Power 5

POWER ELECTRONICS
Devices, Circuits, and Applications

FOURTH EDITION
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 5
DC–DC Converters
Power Electronics: Devices, Circuits, and Applications, 4e Copyright ©2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Muhammad H. Rashid All rights reserved.
Learning Outcomes After completing this chapter, students should be able to do the
following:
List the characteristics of an ideal transistor switch.
Describe the switching technique for dc–dc conversion.
List the types of dc–dc converters.
Describe the principle of operation of dc–dc converters.
List the performance parameters of dc converters.
Analyze the design of dc converters.
Simulate dc converters by using SPICE.
Describe the effects of load inductance on the load current and the conditions for continuous
current.
Symbols and Their Meanings
Figure 5.1 Input and output relationship of a dc–dc converter.
Equation 5.1 DC–DC Converters
• The dc output power is
where Va and Ia are the average load

voltage and load current.
• The ac output power is
where Vo and Io are the rms load voltage

and load current.
Equations 5.3 and 5.4 DC–DC Converters
• The converter efficiency (not the power

efficiency) is
• The rms ripple content of the output

voltage is
• The rms ripple content of the input current

is
where Ii and Is are the rms and average

values of the dc supply current.
Equations 5.6 and 5.7 DC–DC Converters
• The ripple factor of the output voltage is
• The ripple factor of the input current is
Figure 5.2 Step-down converter with resistive load.
Equations 5.8 and 5.9 Step-Down Operation
• The average output voltage is given by
• The rms value of output voltage is found

from
Equation 5.11 Step-Down Operation
• The effective input resistance seen by the

source is
Figure 5.3 Comparing a reference signal with a carrier signal. Attention
I have changed Vr and Vcr from the original figure in the book
Equations 5.17 and 5.18 Duty Cycle
• The reference signal νr is given by
• which gives the duty cycle k as
Figure 5.4 Dc converter with RL loads.
Modes of Operation (Cont. Current)
di1
VS  Ri1  L E
dt
For i1 (t  0)  I1
VS  E
i1 (t )  I1e tR / L

R
1  e  tR / L

i1 (t  t1  kT )  I 2
di2
0  Ri2  L E
dt
For i2 (t  0)  I 2
E
i2 (t )  I 2e  1  e tR / L 
 tR / L
R
i2 (t  t2  (1  k )T )  I 3 I 3  I1
4/12/2021 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid Figure
16 5.4
Equations 5.19 and 5.21 Step-Down Converter with RL Load
• Initial current i1(t = 0) = I1 gives the load

current as
• With initial current i2(t = 0) = I2 and

redefining the time origin (i.e., t = 0) at
the beginning of mode 2, we have
Figure 5.5 Equivalent circuits and waveforms for RL loads.
Equations 5.25 and 5.26 Waveforms for RL Loads
• Solving for I1 and I2 we get
• where z = TR/L is the ratio of the

chopping or switching period T to the load
time constant (L/R).
Equations 5.27 and 5.29 Waveforms for RL Loads
= Approximately Vs/4fL
Equation 5.31 Waveforms for RL Loads
• For Continuous Current operation
• The value of the load electromotive force

(emf) ratio x = E/Vs as
Figure 5.6 SPICE plots of load, input, and diode currents for Example 5.2.
Equation 5.33 SPICE plots
• The rms converter current can be found

from
i1= I1+(ΔI/kT)t
Figure 5.7 Arrangement for step-up operation.
Equations 5.35 and 5.38 Step-Up Operation
• The average output voltage is

di VS
vL  L I  t1
dt L
• The conditions for controllable power

transfer are
Figure 5.8 Arrangement for transfer of energy.
Step-Up Operation
di1 VS
VS  L i1 (t )  t  I1
dt L
di1
For  0 VS  0
dt
di2 VS  E
VS  L  E i2 (t )  t  I2
dt L
di2
For  0 VS  E
dt
0  VS  E
4/12/2021 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid

Figure
27
5.7
Figure 5.9 Step-up converter with a resistive load.
Equations 5.43 and 5.44 Step-Up with a Resistive Load
• Solving for I1 and I2 from Eqs. (5.40) and

(5.42), we get
Equation 5.45 Step-Up with a Resistive Load
• The ripple current is given by
Figure 5.11 DC converter classification.
1
1 2 2 11
22
2 11
3 4
3 4
Figure 5.12 Second quadrant converter.
Equations 5.50 and 5.51 Second Quadrant Converter
HW 3 Step Up : Derive time domain equations and obtain the following

results
• Using the boundary conditions in Eqs.

