MẪU 01: MẪU FILE LÀM BÀI THI KẾT THÚC HỌC PHẦN

(Kèm theo Hướng dẫn số ....... ........... / HD-CSII ngày /

......... ......... / 2021 của
Giám đốc Cơ sở II Trường Đại học Ngoại thương)

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI THƯƠNG

CƠ SỞ II TẠI THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH

BÀI THI KẾT THÚC HỌC PHẦN

Tên học phần :Business Communication II
..........................................................................

Học kỳ I năm học 2021-2022

Trần Tuyết Ngọc

Họ và tên sinh viên: …………………………….…… 31-12-2021
Ngày thi: ….………….…….……….…………………………
18-05-2003
Ngày sinh: ………………………………………………… 09h00
Ca thi: …………………………………….…………………….
2142219079
Mã sinh viên: ……………………………………….…… 31/12_09h00_Business
Phòng thi: ……………..………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………… Communication II
………………………………………….……………………………

42
Mã lớp: ……………………………………………………… 17
Số trang bài làm: ………………….………………………

Điểm bài thi Họ tên và chữ ký của giáo viên chấm thi
Bằng số Bằng chữ

GV chấm thi 1:

GV chấm thi 2:

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 OVERVIEW

Communication is the life blood of business. It is an all pervasive function of

management. Today the organizational structure is designed on the basis of specialization
and division of labour. Large number of people work together who are functionally
related to each other. Thus, co ordination is must amongst the workmen. Co-ordination
can be achieved only when there is mutual trust and understanding between them. This
understanding is created by effective communication. Thus communication is an essential
ingredient for effective management. Further the role of communication may be summed
up as a source of relevant information to make strategic decisions.
It is crucial for any businessperson to understand all aspects of communication. Business
communication is goal-oriented and must be understood by all members of an
organization. Business communication allows for executives to communicate rules,
policies and procedures to other employees or clients in a clear and concise manner.
In today’s global business marketplace, the ability to communicate effectively and multi-
culturally cannot be underestimated. As the same importance are people's prospects to
find for a job effectivly and the standards of research paper to be published in a journal. If
cross-cultural communication has become strategically important to companies due to the
growth of global business, technology, and the Internet; a good job can govern your
happiness, the happiness of your family, where you live, and how well. In addition,
market research is an invaluable tool for any organization, regardless of their specific
business function including research paper. Those three things are what we need to pay
more concern to have a knowledable look in works or life.

INDEX

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE OR SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION TO

COMMUNICATE ACROSS CULTURE EFFECTIVELY?............................................4
1. Maintain etiquette......................................................................................................4
2. Don’t make cultural assumptions.............................................................................4
3. Speak clearly...............................................................................................................5

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 4. Expect that misunderstandings may occur..............................................................5
5. Separate questions to avoid unnecessary confusion................................................5
6. Keep it simple.............................................................................................................5
7. Practice active listening.............................................................................................6
8. Avoid closed questions...............................................................................................6
9. Be careful with humour.............................................................................................6
10. Be supportive............................................................................................................6
11. Take turns to talk.....................................................................................................7
12. Avoid slang................................................................................................................7
HOW CAN YOU SEARCH YOUR EXPECTED JOB EFFECTIVELY? WHICH
INFORMATION SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN A CV? CHOOSE A JOB POSITION
AND SHOW A GOOD CV TO APPLY THAT POSITION..............................................7
1. Ways to search a expected job effectively................................................................7
2. Information should be included in a CV................................................................12
3. A good CV to apply position of Financial Advisor...............................................14
WHAT ARE PARTS IN A QUALIFIED RESEARCH PAPER TO BE PUBLISHED
IN A JOURNAL? WHICH INFORMATION SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN EACH
PART?...............................................................................................................................15
1. Research paper topic...............................................................................................16
2. Preliminary research...............................................................................................16
3. Thesis statement.......................................................................................................16
4. Research paper outline............................................................................................17
5. First draft of the research paper............................................................................17
6. The introduction.......................................................................................................18
7. Compelling body of text...........................................................................................18
8. The conclusion..........................................................................................................19
9. The second draft.......................................................................................................19
10. References...............................................................................................................19

