Subscribe to DeepL Pro to translate larger documents.

Visit
Timor-Leste Journal of Engineering andwww.DeepL.com/pro
Science for more information.

Vol.xx, Issue.xx, pp.xx, 2020

Available online at: http://tljes.org/index.php/tljes/data

LANDSLIDE IMPACT ANALYSIS ON BUILT INFRASTRUCTURE

(CASE STUDY, COMORO RIVER, LISIBUTAK HAMLET, MANLEUANA
VILLAGE, TIMOR LESTE)

Vincensia Maria Adiratna Baso1 , Ameliana Miguel Sarmento2 , Yohanes Pelea Lejap3 , Agostinho Gusmao4
1,3 Civil Engineering, Widya Mandira Catholic University Kupang, Indonesia (9.5 pt)
2,4 Civil Engineering, Dili Institute of Technology, Timor Leste (9.5 pt)
Email: dianbaso24@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Landslides are a threat to people's lives and livelihoods. Landslides in Lisibutak Hamlet, Manleuana Village, Timor Leste caused damage to
built infrastructure such as retaining walls, roads, medians, drainage, and houses in the affected areas. This study aims to analyze the impact
of landslides on the built infrastructure and provide recommendations for prevention and mitigation of the impacts. The research methods
are field survey and literature study. Primary data includes the condition of retaining walls, roads, drainage, and damaged houses.
Secondary data included topography and soil type. The results of the analysis showed that the landslide had an impact on damage to
retaining walls, roads, medians, drainage, and houses. Mitigation that can be done includes structural mitigation (infrastructure
improvement) and non-structural mitigation (surveillance, area mapping, public education, monitoring system, warning, and quick and
proper evacuation). In dealing with landslides, it is important to involve all elements of the community and local government. With the right
actions, it is expected to reduce losses and prevent similar events from occurring in the future.

Keywords: Landslide impact, built infrastructure, mitigation

Received 2024; Revised 2024; Accepted 2024

1. Introduction of most of the mountains inhabited by the residents, this

Landslide or often called ground movement is a
geological event that occurs due to the movement of rock or
soil masses of various types such as falling rocks or large
clumps of soil. Landslides occur due to natural processes in
the change of the earth's structure, due to several reasons
including additional load on the slope, excavation that
causes an increase in the sharpness of the slope on a slope,
cutting the soil at the foot of the slope and changes in the
position of the water level in the river or dam (Astuti,
2010). Landslides are inseparable from human behavioral
factors, one of which is the increase in population which
affects the increasing need for land, both for settlements,
industry, agriculture, and others (Sugiharyanto et al., 2009).
Landslides are events that threaten and disrupt people's
lives and livelihoods.
Timor Leste is one of the countries that is not spared
from landslides. Lisibutak Hamlet, Manleuana Village is
one of the areas in Timor Leste where landslides often
occur. The area consists of
condition makes them vulnerable to the impact of landslides
during the rainy season. One of the most significant impacts
of landslides is the damage to retaining walls that support
highways, such as the Comoro River that runs through
Lisibutak hamlet. Other impacts of landslides include
erosion of the highway, destruction of the median, drainage
that becomes dirty and clogged, and damage to residents'
houses.
To reduce the impact of landslides, many preventive
and mitigation measures can be taken. This study aims to
analyze the impact of landslides on built infrastructure, and
provide recommendations for prevention and mitigation of
the impacts. One of the preventive measures that can be
taken is to preserve the surrounding environment by
reforesting and planting appropriate vegetation. In addition,
the mitigation measures that can be taken include mitigation
of

