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Culture Documents
Chuong 3
Chuong 3
ns2np3
Chu kì 15
2 N Nitrogen 7
3 P Phosphorus 15
4 As Arsenic 33
5 Sb Antimony 51
6 Bi Bismuth 83
KEY ATOMIC PROPERTIES, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND REACTIONS
Xu hướng chung
• Nitơ là một khí lưỡng nguyên tử (N2) có nhiệt độ sôi rất
thấp, do lực liên phân tử của nó rất yếu.
• Phosphorus tồn tại phổ biến nhất dưới dạng các phân tử P4
tứ diện.
• Arsenic tồn tại dưới dạng tấm mở rộng chứa các nguyên tử
As, liên kết cộng hóa trị với nhau. Cấu trúc mạng cộng hóa
trị mang lại cho nó nhiệt độ nóng chảy cao.
• Antimony cũng có cấu trúc mạng lưới cộng hóa trị.
• Bismuth có liên kết kim loại. Điểm nóng chảy của nó thấp
hơn của As hoặc Sb.
Xu hướng chung
• N nhận 3 electrons hình thành anion N3-, nhưng chỉ trong
hợp chất với kim loại có tính khử mạnh
• Các nguyên tố cuối dãy là kim loại, mất electron hình thành
cation.
• Các oxide có tính chất chuyển từ acid → lưỡng tính →
base khi đi từ trên xuống dưới
• All Group 5A(15) elements form gaseous hydrides with the
formula EH3.
– All except NH3 are extremely reactive and toxic.
Xu hướng chung của các hydride
• Hydrides of other group members are formed by reaction in water
or acid of a metal phosphide, arsenide, etc.
– Ca3P2(s) + 6H2O(l) → 2PH3(g) + 3Ca(OH)2(aq)
• Halides are formed by direct combination of the elements:
– 2E(s) + 3X2 → 2EX3 (E = all except N)
– EX3 + X2 → EX5(E = all except N and Bi with X = F and Cl,
but no BiF5; E = P for X = Br)
• Oxoacids are formed from the halides in a reaction with water:
– EX3 + 3H2O(l) → H3EO3(aq) + 3HX(aq) (E = all except N)
– EX5 + 4H2O(l) → H3EO4(aq) + 5HX(aq) (E = all except N
and Bi)
Xu hướng chung của các hydride
• Nitrogen
– Mineral sources of nitrogen: saltpeter (KNO3) and
Chile saltpeter (NaNO3)
– Nitrogen is an essential element of life
• A component of proteins and nucleic acids
– N2 is obtained by the fractional distillation of air
– N2 contains a triple bond and is stable
– Forms variable oxidation states
–Ammonia, NH3
•Thực hiện quá trình tự ion hóa để tạo ra ion amide bazơ,
NH2-
–Hydrazine, N2H4
•Basic
•Reducing Agent
Oxides of Nitrogen
• Nitrogen forms six stable oxides. DHf for all six oxides is
positive because of the great strength of the NΞN bond.
• NO is produced by the oxidation of ammonia:
– 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) +6H2O(g)
– This is the first step in the production of nitric acid.
• NO is converted to 2 other oxides by heating:
Δ
3NO(g) N2O(g) + NO2(g)
Red phosphorous
(a) The P4 Molecule Found in White Phosphorus
(b) The Crystalline Network Structure of Black Phosphorous
(c) The Chain Structure of Red Phosphorus
•Phosphorus
–Occurs most commonly in nature as phosphate rocks
• calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]
• fluoroapatite [Ca5(PO4)3F]
–Allotropic forms of phosphorus Ca5(PO4)3F
• Red phosphorus
– Reactions of phosphorus
• Formation of phosphine (PH3)
H3PO3 has only two acidic H atoms; the third is bonded to the
central P and does not dissociate (phân tách)
Inorganic • Poisonous
Arsenic (toxic) form
Organic • Nonpoisonous
Arsenic (less toxic) form
Inorganic Arsenic
• Sources of arsenic in surface and ground water.
• Found in mining and industrial waste.
• Naturally occurring in soil and rocks.
• Also used as a wood preservative (bảo quản, chromated
copper arsenate) and leukemia (bạch cầu) treatment
(Arsenic trioxide).
Organic Arsenic
• Bacteria, fungi (nấm), and some
plants convert inorganic arsenic to
organic arsenic compounds.
• Varying amount are found in living
organisms:
– Animals
– Plants
– Seafood
• Also used in pesticides/insecticides
(thuốc trừ sâu, monosodium
methane arsonate) and poultry feed
additive (phụ gia thức ăn gia cầm, 3-
Nitro).
Arsenic Uses
Ancient Uses Current Uses
• Pigment – dye • Wood preservative
• Medicine – for infection • Insecticide
(nhiễm trùng) • Defoliant – cacodylic acid
• Tanning – leather (thuộc makes plants drop their
da) leaves
• Skin whitener • Semiconductor – gallium
arsenide
• Medicine – arsenic trioxide
is a treatment for leukemia
(bệnh bạch cầu)
Exposure Pathways
Sources of Arsenic Exposure
• Routes of Exposure:
– Inhalation
– Water
– Food
• It is wide spread in the
environment:
– Pesticides
– Industry
– Minerals/Ores
Arsenic Poisoning: Effects of a High (Acute) Dose Exposure
• Tired
• Stomach Pains
• Dryness in throat – hoarse/difficult to speak
• Vomit (nôn) – streaked with blood
• Diarrhea (tiêu chảy)
• Difficult in urinating – burning (khó tiểu, nóng rát)
• Convulsions – twitching and shaking rapidly and
uncontrollably (Co giật - co giật và run rẩy nhanh
chóng và không thể kiểm soát)
• Delirium (mê sảng)
• Death
How can you Reduce Exposure!
• Behavioral changes:
– Wash hands
• Treatment technologies:
– Adsorption media and reserve
osmosis (thẩm thấu ngược)
• Cleaning techniques:
– Wet sweeping or dusting
• Consumer Choices:
– Reduce use of arsenic containing
pesticides
– Get rid (loại bỏ) of pressure treated
wood products
– Food choices
Antimony (Sb)