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WHAT SHOULD BE DONE OR SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION
TO COMMUNICATE ACROSS CULTURE EFFECTIVELY?
To be successful in a world that is rapidly changing, you need to communicate
effectively. But when there are people with different backgrounds and cultural norms,
making yourself understood can turn out to be a real challenge. Cross-cultural
communication is important because it helps you prevent conflicts and
misunderstandings.
In the increasingly diverse global workforces of today, knowing the best way to respect
cultural differences is a must. Leaders and employees need to understand international
customs so they can foster positive and healthy relationships. It’s not only the right thing
to do; it also helps drive business success.
Cross-cultural communication deals with understanding different business customs,
beliefs, and communication strategies. It occurs when people from different cultural
backgrounds communicate with each other. Since we live in the age of globalization, it is
only natural that employers are not exclusively confined to hiring people in their close
proximity.
As more and more people are working remotely, there are plenty of opportunities to work
for companies from all around the world. When doing so, we should keep in mind that
there are some cultural barriers to effective team communication. Precisely that is why
we need a better understanding of cross-cultural communication, and this is when its
fundamentals come into play:
1. Maintain etiquette
- Many cultures have specific etiquette around the way they communicate. Before you
meet, research the target culture, or if time allows, do some cross cultural training. For
example, many cultures expect a degree of formality at the beginning of communication
between individuals. Every culture has its own specific way of indicating this formality:
‘Herr’ and ‘Frau’ in Germany, reversing family and given names in China and the use of
‘san’ in Japan for men and women, etc. Be aware of these familiarity tokens and don’t
jump straight to first name terms until you receive a cue from the other person to do so.
2. Don’t make cultural assumptions
- Assumptions are based on a set of common values and shared belief systems. However,
if you don’t have that commonality - as in diverse, multicultural business dealings - they
can lead to misunderstandings, disagreements, and even disasters.
- Likewise, in the example of communication, the phrase “pretty good” may mean
various things in various contexts. In some cultures, it can mean “not good at all” to “it’s
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not good but I don’t want to be that blunt and hurt your feelings.” Making assumptions
also reinforces our implicit biases and makes it more difficult for us to operate
inclusively..
3. Speak clearly
- Even if English is the common language in a cross cultural situation it’s not a good idea
to speak at your normal conversational speed. Modulating your pace will help, as will
speaking clearly and pronouncing your words properly. Break your sentences into short,
definable sections and give your listener time to translate and digest your words as you
go. But don’t slow down too much as it might seem patronising. If the person you’re
speaking to is talking too quickly or their accent is making it difficult for you to
understand them, don’t be afraid to politely ask them to slow down too.
4. Expect that misunderstandings may occur
- Language difficulties can result in miscommunication between people of different
cultural backgrounds, but competence in English does not guarantee good
communication. Miscommunication often results from personal or cultural
misunderstandings. Therefore, a lack of understanding of the cultural norms and practices
is unavoidable.
5. Separate questions to avoid unnecessary confusion
- In a cross cultural conversation there’s no need to double-up questions in a sentence.
Speak in short sentences and stick to one topic at a time. This assists individuals who are
distracted to answer when communicating and who may find difficulties in understanding
long sentences in right meanings. It also assists people having get along better and not
feeling uncomfortable when questions are used coherently and easy to be caught up.
- For instance:
"Do you think that students should have more classes about history and culture?" This
question asks about two different issues: "Do you think that students should have more
classes about history" and "Do you think that students should have more classes about
culture?" – Combining both questions into one makes it unclear what exactly is being
measured, and as each question may elicit a different response if asked separately there is
an increased likelihood of confusing the respondents. In other words, while some
respondents would answer "yes" to both and some "no" to both, some would like to
answer both "yes and no".