1
Timor-Leste Journal of Engineering and Science
structural and non-structural mitigation, such as repairing or
rebuilding infrastructure affected by landslides,
surveillance, area mapping, community education,
monitoring systems, warnings, and quick and precise
evacuation. The government and related institutions also
need to play an active role in providing assistance and
support to overcome the impacts caused by landslides. With
joint efforts and appropriate actions, it is expected to reduce
losses and prevent similar events from occurring in the
future.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Definition and Causes of Landslides
Landslide or often called ground movement is a
geological event that occurs due to the movement of rock or
soil masses of various types such as falling rocks or large
clumps of soil. In general, landslides are caused by two
factors: driving factors and triggering factors. Driving
factors are factors that affect the condition of the material
itself, while triggering factors are factors that cause the
material to move. Landslide or earth movement is defined
as the movement down a slope by a mass of soil and or rock
composing the slope due to the disruption of the stability of
the soil or rock composing the slope (Skempton and
Hutchinson, 1969).
The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2008)
explains the main factors that cause landslides are: steep
slopes, less dense and thick soil, high rainfall, type of land
use, vibration, the presence of embankment material on the
cliff, old landslides, deforestation, and waste disposal areas.
According to Nandi (2007) many things may be caused by
landslides to human life, animals and plants as well as
environmental balance. Landslides have a huge impact on
life, especially humans. If the landslide occurs in an area
with a high population density, the casualties will be very
high, especially landslides that occur suddenly without any
signs of landslide.
2.2. Disaster Mitigation
Disaster mitigation is a disaster management effort that
is carried out to reduce disaster risks for communities
located in disaster-prone areas. Mitigation activities can
take the form of structural and non-structural mitigation
(Annisa, 2018).
1. Structural Mitigation
Structural mitigation is an effort to reduce vulnerability
to d i s a s t e r s by engineering disaster-resistant buildings.
Disaster-resistant building
2
Vol.xx, Issue.xx, pp.xx, 2020
Available online at: http://tljes.org/index.php/tljes/data
disaster is a building with a structure that is planned in such
a way that the building is able to survive or suffer harmless
damage if the disaster in question occurs. Examples include
retaining walls, special wire gabions for landslide
prevention, or terraces used to prevent or reduce the risk of
landslides.
2. Non-Structural Mitigation
Nonstructural mitigation is an effort to reduce the
impact of disasters apart from the above efforts. It can be in
the scope of making policies or regulations. For example,
the Disaster Management Law is a nonstructural effort in
the policy field of this mitigation. In addition to providing
socialization to the community related to disaster
management, activating various other activities that are
useful for strengthening community capacity, etc. This is all
done for, by and in communities living around disaster-
prone areas. Nonstructural policies are more related to
policies that aim to avoid unnecessary and damaging risks.
3. Research Methodology
This research was conducted in the Comoro River area,
Lisibutak Hamlet, Manleuana Village, Timor Leste. With a
period of time determined from January 25, 2024 - January
26, 2024. The research objects reviewed at the location are
the building system, landslide points, drainage channel
conditions, and road conditions.
The research method used in this study is a field survey,
Lisibutak Hamlet (primary data). And data obtained from
literature studies related to the discussed aspects of
landslide impacts (secondary data).
1. Primary Data
The condition of the retaining wall, the condition of the
road, the condition of the drainage, and the condition of
the damaged houses.
2. Secondary Data
Topography, and soil type.
3.1 Data Collection Methods
The data collection technique is to observe the
condition of the area and the environment. This data
collection includes natural and environmental conditions,
such as topography of the area, soil type, and vegetation
conditions around the river, as well as infrastructure
conditions affected by landslides, such as retaining walls,
roads, medians, drainage and affected houses. The
following is an example of data from the slope stability
inventory, as well as the results of a survey of asphalt roads
and dirt or gravel roads in Lisibutak Hamlet, Manleuana
Village, Timor Leste.
Timor-Leste Journal of Engineering and Science
Vol.xx, Issue.xx, pp.xx, 2020
Available online at: http://tljes.org/index.php/tljes/data

1. Slope Stability Inventory and Detailed Condition 3.2 Data Analysis Method
Survey Form The data obtained in this study were analyzed using
DATA INVENTORY FORM SLOPE AND DETAILED LANDSLIDE CONDITIONS
(SLOPE
STABILITY INVENTORY)
descriptive qualitative analysis technique which aims to
obtain recommendations in the prevention and mitigation of
SURVEYOR/GROUP NAME : GROUP 1
SURVEY DATE : 25 - 01 - 2024
SURVEY LOCATION (ALDEIA) : LISBUTAK BAIRO NAME: NUNDOLE
VILLAGE (SUCO) : MANLEUANA KECAMATAN : DOM ALEXIO Site No: 83 M (8.59 S 125.53 E) RIGHT SECTION

