Timor-Leste Journal of Engineering and Science

Vol.xx, Issue.xx, pp.xx, 2020

Available online at: http://tljes.org/index.php/tljes/data

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF LAND USE CHANGE ON SURFACE RUNOFF IN MANLEUANA

VILLAGE, DOM ALEIXO SUB-DISTRICT, DILI- TIMOR LESTE DISTRICT

Maria Calista Engelica Lio¹, Maria velisita chindy wira², Margareth evelyn babys³ (10 pt)
1,2,3Facultyof Engineering, Civil Engineering Study Program, Widya Mandira Kupang Catholic University,INDONESIA (9,5 pt)
1 Department of Civil Engineering Dili Institute of Technology, Dili, Timor-Leste (9,5 pt)
Email: info@unwira.ac.id

ABSTRACT

This study aims to analyze the effect of land use change on surface runoff in Manleuana Village, Timor Leste, focusing on the relationship
between land use and the magnitude of peak discharge and surface runoff. Land use change was identified as a factor that can affect flood
discharge and runoff intensity, with rainfall data used as the basis for calculations using the rational analysis method. Rainfall data from
2012 to 2021 was processed using the Moligon Thisen method to design channel cross-sections, and simulations of the existing drainage
network model showed acceptable results, although the channel experienced overflow in the first hour due to high rainfall intensity. This
research makes an important contribution to land use management to reduce flood risk, with continuity error values of less than 10%
indicating good validity of the results.
Keywords: Surface runoff, Land use change
Received March 16, 2021; Revised May 20, 2021; Accepted June 30, 2021

1. Introduction landslide. causing the reduction of water catchment areas.

Naturally, some of the rainwater that falls on the ground
will seep into the soil and the rest will flow as surface runoff.
The condition of the area where the rain falls will greatly
affect the part of the rainwater that will seep into the ground
and will form surface runoff. Regional characteristics that
affect the part of rainwater include Changes in land use have
environmental, economic and social impacts. Several studies
have shown that land use change can lead to an increase in
flood discharge and sedimentation rates, especially due to
land changes from undeveloped areas to built-up areas such
as settlements. The larger the built-up area, the larger the
runoff coefficient. The runoff coefficient is directly
proportional to the surface runoff rate, the greater the runoff
coefficient, the greater the surface runoff rate.
The process of measuring runoff directly requires a lot of
money, time and energy. It is often difficult to obtain runoff
data due to the burdensome measurement process. Therefore,
it is necessary to apply a model approach that is appropriate
and suitable for the conditions of an area. Based on this
approach, it can be used as a reference in determining the
amount of runoff that occurs.
Natural conditions in Timor Leste in the period of one
month from March 29 to April 4, 2020 caused high rainfall,
causing floods and landslides. The peak was on April 4
with more than 12 hours of non-stop rain that caused the
Comoro River in Manleuana village to overflow. More than
40 people died and thousands of residents were left
homeless, and important infrastructure such as roads and
bridges were destroyed (Intisari- online.com). However,
with the increasing number of people living in this area,
there are also more changes in land use change, causing the
Regional development followed by an increase in
population in an area will cause land conversion into
residential areas. What was originally a watershed area is
converted into residential areas and highways. T h e r e f o r
e ,land use management
is indispensable in emphasizing surface runoff rates and
reducing flood risk.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Surface Runoff
Surface runoff occurs when the amount of rainfall
exceeds the infiltration rate. Once the infiltration rate is met,
water begins to fill the depressions on the soil surface. Once
the filling is complete then the water will flow freely on the
ground surface. Factors that affect surface runoff are divided
into two groups, namely meteorological elements and
elements of the physical properties of the drainage area
(Sosrodarsono & Takeda, 1978: 135). Meteorological
elements include the type of precipitation, rain intensity, rain
duration, and rain distribution in the drainage area, while the
physical properties of the drainage area include land use, soil
type, and topographic conditions of the drainage area
(catchment). Physical properties elements can be categorized
as static aspects while meteorological elements are dynamic
aspects that can change over time. There are many methods
that can be used to analyze and predict the amount of surface
runoff, some of which are as follows:
• Rational Method
• Melchoir Method