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6. Keep it simple
- In a cross cultural conversation there’s no need to make it harder for both of you by
using big words. Just keep it simple. Two syllable words are much easier to understand
than three syllable words, and one syllable words are better than two syllable words. Say
“Please do this quickly” rather than “Please do this in an efficacious manner.”
7. Practice active listening
- Active listening is a very effective strategy for improving cross cultural communication.
Restate or summarise what the other person has said, to ensure that you have understood
them correctly, and ask frequent questions. This helps build rapport and ensures that
important information doesn’t get missed or misunderstood.
8. Avoid closed questions
- Closed-ended questions stop the conversation and eliminate surprises. Don’t phrase a
question that needs a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer. In many cultures it is difficult or embarrassing
to answer in the negative, so you will always get a ‘yes’ even if the real answer is ‘no’.
Ask open-ended questions that require information as a response instead.

9. Be careful with humour

- Many cultures take business very seriously and believe in behaving professionally and
following protocol at all times. Consequently they don’t appreciate the use of humour and
jokes in a business context. If you do decide to use humour make sure it will be
understood and appreciated in the other culture and not cause offence. Be aware that
British sarcasm usually has a negative effect abroad.

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10. Be supportive
- Effective cross cultural communication is about all parties feeling comfortable. In any
conversation with a non-native English speaker, treat them with respect, do your best to
communicate clearly and give them encouragement when they respond. This will help
build their confidence and trust in you.
11. Take turns to talk
- Make the conversation flow more freely by taking it in turns to speak. Make a point and
then listen to the other person respond. Particularly when people are speaking English as
their second language it’s better to talk to them in short exchanges rather than delivering
a long monologue that might be difficult for them to follow.
12. Avoid slang
- Slang or jargon does not often translate between languages. Individuals from other
cultures who have obtained fluency in English will still often struggle with the language's
slang, sayings, and idioms. As a result it could end up confusing them or at worst,
offending them. Even if the person understands the words that have just been said, they
will struggle with the context of the meaning, adding to their confusion. After all, there
are some rules in business communication that people should follow, and the use of slang
isn’t among those rules.

HOW CAN YOU SEARCH YOUR EXPECTED JOB EFFECTIVELY? WHICH

INFORMATION SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN A CV? CHOOSE A JOB
POSITION AND SHOW A GOOD CV TO APPLY THAT POSITION.
1. Ways to search a expected job effectively
a) Reflect