Direction From
Road Section Name
Km. 1 (Data Collection start station) 0+600
Direction To
Road Status
Km. 2 (End Sta) 0+800
landslide impacts on built infrastructure. In conducting the
field survey, the researcher involved field supervisors to
Coordinates. East 1 125,52 E Coordinates. East 2 125,53 E
Coordinates. North 2 8,59 S Coordinates. North 2 8,58 S
Rainfall On the slopes springs appear

obtain more accurate information about the condition of the

Slope Angle Soil Type Rock layer arrangement Topographic conditions
1 Slope 0-8% Flat 1 Clay (porosity 45-55%) 1 Alluvial and river deposits 1 Elevation 0-100 metersabovesealevel
2 Slope 8-15% Ramps 2 Silt 2 Batuna volcano ✓ 2 Elevation 100-400 metersabovesealevel
✓ 3 Slope 15-25% Somewhat Steep 3 Sand / Sand 35-40 % 3 Lavaflow rock 3 Elevation 400-1000 metersabovesealevel

area and local residents.

4 Slope 25-45% Steep 4 Gravel 4 Conglomerate rock 4 Elevation above 1000 meters above sea level
5 Slope > 45 % Very steep ✓ 5 Sand and Gravel ✓ 5 Sandstone

Land use (Types of plants around the site Percentage of vegetation (percentage of vegetation that is
Slope Type natural slopes observed) Vegetation: (Vegetation types on natural cover the slope according to the type chosen)
slopes)
✓ 1 Natural slope 1 Food crops with irrigation 1 Tree ✓ 1 Less than 10%
2 Excavation slope 2 Food crops without irrigation 2 Shrubs 2 Between 10-20%
3 Embankment slope 3 Annual cultivated crops ✓ 3 Grass 3 Between 21-40%
4 Mining excavation slope 4 Uncultivated land 4 Crops of secondary crops 4 Between 41-60%
5 Natural slopes and excavation slopes 5 Forest 5 Grumbulan bush 5 Between 61-80%
✓

4. Results
6 Natural slopes and embankment slopes 6 Grass 6 Greater than 80%
7 Natural slope with partial excavation and embankment slopes 7 Settlements
8 Natural slope with reinforcement/slope retention construction 8 Industrial estate/factory

Hydrological Waters (Hydrological Conditions when conducted Weather (Weather conditions at the time of data Slope erosion (condition of slope stability)
collection
data collection/observation around the slope location) or observation) due to water erosion)
1 Dry 1 Very heavy rain for several days interspersed with sunny weather 1 Steady (No signs of slope erosion)
✓ 2 Somewhat wet 2 Rainy season, regular rain for several weeks 2 Light erosion (There are a few small furrows due to water erosion)
✓ 3 Moderate erosion (There are some small furrows due to water erosion)

4.1. Survey Location

3 Many springs/there are 3 Only rains in the last weeks
4 Springs 4 Only rains in the last months ✓ 4 Somewhat decreased stability (There are several grooves due to water erosion, these are interconnected with each other)
5 Watersaturated 5 No rain for more than one week 5 Decreased stability (There are several deep grooves due to water erosion, where the grooves are interconnected with each other)
6 Highly water-saturated 6 No rain for more than one month 6 Large decrease in slope stability (There are several deep grooves due to water erosion, where the grooves are interconnected.
associated with and resulting in landslides of the slope surface)
7 Surface water flow

Field Notes/Comments Lisibutak Hamlet is one of the hamlets located in

Manleuana Village, Timor Leste. This hamlet is traversed
Photo/Sketch

by the Comoro River. Some of the infrastructure in this

Group Member Name: Field Assistance Lecturer:

hamlet includes roads, drainage, retaining walls, houses,

Figure 1. Slope Survey Form and Detailed Landslide Conditions and Pertamina. Surveys have been conducted in this area,
(Slope Stability Inventory) including landslide points, building layout, road and
drainage conditions.
2. Asphalt Road Condition Survey Form
PUBLIC WORKS AND SPATIAL PLANNING OFFICE KAB.
EAST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE
BINA MARGA SECTION Sheet: 3 Of : 6
PLANNING

PAVEMENT CONDITION SURVEY FORM

Province :00.00 Section : 1
Number Number
Province Name :0 Section Name : Main Street

SKLength : 800 Status/Function :K1

From : 000+400 Date / Month : 0 0 0

Benchmark Km / Year
To : 000+600 Sureyor :10 20
Benchmark
Km

Pavement Surface Cracks Other Damages Shoulders, Side Channels, etc. PER-STAIMAGE