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Timor-Leste Journal of Engineering and Science
• Weduwen Method
• Haspers Method
• SCS (Soil Conservation Service) method
2.2. Land Use Change
Land use change is the change in land use from one
land to another, and the change in the function of an area in
different periods of time. Changes in the function of land
cover from forest or green land areas to built-up land areas
will affect the magnitude of the erosion rate and
sedimentation in the area and create inundation in the
surrounding area can also be called flooding (Alimin,
Wicaksono et al. 2017; Negoro and Cholil 2018).
3. Research Methodology
This research was conducted in Manleuana
Village, Dili, Timor Leste. With a period of time
determined from January 25, 2024 - January 26, 2024.
The object of research reviewed at the location is the
building system, landslides, drainage channel conditions,
road conditions and landfills.
The data collection method in this study uses a
survey method of obtaining data from field practice and
direct observation at the research location, Manleuana
Village (primary data). And data obtained from literature
studies related to the aspects discussed about land use,
drainage water runoff, and rainfall (secondary data).
1. Primary Data
Primary data is data obtained from visual observations in
the field, direct measurements in the field.
2. Secondary Data
The types of secondary data required are as follows:
• Rainfall data
• Topography
• River discharge data
Figure 1. manleuana village location
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Vol.xx, Issue.xx, pp.xx, 2020
Available online at: http://tljes.org/index.php/tljes/data
3.1 Data Collection Methods
Observational data collection technique is to see the
condition of the area and environment such as settlement
conditions, watersheds, highway conditions, landslide
conditions and slopes. By conducting a review technique on
the watershed and building system to find out the field
conditions that are a problem of flooding due to changes in
use. land.
3.2 Data Analysis Method
The data obtained in this study were analyzed using
qualitative descriptive analysis techniques which aim to
describe certain circumstances. after the data is collected, then
systematic structuring of observation notes is carried out,
interviews to improve the researcher's understanding of the
case under study and present it as a guest for others (Noeng
Muhadjir, 1998: 104).
The data analyzed were runoff coefficient and land use
change. The method used to analyze the runoff coefficient is
the rational method formulated as follows:
Qp = C.iT.A
It has been used for more than two centuries and is
still relevant. In the above formulation,
Qp = peak discharge rate (water volume/hour)
iT = mean intensity of rainfall with a certain frequency
T (mm/h)
A = watershed area (km2 )
C = runoff coefficient, which is determined by the land
characteristics of the watershed (see Appendix 1 for a
list of these C values).
Of note in the use of the above formula is that the rainfall
duration tr considered must be greater than the watershed
concentration time tc , which assumes that the discharge rate
after the concentration time does not increase anymore because
infiltration is constant. This assumption is especially true for
small watersheds (< 100 km2 ). The most widely used formula
for calculating the time of concentration is the following
Kirpich formula:
tc = (11.9 L3 /h)0.385
Where:
tc = concentration time (hour) L = length of main river (km)
Timor-Leste Journal of Engineering and Science
Vol.xx, Issue.xx, pp.xx, 2020
Available online at: http://tljes.org/index.php/tljes/data

h = elevation difference between the highest and lowest point 4.2. Rainfall Intensity Analysis
of the watershed (feet). Rainfall intensity was calculated using the Moligon
Thisen method for 24 hours at 5 and 10 year periods. The
The intensity i is obtained from the intensity duration curve calculation of rainfall intensity is shown in table 4.2.
(IDF) for the selected return period with rainfall duration equal
to the watershed concentration time. The IDF curve can be Table 4.2 Rainfall Intensity
obtained from the following Meyer (1928) formula:
Hourly Rain
i = a/(b + tr )
R24
where a and b are the regression coefficients obtained
graphically or by the least squares method. Hours R5 R10
4. Result
1 72.063 100.016
4.1. General
The research analysis conducted was to determine 2 45.397 63.006
the relationship between land use and the amount of peak
discharge and the amount of runoff in the study area. 3 34.644 48.082
Land use that changes over time becomes a variable
used as a comparison in analyzing the amount of peak 4 28.598 39.691
discharge and surface runoff.
. Based on changes in land use, the magnitude of 5 24.645 34.205
changes in flood discharge and the amount of runoff
intensity and runoff height in each sub-watershed of the 6 21.824 30.290
Comoro River can be known. The results of the analysis of
the amount of surface runoff is shown by its changes based 7 19.693 27.332
on changes in land use from year to year.
In this study using daily short-term rainfall data for the 8 18.016 25.004
last 10 years obtained from the satellite-based CHRS data
portal Manleuana Village, Dom Aleixo District, Dili- Timor 9 16.655 23.116
Leste District in 2012-2021, this rainfall data is the basis for
calculating rainfall intensity rainfall data can be seen in 10 15.525 21.548
Table 4.
11 14.570 20.221
Table 4.1. Daily Rainfall Data in 2021-2021.
Rainfa ll 12 13.749 19.082
Year Year Rainfall
Max Max (mm) 13 13.034 18.090
(mm)
2012 96 2017 85 14 12.406 17.218
2013 64 2018 63 15 11.848 16.444
2014 67 2019 100
16 11.349 15.751
2015 30 2020 34
17 10.900 15.128
2016 54 2021 428
18 10.492 14.562
The rainfall data in the table above is obtained from the
satellite-based CHRS data portal and then processed using 19 10.121 14.046
excel with the Moligon Thisen method to obtain 5 and 10
year period rainfall intensity. The data is then used to design 20 9.780 13.574
the channel cross section using the EPA SWMM 5.1
application.