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- Reflection is a valuable and often forgotten aspect of the job search process. Rather than
jumping right into the job boards, step back and evaluate why you’re looking for a new
job. This helps you frame what your next best move should be.
You can start by first taking these 3 where's regarding your career into consideration:
 Where have you been?
 Where are you now?
 Where do you want to be?
- Analyzing why you want to switch jobs will bring clarity to what the right job looks like
for you. In addition, think about your experiences in your past roles. Write down your
observations to serve as a reference point when you’re conducting your job search. This
will help you align your professional interests, aspirations, and skills to the jobs that fit
you best.
b) Talk to Mentors
- Get feedback from the people you know and trust. Set up meetings with your mentors,
senior leaders, colleagues or close friends who are familiar with your work and talents.
Ask them to give you frank feedback on your skills, strengths, weaknesses, work ethic
and professionalism. Make sure it’s someone who isn’t afraid to offer constructive
criticism. Sugar-coated advice isn’t good for the health of your career.
- Gaining a candid understanding of who you are and how others see you can help you
better position yourself for your next best opportunity and identify what you need to
refine in order to get there.
- In addition to receiving feedback, it’s good to get an understanding of what your ideal
roles require. If you know someone who has your dream role, ask to shadow them for a
day or conduct an informational interview to get a better grasp of what the job entails and
how to prepare for it.
c) Research and Solidify Job Preferences
- To streamline your job search, it’s important to focus only on the specific types of jobs
in which you are genuinely interested. The more the job resonates with you, the more
likely you are to stay with the organization, produce good work and optimize your
professional growth. Take into consideration all the things you mentioned during your
reflection time and how it compares to where you see yourself in the future: Your Impact
- Your Role - Your Organization - Your Location - Your Pay.
- Once you have a good idea of what your ideal role will look like, narrow down the
absolute necessities of your dream job. After you’ve clearly defined your job necessities,
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pinpoint the roles that most align with your list. Then, research different organization
types where you could potentially perform that role.
d) Determine where you’re going to look
- Find out where your next opportunity is and how you’re going to get there. In
determining where you’re going to look for these opportunities, take these two things into
consideration:
 How can I find the most opportunities?
 How can I find the opportunities that closely align with my ideal roles?
- One way to optimize your job search is to look for roles on niche job boards and/or
professional association websites. Another way to optimize your job search is by using
industry-specific staffing or recruiting agencies. These agencies allow you to articulate
your professional wants and needs to someone who will seek out opportunities on your
behalf.
- Managing your job seeking activities is also pertinent to your search success.
Organizing your job searching process can help you keep track of:
 When to follow up
 Who to follow up with
 Where you applied
 Communication trends
 Your perceived brand
e) Network
- Another way to optimize your search is to find the people who can help you get
there.Reach out to people in your current network to see if they know of any job openings
in your areas of interest. If they’re not privy to specific job openings, see if they can lead
you in the right direction with a reference, an event to attend or an organization to join.
Let them know what you’re looking for, why you’re looking and what you would like to
bring to the table.
- Likewise, you may want to start getting familiar with people in ed-centered Linkedin or
Facebook groups. These are great ways to surround yourself with people who are familiar
with what you want to do. Attending education conferences and local networking events
can also help widen your net to find relevant opportunities.
f) Update your resume
- As you’re applying for jobs, you want to make sure you have a fresh, relevant resume
that resonates with your audience - the hiring managers. Your resume should tell a story
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of what you’re interested in, what you’re doing to advance yourself, and where you aspire
to go. It should also reflect a track record of your results, skills and how you were able to
make a positive impact on both your team and the communities you serve.
- A great place to start is to identify a few job descriptions for roles that you are very
interested in. Then, analyze the job descriptions in depth, paying special attention to:
 the break down of day-to-day responsibilities,
 the experience required,
 and the aspects that you know align closely with your experience, skills, and talents.
- With this information in mind, tailor your resume to highlight in concrete ways why
you’re the best person for jobs such as these. As you’re editing your resume, remember to
focus on including the most relevant information.
g) Fill in the Gaps
- If you start to see a number of gaps between the job description and your resume, you
may not be ready for this role, at this point in time. However, there a few suggestions on
how you could fill those voids.
- If the gaps are knowledge-based, seek out an online course, classes or licenses that can
help you fill the void and add value to your resume. If your gaps are experience-based,
think through how you might gain the requisite skills at your current place of
employment. Perhaps volunteer for a cross-functional team or ask your supervisor if you
can begin to take on new projects that will allow you to grow in the areas in which you
are interested. You can also look outside your current employment for experiential
growth. Collectively, these steps can help improve your skills and add the experience
you’ve been missing on your resume.
h) Interview prep
- Practicing your interview skills is a must to help you land the job you’re seeking. Now
that you have a good idea of what the role generally requires, find ways to sync your
experience and aspirations into your interview storyline.
- Research information about the organization ahead of time. Then, weave your narrative
into what they’re looking for. For example, if you’re applying for a leadership role, be
sure your stories demonstrate your awesome leadership skills, such as guiding your team
to reach a common goal, delegating assignments based on your team’s strengths, creating
an agile execution plan, etc.
- Review your resume and reflect on your past experiences to determine which stories
you’d like to highlight in your interviews. Also, you’ll want to reframe how you think of
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interviews. Anticipate building rapport and making a genuine connection with the
interviewer. Having the right perspective can help you mitigate anxiety and create an
opportunity to have open, insightful conversation about a role you both find equally
intriguing and important.
- Once you have a good idea of who the person is and how they contribute to the mission
of the company, figure out what you’re going to say by conducting a mock interview. It’s
a great way to decrease interview anxiety and increase your confidence in how you’re
going to respond to the interview questions.
i) Refresh your Social Media
- More and more employers are using social media as a part of their candidate
“background checks”. Not only are you representing yourself but you’re also a reflection
upon the kids, staff and communities you’re serving, so make sure whatever social media
pages you have that are accessible to the public are cleaned up and acceptable for the
organization you’re applying to before you apply.
- One of the best ways to positively place yourself on an employer’s radar is by utilizing
LinkedIn. LinkedIn is a valuable tool that most professionals fail to maximize. Not only
are employers checking your page after you apply, but recruiters are also specifically
seeking potential candidates for jobs they have available through LinkedIn.
- LinkedIn is also the perfect social media platform to showcase everything you couldn’t
fit on your resume. It’s a great way to highlight your knowledge, expertise and
professional voice, on your terms. So it’s important to keep your Linkedin updated with
current responsibilities, share and comment on industry related news, offer sound advice
and opinions on things going on in your field and connect with other professionals in
your lane.
j) Think through your references
- The last step is to create a solid list of positive and supportive references. If the hiring
managers and/or recruitment agencies call these individuals, make sure they are talking to
people who are familiar with the scope of your experience, work ethic and overall value
of what you bring to the table. Choose 2-3 individuals who can offer relevant insight as it
pertains to the role you’re applying for. It’s helpful if they can speak on your behalf from
a macro and/or micro level point of view. This will give the hiring manager and/or
recruiter a well-rounded perspective of who you are as an employee.
- If you don’t know who to add to your reference list, consider:
 Your past/current manager or supervisor
 Leadership team members you worked with frequently
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 Current peers or colleagues familiar with your work
 Happy clients
 Mentors / Advisors
 Professors / Teachers
 Friends who are familiar with your work and talent
- Be sure to notify them in advance. Let them know you’re looking for opportunities and
ask if they would be willing to serve as a reference and, if so, how they prefer to be
contacted. Nowadays, people are reluctant to answer numbers or emails they don’t know,
so make sure they’re aware someone might be contacting them to get some input on your
qualifications.
- Explain the overall premise of the jobs you’ve been applying for, what they’re looking
for in a candidate and the key points you want them to highlight if and when the hiring
team calls. By doing this, your references will have more time to conduct research on the
companies, curate stories as it pertains to the roles and properly prepare for the reference
interview questions.
2. Information should be included in a CV
a) A standard CV written in accordance with the modern-day hiring standards has to
include the following sections:
 Contact information
 Personal Statement (Personal Profile)
 Work Experience
 Education
 Skills
=> These are the basics. However if you want to outperform other candidates, your CV
will benefit from some extra sections. If you can showcase any of the following, make
sure to include them:
 Professional Certifications
 Professional Associations
 Languages
 Additional Training and Courses
 Conference Participation
 Publications
 Awards
 Blogging and Influencing
 Volunteer Experience