Arrangem Type Number of Holes KR Shoulder KN

ent Condition
1 Good / ✓ 1 None 1 None 1 None 1 ✓ 1
Meeting
✓ 2 Rough 2 Not related ✓ 2 < 10/Km 2 Good/Avera 2 2
ge
3 Interconnected 3 10 - 50/Km 3 Ruts/Mild erosion 3 3
Condition/Situation (wide-field)
4 > 50/Km ✓ 4 Heavy ruts/erosion 4 4
1 Yes/no. Available 4 Interconnected
abnormality (narrow-field)
2 Excessive asphalt Hole Size KR Shoulder Surface KN

3 Detachable Width 1 None ✓ 1 None 1 ✓ 1

✓ 4 Destroyed ✓ 1 None ✓ 2 Small - shallow 2 Above the road surface 2 2

2 Smooth < 1 mm 3 Small - deep 3 Flat with the road surface 3 3

% Decrease
3 Medium 1-3 mm ✓ 4 Large - shallow 4 Below the road surface 4 4
1 None DAMAGE AT STA 0+400 TO 0+600
4 Width > 3 mm Top 5 - in 5 > 10 cm below the surface 5 5
2 < 10% area street

3 10-30% area % Area Wheel Marks

KR Side Channel Condition KN
✓ 4 > 30% area ✓ 1 None ✓ 1 None
✓ 1 None 11
2 < 10% area 2 < 1 cm deep
% Patches 2 Clean 22
3 10 - 30% area 3 1 - 3 cm deep
✓ 1 None 3 Closed/Clogged 3 ✓ 3
4 > 30% area 4 > 3 cm deep
2 < 10% area 4 Erosio 44
n
3 10-30% area KR Edge Damage KN
KR Slope Damage KN
4 > 30% area 1 None 1 ✓ 1
✓ 1 None 1 ✓ 1
2 Lightweight 2 2
2 Landslide/Collapse 22
✓ 3 Weight 3 3

KR Sidewalks KN

Hole size Small (diameter < 0.5 m); Large (diameter > 0.5 m); Shallow (depth < 5 cm); Deep (depth > 5 cm) 1 None 1 ✓ 1

Road Section Status: N = National; P = Provincial; O = City; K = District 2 Good/Safe 22

✓ 3 Dangerous 33
Figure 4. Location Map

Asphalt Road Condition Survey Form 4.2. Impact of Landslides on Built Infrastructure
The topography of Lisibutak Hamlet, Manleuana
3. Soil/Gravel Road Condition Survey Form Village, Timor Leste is mostly mountainous and is crossed
PUBLIC WORKS AND SPATIAL PLANNING OFFICE KAB.
EAST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE
BINA MARGA SECTION Sheet: 6 Of : 6
by the Comoro River. In addition, this area is characterized
by sandy soil. This is one of the factors for the vulnerability
PLANNING

DIRT/GRAVEL ROAD CONDITION SURVEY FORM

Province : . Section : 3
Number Number

of landslides when the rainy season arrives. The landslide

Province Name : Section Name : MAIN STREET

SKLength : 400 Status/Function :K3

From : 001+000 Date / Month : 20 1 2024

Benchmark Km / Year

that occurred in Lisibutak Hamlet, Manleuana Village,

To : 001+200 Sureyor :1 2
Benchmark
Km

Pavement Surface Gravel/Stone Other Damages Shoulders, Side Channels, etc. PER-STAIMAGE

Timor Leste on April 4, 2021, caused damage to several

Transverse Slope Most Size Number of KR Shoulder KN
Holes Condition
1 > 5% 1 None 1 None ✓ 1 None 1 ✓ 1

✓ 2 3-5% 2 < 1cm ✓ 2 < 10/Km 2 Good/Aver 2 2

age

infrastructures, such as retaining walls on the Comoro

3 Flat ✓ 3 1-5 Cm 3 10 - 50/Km 3 Ruts/Mild erosion 3 3

4 Concave 4 > 5 Cm 4 > 50/Km 4 Heavy ruts/erosion 4 4

5 Not

River, drainage, roads and medians, and several houses.