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Timor-Leste Journal of Engineering and Science
Vol.xx, Issue.xx, pp.xx, 2020
Available online at: http://tljes.org/index.php/tljes/data

Hourly Rain

R24

Hours R5 R10

21 9.467 13.140

22 9.178 12.739

23 8.910 12.367

24 8.661 12.021

Figure 4.3 Drainage Road Model View

The running results of the existing drainage network

Figure 4.1. Duration-Frequency Graph
model simulation show a continuity error in surface runoff
of -0.62% and flow routing of 0.01%. The results of the run
simulation are acceptable because the continuity error value
is less than 10% . Simulation results with the EPA SWMM
5.1 Rossman (2015) application state that if the continuity
error value which is the sum of Surface Runoff and Flow
Routing reaches 10% then the analysis is doubtful, thus the
simulation results in this study are acceptable.

50
Rn5
0
Rn1
40
0 0

30 Rn2
0 0
20 Rn2
0 5 Figure 4.4 Channel flow profile in the first hour
0 2 6 Rn10
4 0
The results seen from the figure above show that the
Figure 4.2. Intensity-Duration-Frequency Graph channel that experienced overflow occurred at hour 1
because the intensity at that time was very high. In the next
hour the runoff discharge began to recede due to the
4.3. Simulation With EPA SWMM 5.1 Application decreasing rain intensity. The channel that experienced
overflow was unable to accommodate the runoff discharge
due to rain. This is because the channel is insufficient and
also the intensity of the rain is high.

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Timor-Leste Journal of Engineering and Science
Vol.xx, Issue.xx, pp.xx, 2020
Available online at: http://tljes.org/index.php/tljes/data

5. Conclusion and Implication importance of effective land use planning and drainage
Analysis of the effect of land use change on system design in mitigating flood risks in the region..
surface runoff in Manleuana Village, Timor Leste in land
use with the magnitude of peak discharge and runoff Acknowledgements
intensity. Land use change We would like to express our gratitude to our
Land use can affect flood discharge and runoff supervisors who patiently assisted us in processing the
intensity, which can be calculated based on rainfall data survey data for this research. Your help has been
using the analysis method. invaluable to the development of our research.
Rational. Rainfall data from 2012 to 2021 was
processed by the Moligon Thisen method to design the References:
channel cross-section, and simulation of the existing
drainage network model showed acceptable results even (Belladona dkk., t.t.; Development Bank, 2022; Dos dkk.,
though the channel experienced overflow in the first hour 2022a, 2022b; Gomez Settu dkk., 2022a, 2022b; Kartiko
due to high rainfall intensity. This research makes an dkk., 2018a, 2018b; Lindawati & Nursani, t.t.; Minaryo dkk.,
important contribution to land use management to reduce 2022; Takeleb dkk., 2023).
flood risk, with continuity error values of less than 10%
indicating good validity of the results.
The study emphasized the importance of land use
management in reducing flood risk by maintaining
adequate water catchment areas. The simulations also
revealed that the drainage network overflowed within the
first hour due to the high intensity of rainfall,
demonstrating the need for adequate infrastructure to
handle the situation. Overall, this study underscores the