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b) Two CV sections that seem to confuse candidates most are: Hobbies and Interests and
References. Here’s all you should know about these two potentially tricky parts of your
CV:
Should You Include Hobbies and Interests in a CV?
- If you’re writing a CV with more than a year of professional experience under your belt,
the hobbies section is redundant. On entry-level CVs, the hobbies section is more
acceptable. When written well, it can suggest you are a good cultural fit for the company.
What you don’t want to do, though, is put a CV section with generic hobbies.
Should You Put References on a CV?
- Unless explicitly asked for in the job ad, don’t list references on your CV. You can add
a “References Available Upon Request” clause at the bottom, but it's not recommended
as HR managers already know they can request references.
=> The order of sections and the structure of your CV will depend on the stage of your
career you’re currently at. And it matters a lot. In a recent reed survey, over half of
recruiters selected “a logical order for presentation” as the most important thing to
consider on a CV.
c) Here’s the order of CV sections you should follow to create a professional CV in three
different scenarios:
- Order of Sections for a Standard CV:
 Contact information
 Personal Statement (Personal Profile)
 Work Experience
 Associations and Certifications (Optional)
 Education
 Skills
 Extra Sections
- Order of Sections for a CV with Little or No Experience:
 Contact Information
 Personal Statement (Career Objective)
 Education
 Work Experience (Including Internship and Volunteer Experience)
 Skills
 Extra Sections
- Order of Sections for a Career-Change CV:
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 Contact Information
 Personal Statement
 Relevant Experience
 Additional Experience (Optional)
 Education
 Skills
 Extra Sections
All of the above is applicable to traditional, reverse-chronological CVs only. If you
choose to write a skills-based CV, you’ll need a slightly different section setup. Before
we move on and discuss every section to put on a well-written CV, have a look at some
sample CVs which include everything a good CV should. If you like what you see, you
can have an equally well-structured CV of your own.
3. A good CV to apply position of Financial Advisor