% Decrease necessarily Hole Size KR Shoulder Surface KN

1 None Thickness of 1 None ✓ 1 None 1 ✓ 1

Layer
✓ 2 < 10% area 1 None ✓ 2 Small - shallow 2 Above the road surface 2 2

The following is a description of the damage to some of the

3 10-30% area 2 < 5 Cm 3 Small - deep 3 Flat with the road surface 3 3

4 > 30% area ✓ 3 5 - 10 cm 4 Large - shallow 4 Below road level 4 4

4 10 - 20 Cm Top 5 - in 5 > 10 cm below the surface 5 5

Surface Erosion street

infrastructure, namely:
5 > 20 Cm
1 None Wheel Marks
KR Side Channel Condition KN
✓ 2 < 10% area Distribution ✓ 1 None
✓ 1 None 1 ✓ 1
3 10-30% area 1 None 2 < 5 cm deep
2 Clean 2 2
4 > 30% area 2 Flat 3 5 - 15 cm deep
3 Closed/Clogged 3 3

1. Damage to Retaining Wall on Comoro River Due to

✓ 3 Uneven 4 > 15 cm deep
4 Erosio 4 4
4 Mounds n
elongated Wavy
KR Slope Damage KN
1 None 1

landslide of retaining wall structure on the River

✓ 1 None 1 ✓ 1
✓ 2 < 10% Area 2
2 Landslide/Collapse 22
3 10 - 30% Area 3

4 > 30% Area KR Sidewalk KN

Comoro became damaged. Damage that occurred such as

s
✓ 1 None 1 ✓ 1

Hole size Small (diameter < 0.5 m); Large (diameter > 0.5 m); Shallow ( depth < 5 cm); Deep (depth > 5 cm) 2 Good/Safe 22

Road Section Status: N = National; P = Provincial; O = City; K = District 3 Dangerous 33

