact root. Now, if
f(c)≠0, then the root lies either in the interval [a,c] or in the interval [c,b]. If
f(a).f(c)<0, then the interval [a,c] is considered as a new interval. If
f(c).f(b)<0, then the interval [c,b] is considered as a new interval. This
procedure is performed repeatedly until the desired efficiency is achieved.

o Step 3
3rd iteration:

Here, f(1.25)=1.2852>0 and f(1.5)=−0.6875<0.

So, f(1.25).f(1.5)<0.
So, the root lies between 1.25 and 1.5.
Therefore, the root approximation becomes

x3=1.25+1.52=2.752=1.375

Then, it can be obtained that

f(x3)=f(1.375)=(1.375)4−2.(1.375)3−4.(1.375)2+4.(1.375)+4=0.3127>0⇒f(
x3)>0

4th iteration:

Here, f(1.375)=0.3127>0 and f(1.5)=−0.6875<0.

So, f(1.375).f(1.5)<0.
So, the root lies between 1.375 and 1.5.
Therefore, the root approximation becomes

x4=1.375+1.52=2.8752=1.4375

Therefore, x=x4=1.4375 is an approximation to the root that is after 4th

iterations.
 Explanation:

The Bisection method states: Let � be the root of the equation f(x)=0 that
lies in the interval [a,b], i.e., f(a).f(b)<0, and (b−a) is not sufficiently small.
The interval [a,b] is divided into two equal intervals [a,c] and [c,b], each of
the length b−a2, and c=a+b2. If f(c)=0, then c is the exact root. Now, if
f(c)≠0, then the root lies either in the interval [a,c] or in the interval [c,b]. If
f(a).f(c)<0, then the interval [a,c] is considered as a new interval. If
f(c).f(b)<0, then the interval [c,b] is considered as a new interval. This
procedure is performed repeatedly until the desired efficiency is achieved.

o Answer
Hence, it is proved that the given function has a root in [1,2], and by using
Bisection method the approximation to the root after 4th iterations is:
x=1.4375.

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