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WHAT ARE PARTS IN A QUALIFIED RESEARCH PAPER TO BE
PUBLISHED IN A JOURNAL? WHICH INFORMATION SHOULD BE
INCLUDED IN EACH PART?
A research paper is an essay in which you explain what you have learned after exploring
your topic in depth. In a research paper, you include information from sources such as
books, articles, interviews, and Internet sites. You also use your own ideas, knowledge,
and opinions. Most of your paper (as a rule of thumb, at least 80%) must be in your own
words.
Your paper should focus on a central issue that interests you. Limit your topic so that you
can cover it in a paper of the assigned length. Organize the paper around the points that
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are most important in your opinion. State your main ideas in your own words and use
information from your sources to support them.
Incorporate ideas and facts from your sources by paraphrasing and summarizing. Write
the ideas in your own way, using different words and sentence structures and leaving out
unnecessary details.
Use quotations when the author's words are especially well chosen or memorable. When
you quote even a short phrase, copy the exact words, enclose them in quotation marks,
and cite the name of the author or speaker.
When you give facts, paraphrase and summarize ideas, or quote someone else's words,
you must document your sources. As a rule, anything that is not common knowledge
must be cited. The purpose of documentation is to give credit to the author and to allow
your readers to look up your sources. Your paper is stronger because you can prove that
the information came from reliable sources. These are steps and their information in the
process:
1. Research paper topic
- There are many ways to generate an idea for a research paper, from brainstorming with
pen and paper to talking it through with a fellow student or professor.
- You can try free writing, which involves taking a broad topic and writing continuously
for two or three minutes to identify absolutely anything relevant that could be interesting.
- You can also gain inspiration from other research. The discussion or recommendations
sections of research papers often include ideas for other specific topics that require
further examination.
- Once you have a broad subject area, narrow it down to choose a topic that interests you,
meets the criteria of your assignment, and is possible to research. Aim for ideas that are
both original and specific:
A paper following the chronology of World War II would not be original or specific
enough.
A paper on the experience of Danish citizens living close to the German border
during World War II would be specific and could be original enough.
2. Preliminary research
- Note any discussions that seem important to the topic, and try to find an issue that you
can focus your paper around. Use a variety of sources, including journals, books and
reliable websites, to ensure you do not miss anything glaring.

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- Do not only verify the ideas you have in mind, but look for sources that contradict your
point of view.
 Is there anything people seem to overlook in the sources you research?
 Are there any heated debates you can address?
 Do you have a unique take on your topic?
 Have there been some recent developments that build on the extant research?
- In this stage, you might find it helpful to formulate some research questions to help
guide you. To write research questions, try to finish the following sentence: “I want to
know how/what/why…”
3. Thesis statement
- A thesis statement is a statement of your central argument - it establishes the purpose
and position of your paper. If you started with a research question, the thesis statement
should answer it. It should also show what evidence and reasoning you’ll use to support
that answer.
- The thesis statement should be concise, contentious, and coherent. That means it should
briefly summarize your argument in a sentence or two; make a claim that requires further
evidence or analysis; and make a coherent point that relates to every part of the paper.
- You will probably revise and refine the thesis statement as you do more research, but it
can serve as a guide throughout the writing process. Every paragraph should aim to
support and develop this central claim.
4. Research paper outline
- A research paper outline is essentially a list of the key topics, arguments and evidence
you want to include, divided into sections with headings so that you know roughly what
the paper will look like before you start writing.
- A structure outline can help make the writing process much more efficient, so it’s worth
dedicating some time to create one.
5. First draft of the research paper
- Your first draft won’t be perfect - you can polish later on. Your priorities at this stage
are as follows:
 Maintaining forward momentum - write now, perfect later.
 Paying attention to clear organization and logical ordering of paragraphs and
sentences, which will help when you come to the second draft.