Figure 3: Soil/Gravel Road Condition Survey Form

3
Timor-Leste Journal of Engineering and Science
fracture of the retaining wall, which is very dangerous as it
can lead to ongoing disasters that threaten the safety of the
surrounding environment. The soil type in the area is
mostly sandy soil, this condition also aggravates the
damage to the retaining wall. The retaining wall structure
damaged by the landslide has decreased, causing erosion of
the surrounding soil. This also greatly affects the stability of
nearby infrastructure such as drainage and roads.
Figure 5. Retaining Wall Damage
2. Road and Median Damage
The landslide that occurred in Lisibutak Hamlet,
Manleuana Village caused damage to the median and road
body. Landslide material that falls on the road has an
impact on the physical condition of the road. Landslide
materials such as rocks, mud or other heavy objects, cause
damage to the road surface. The remnants of landslide
materials that were not properly cleaned on the road also
hampered transportation. In addition, the collapse of the
retaining wall at Comoro River caused soil erosion, which
compromised the structural strength of the adjacent
highway. This can cause disruption to transportation access
for the surrounding community, as well as losses for
economic and social activities in the area.
Figure 6: Roadway and Median Damage
3. Drainage Damage
The landslide that occurred in Lisibutak Hamlet,
Manleuana Village also resulted in the closure of the
drainage channel on the highway. Landslide material that
filled the drainage channel blocked the flow of water, and
caused damage to the road drainage, potentially causing
flooding or further damage to the road. For example, during
the rainy season, water becomes stagnant in the road.
4
Vol.xx, Issue.xx, pp.xx, 2020
Available online at: http://tljes.org/index.php/tljes/data
road body, this causes damage to the structural layers of the
highway.
Figure 7. Drainage Damage
4. Damage to Residents' Houses
The landslide that occurred caused damage to the
structure of the house. As a result, the houses suffered
heavy damage or even collapsed entirely. These damages
include cracks in the walls and floors, damage to the roof of
the house, cracks in the outer walls of the house, and
damage to the foundation. The landslide material affected
the strength of the house foundation. This causes the
foundation to become shaky, weak, or even shift, which can
disrupt the stability of the entire house. Structural damage
to houses causes financial losses to the community, and
impacts local economic and social life.
Figure 7: Damage to a Resident's House
4.3. Landslide Impact Mitigation
To reduce the impact of landslides, there are several
mitigation measures that can be taken, these include
structural mitigation and non-structural mitigation.
1. Structural Mitigation
Structural mitigation can be done by repairing,
reinforcing or rebuilding infrastructure affected by
landslides. This is done by observing the appropriate
structural standards for landslide prone areas.
Reinforcement or repair can be done in several ways, such
as using pile foundations on retaining walls. For highways
and medians, reinforced concrete or gabion retaining walls
can be installed, as well as soil reinforcement construction
to maintain the strength of highway and median road
foundations from landslide materials. For drainage,
landscaping or thorn boards can be installed to prevent
landslide material from entering and drainage remains
effective. As for houses, installation of
Timor-Leste Journal of Engineering and Science
deep foundations that can strengthen the foundation of the
house and maintain stability, as well as prevent future
damage.
2. Non-Structural Mitigation
Some nonstructural mitigation measures that can be
taken to reduce the impact of landslides are as follows:
a) Monitoring: Conduct direct supervision of landslide-
prone areas on a regular basis, in order to ascertain the
geographical condition of the land surface and make
appeals to the people living around the area.
b) Mapping the area: Map the area where you live and
study the signs of landslides in sloping areas such as
continuous heavy rain, seepage, cracks, murky river
water color if there is a potential for flash floods.
c) Community Education: Communities need to be
educated about the types of natural disasters and how
to deal with them. This can be done through
counseling, training and disaster awareness campaigns.
Informing the community when there is a possibility of
landslides and increasing disaster preparedness
awareness at all levels from children, youth and adults
to foster disaster preparedness awareness. Some of the
activities that can be done in community education
include: raising public awareness about the dangers of
non-earthquake landslides, providing information on
the early signs of non-earthquake landslides, and
providing information on how to deal with non-
earthquake landslides, such as how to evacuate and
how to provide first aid to victims.
d) Monitoring system: Establish an effective monitoring
system to obtain information on weather conditions and
the surrounding environment.
e) Warning: Establish an effective early warning system
to notify surrounding communities when a landslide is
likely to occur. Early warning and quick and proper
evacuation are essential to reduce the risk of casualties.
f) Evacuation: Determine the evacuation zone and
evacuate to the predetermined evacuation zone when a
possible landslide occurs.
In dealing with landslides, it is important to involve all
elements of the community and local government. Public
education, good monitoring, warning and evacuation
systems, mitigation and preparedness can help reduce the
risk of casualties and damage from landslides. With
concerted efforts and appropriate actions, it is expected to
reduce losses and prevent similar events from occurring in
the future.
Vol.xx, Issue.xx, pp.xx, 2020
Available online at: http://tljes.org/index.php/tljes/data
5. Conclusion
This study aims to analyze the impact of landslides on
built infrastructure in Lisibutak Hamlet, Manleuana Village,
Timor Leste, focusing on retaining walls, roads, medians,
drainage, and affected houses. The results of the field
survey show that the damage caused to the infrastructure is
very significant, such as broken retaining walls, damage to
roads and medians, blocked drainage, and damage to
houses. To reduce the impact of landslides, there are several
mitigation measures that can be taken, such as structural
mitigation and non-structural mitigation. Structural
mitigation can be done by repairing or rebuilding
infrastructure affected by landslides by taking into account
the appropriate structural standards for landslide prone
areas. While nonstructural mitigation includes surveillance,
regional mapping, community education, monitoring
system, warning, and quick and precise evacuation. In
addition, there needs to be support and cooperation from the
government and related institutions in overcoming the
impacts caused by landslides. With joint efforts and
appropriate actions, it is expected to reduce losses and
prevent similar events in the future.
Bibliography:
Salsabila, Turniningtyas Ayu Rachmawati, Fadly Usman.
(2021). Landslide Disaster Mitigation in the Brantas River
Basin Area in the Thematic Village of Malang City, 1.
Hanif Yuniarta, Agus P. Saido, Y. Muslih Purwana. (2015).
Landslide Disaster Vulnerability of Ponorogo Regency, 2.
Heru Setiawan. (2015). Study of Landslide Disaster
Mitigation Forms and Their Level of Acceptance by Local
Communities, 4(1), 4-5.
Haryanti Tahir (2019). Analysis of Landslide Hazard
Potential and Its Mitigation Efforts in Tinggimoncong
District, Gowa Regency. (Undergraduate Thesis, UIN
Alauddin Makasar). https://core.ac.uk/reader/304704970