(5.47) and (5.49), we can solve for I1 and
I2 as
where z = TR/L.
Figure 5.13 First quadrant Operation S1 (ON) .
Figure 5.13 First quadrant operation S1 (OFF) D4 (ON)
Figure 5.13 Second quadrant operation S4 (ON)
Figure 5.13 Second quadrant operation S4 (OFF) D1 (On)
Figure 5.15 Four-quadrant converter.
Figure 5.14 Third quadrant operation S3 (ON)
Figure 5.14 Third quadrant operation S3 (OFF) D2 (ON)
Figure 5.15 Four-quadrant converter
Figure 5.16 Elements of switching-mode regulators.
DC/DC BUCK CONVERTER
(regulator)
Figure 5.17
Buck Converter
with continuous
Current iL
Equations 5.56 and 5.60 Buck Regulators
• Substituting t1 = kT and t2 = (1 − k)T

yields the average output voltage as
• Which gives the peak-to-peak ripple

current as
Equations 5.63 and 5.64 Buck Regulators
• Substituting the value of ΔI from Eq.

(5.59) or (5.60) in Eq. (5.61) yields
• The critical value of the inductor Lc for

continuous current operation is
Equation 5.65 Buck Regulators
• The critical value of the capacitor Cc for

continuous current is
DC/DC BOOST CONVERTER
(Regulator)
Figure 5.18
Boost
Converter
with continuous
iL current
Equations 5.70 and 5.76 Boost Regulators
• Substituting t1 = kT and t2 = (1 – k)T

yields the average output voltage,
• And this gives the peak-to-peak ripple

current:
Equation 5.79 Boost Regulators
• Substituting t1 = (Va − Vs)/(Vaf) from Eq.

(5.72) gives
• Using Eqs. (5.70) and (5.76), the critical

value of the inductor Lc is
• Using Eq. (5.79), we get the critical value

of the capacitor Cc as
DC/DC BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
(Regulator)
Figure 5.19
Buck–boost
regulator with
continuous iL.
Equations 5.86 and 5.91 Buck–Boost Regulators
• Substituting t1 = kT and t2 = (1 – k)T, the

average output voltage is
• This gives the peak-to-peak ripple current,
Figure 5.20 Cúk regulator.
Equations 5.95 and 5.96 Buck–Boost Regulators
• Substituting t1 = Va/[(Va − Vs)f] from Eq.

(5.88) becomes
• The critical value of the inductor Lc is
Equations 5.97 Buck–Boost Regulators
• Using Eq. (5.95), we get the critical value

of the capacitor Cc as
Equations 5.102 and 5.108 Cúk Regulators
• Substituting t1 = kT and t2 = (1 – k)T, the

average voltage of capacitor C1 is
• Equating Eq. (5.102) to Eq. (5.107), we

can find the average output voltage as
• The peak-to-peak ripple current of

inductor L1 is
• The peak-to-peak ripple current of

inductor L2 is
• Equation (5.110) gives t2 = Vs/[(Vs − Va)f]

and Eq. (5.118) becomes
• The peak-to-peak ripple voltage of

capacitor C2 is
• The critical value of the inductor Lc1 is
• The critical value of the inductor Lc2 is
• Using Eq. (5.108) and (5.122), we get
• Which, after substituting for L2 from Eq.

(5.124), gives the critical value of the
capacitor Cc2 as
Figure 5.21 SEPIC converter.
SEPIC
• The output voltage of both SEPIC and its

inverse is
Table 5.1 Summaries of Regulator Gains [Ref. 11]
Figure 5.22 Comparison of converter voltage gains.
Figure 5.23 Single-inductor dual-output boost converter. [Ref. 12, D. Ma]
Figure 5.24 Timing diagram for the dual-output boost converter.
Equations 5.129 and 5.130 Timing Diagram
• Thus, k1a, k2a, and k3a must satisfy the

requirements that
Figure 5.25 Topology of boost converter with N outputs.
Figure 5.26 Power factor conditioning of diode rectifiers.
Figure 5.27 Three-phase rectifier-fed boost converter. [Ref. 29, C. Mufioz]
Figure 5.28 Three-phase DCM boost rectifier with a harmonic injection method. [Ref. 31, Y. Jang]
Figure 5.29 Boost switch two-port network.
Equations 5.131 and 5.132 Averaging Models of Converters
• The dependent variables ν1 and i2 become
Figure 5.30 Waveforms of the dependent voltage and current sources.
Equations 5.133 and 5.134 Independent and Dependent Variables
• Under these assumptions, the averaged

values are given by
Figure 5.31 Circuit model of the boost converter with a small perturbation around a large signal.
Equations 5.135 and 5.136 Circuit Model of the Boost Converter
• The input-side dependent voltage source

can be expanded to
• which can be approximated to
Equations 5.137 and 5.138 Circuit Model of the Boost Converter
• Similarly, the output-side dependent

current source can be expanded to
• which can be approximated to
Figure 5.32 Dc and small-signal ac circuit-averaged model of the boost converter.
Figure 5.33 Dc and small-signal ac circuit-averaged model of buck and buck–boost converters.
Figure 5.34a Dc and small-signal ac circuit-averaged model of the SEPIC.
Figure 5.34b Dc and small-signal ac circuit-averaged model of the SEPIC.
Figure 5.35 Buck converter with state variables.
Equations 5.143, 5.144, and 5.145 State–Space Analysis of Regulators
• Applying Kirchoff's voltage law (KVL),

which can be rearranged to
• These equations can be written in the

universal format:
Equations 5.146 and 5.147 State–Space Analysis of Regulators
• Switch S1 is off and switch S2 is on.