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 Expressing your ideas as clearly as possible, so you know what you were trying to say
when you come back to the text.
- You do not need to start by writing the introduction. Begin where it feels most natural
for you - some prefer to finish the most difficult sections first, while others choose to start
with the easiest part. If you created an outline, use it as a map while you work.
- Do not delete large sections of text. If you begin to dislike something you have written
or find it doesn’t quite fit, move it to a different document, but don’t lose it completely -
you never know if it might come in useful later.
a) Paragraph structure
- Paragraphs are the basic building blocks of research papers. Each one should focus on a
single claim or idea that helps to establish the overall argument or purpose of the paper.
- Here is an example of a well-structured paragraph. Hover over the sentences to learn
more.

b) Citing sources
- It’s also important to keep track of citations at this stage to avoid accidental plagiarism.
Each time you use a source, make sure to take note of where the information came from.
- You can use our free citation generators to automatically create citations and save your
reference list as you go.
6. The introduction
- The research paper introduction should address three questions: What, why, and how?
After finishing the introduction, the reader should know what the paper is about, why it is
worth reading, and how you’ll build your arguments:

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 What? - Be specific about the topic of the paper, introduce the background, and define
key terms or concepts.
 Why? - This is the most important, but also the most difficult, part of the introduction.
Try to provide brief answers to the following questions: What new material or insight
are you offering? What important issues does your essay help define or answer?
 How? - To let the reader know what to expect from the rest of the paper, the
introduction should include a “map” of what will be discussed, briefly presenting the
key elements of the paper in chronological order.
7. Compelling body of text
- The major struggle faced by most writers is how to organize the information presented
in the paper, which is one reason an outline is so useful. However, remember that the
outline is only a guide and, when writing, you can be flexible with the order in which the
information and arguments are presented.
- One way to stay on track is to use your thesis statement and topic sentences. Check:
 topic sentences against the thesis statement;
 topic sentences against each other, for similarities and logical ordering;
 and each sentence against the topic sentence of that paragraph.
- Be aware of paragraphs that seem to cover the same things. If two paragraphs discuss
something similar, they must approach that topic in different ways. Aim to create smooth
transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and sections.
8. The conclusion
- The research paper conclusion is designed to help your reader out of the paper’s
argument, giving them a sense of finality.
- Trace the course of the paper, emphasizing how it all comes together to prove your
thesis statement. Give the paper a sense of finality by making sure the reader understands
how you’ve settled the issues raised in the introduction.
- You might also discuss the more general consequences of the argument, outline what
the paper offers to future students of the topic, and suggest any questions the paper’s
argument raises but cannot or does not try to answer.
- You should not:
 Offer new arguments or essential information
 Take up any more space than necessary
 Begin with stock phrases that signal you are ending the paper (e.g. “In conclusion”)

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9. The second draft
- There are four main considerations when it comes to the second draft:
 Check how your vision of the paper lines up with the first draft and, more importantly,
that your paper still answers the assignment.
 Identify any assumptions that might require (more substantial) justification, keeping
your reader’s perspective foremost in mind. Remove these points if you cannot
substantiate them further.
 Be open to rearranging your ideas. Check whether any sections feel out of place and
whether your ideas could be better organized.
 If you find that old ideas do not fit as well as you anticipated, you should cut them out
or condense them. You might also find that new and well-suited ideas occurred to you
during the writing of the first draft - now is the time to make them part of the paper.
10. References
- In addition to citing your sources in the text of your paper, the last page will be a list of
sources. Use the documentation style that your instructor assigns. Four common styles
are Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA),
Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), and Council of Science Editors (CSE). You can pick up
a free Term Paper Handbook for any of these styles at the Writing Center, and you can
download them from the Writing Center website.
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REFERENCE LIST

https://www.chrysos.org.uk/blog/top-ten-tips-for-effective-cross-cultural-communi
https://www.northeastern.edu/graduate/blog/cross-cultural-communication/
https://trulyhired.com/blog/11-steps-to-a-successful-job-search/
https://zety.com/blog/what-to-include-in-a-cv
https://www.scribbr.com/category/research-paper/

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