Applying KVL, we get
• which can be rearranged to
Equation 5.148 State–Space Analysis of Regulators

universal format:
Figure 5.36 Continuous equivalent circuit of the buck converter with state variables.
Equations 5.151 and 5.152 Buck Converter with State Variables
• Substituting for A1, A2, B1, and B2 we can

find
Equations 5.153 and 5.154 Buck Converter with State Variables
• This leads to the following state

equations:
Figure 5.37 Input current waveform of converter.
Equations 5.155 and 5.156 Input Current Waveform
• The input current contains harmonics and can

be expressed in Fourier series as
• The fundamental component (n = 1) of the

converter-generated harmonic current at the
input side is given by
Figure 5.38 Converter with input filter.
Figure 5.39 Equivalent circuit for harmonic currents.
Equations 5.157 and 5.158 Equivalent Circuit for Harmonic Currents
• The rms value of the nth harmonic

component in the supply can be calculated
from
• If (f/f0) 1, which is generally the case,

the nth harmonic current in the supply
becomes
Figure 5.40 Buck converter.
Equation 5.160 Buck Converter

universal format:
Figure 5.41 Buck chopper for PSpice simulation.
Figure 5.42 PSpice plots for Example 5.10.
Figure 5.43 Block diagram of an MOS gated driver, Ref. 40. (Courtesy of International Rectifier, Inc.)
Figure 5.44 Typical application of current-model control IC for switched-mode power supply, Ref. 42. (Courtesy of Siemens Group,
Germany)

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POWER ELECTRONICS

Devices, Circuits, and Applications

• The dc output power is

where Va and Ia are the average load

• The ac output power is

where Vo and Io are the rms load voltage

• The converter efficiency (not the power

• The rms ripple content of the output

• The rms ripple content of the input current

where Ii and Is are the rms and average

• The ripple factor of the output voltage is

• The ripple factor of the input current is

• The average output voltage is given by

• The rms value of output voltage is found

• The effective input resistance seen by the

• The reference signal νr is given by

• which gives the duty cycle k as

• Initial current i1(t = 0) = I1 gives the load

• With initial current i2(t = 0) = I2 and

• Solving for I1 and I2 we get

• where z = TR/L is the ratio of the

• For Continuous Current operation

• The value of the load electromotive force

• The rms converter current can be found

• The average output voltage is

• The conditions for controllable power

4/12/2021 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid

• Solving for I1 and I2 from Eqs. (5.40) and

• The ripple current is given by

HW 3 Step Up : Derive time domain equations and obtain the following

• Using the boundary conditions in Eqs.

• Substituting t1 = kT and t2 = (1 − k)T

• Which gives the peak-to-peak ripple

• Substituting the value of ΔI from Eq.

• The critical value of the inductor Lc for

• The critical value of the capacitor Cc for

• Substituting t1 = kT and t2 = (1 – k)T

• And this gives the peak-to-peak ripple

• Substituting t1 = (Va − Vs)/(Vaf) from Eq.

• Using Eqs. (5.70) and (5.76), the critical

• Using Eq. (5.79), we get the critical value

• Substituting t1 = kT and t2 = (1 – k)T, the

• This gives the peak-to-peak ripple current,

• Substituting t1 = Va/[(Va − Vs)f] from Eq.

• The critical value of the inductor Lc is

• Using Eq. (5.95), we get the critical value

• Substituting t1 = kT and t2 = (1 – k)T, the

• Equating Eq. (5.102) to Eq. (5.107), we

• The peak-to-peak ripple current of

• The peak-to-peak ripple current of

• Equation (5.110) gives t2 = Vs/[(Vs − Va)f]

• The peak-to-peak ripple voltage of

• The critical value of the inductor Lc1 is

• The critical value of the inductor Lc2 is

• Using Eq. (5.108) and (5.122), we get

• Which, after substituting for L2 from Eq.

• The output voltage of both SEPIC and its

• Thus, k1a, k2a, and k3a must satisfy the

• The dependent variables ν1 and i2 become

• Under these assumptions, the averaged

• The input-side dependent voltage source

• which can be approximated to

• Similarly, the output-side dependent