P2 GEN 004 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

- The Philippine-American War was one of the major factors that propelled the United States of
America to become a major global power. It sent a signal to the international community that it
had the capability to expand its military might to the different side of the world
- The significance of June 12, 1898 to the Filipinos; It is the declaration of Philippine
Independence. A start of a greater challenge is the creation of the Filipino government.; This
marked the victory of the Filipino struggle against Spanish colonization
- The drafting of the constitution was the first important task of the Malolos congress during the
revolutionary government Because it is one proof that the Filipinos are capable of governing
themselves.
- Malolos Republic- First Republic of the Philippines
- In August 1898, the United States and Spain faked a battle. This was the so-called “Mock Battle
of Manila,” wherein the United States “defeated” Spain.

- The Treaty stated that Spain sold the Philippines to the United States for $20 million, which
means the Philippines was now under the authority of a new colonizer.

- Spaniards didn’t want to surrender to the Filipinos so they staged a war with the Americans, that’s
why the “Mock Battle in Manila” happened

- Governor General William H. Taft, he is the first first appointed governor-general under the
American occupation in 1901
- The reform movement led to the establishment of Katipunan because The works of the reformists
enlightened more Filipinos about the reality of Spanish tyranny in the country. When the reform
movement failed, Filipinos realized that peaceful ways to change society were futile.
- Osmeña and Roxas appear as if they were the new Rizal and Bonifacio during the American
occupation because they lead the mission to which the United States will help the Philippines in
setting up a 10-year transition period.

- Katipunan had three vital goals: political, moral, and civic. Firstly, it aimed for the separation of
the Philippine from Spain, that is total independence.

- This is how the Commonwealth government is described; it’s independence that entails to be
welcomed by the Filipinos; It was seen as an opportunity to craft the destiny of the Filipino nation
under the American tutelage; It is an administration of Quezon that has faced challenges but
perceived with optimism by the Filipinos.
- Manuel Quezon : the president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
- The role of the Philippine Assembly during the American occupation is a government body
tasked to create laws for the country.
- The Philippine legislature composed during the American occupation is composed of two levels:
the Philippine Senate and the House of Representatives
- Manuel Quezon became the foremost Filipino leader of his time because he is one of the
lawmakers that fought for the 10-year transition period wherein Filipinos would establish their
own government.
- Public education system, was the greatest contribution of United states of America to the
Philippines
- Katipuneros used revolution to oust the Spaniards compared to the peaceful movement of the
Propaganda Movement
- Pedro Paterno served as the negotiator between the Filipino government and the Spanish
government
- The implication of the Biak na Bato agreement was an insult to the original aims of Katipunan
and Bonifacio. It was a betrayal of the Philippine Revolution since it surrendered the revolution in
exchange of payment from the Spaniards.
- It is important for the Americans to introduce their system of education to the Filipinos because it
was their effort to propagate American values to Filipinos. This was an efficient method to shape
the minds of the people to serve their purpose.
- Magdalo, is the faction of Katipunan that was led by Emilio Aguinaldo composed of Cavitenos
loyal to him and former reformist Filipinos who despised Andres Bonifacio.
- Macario Sakay the former katipunero established another government to fight the Americans
called Republika ng Katagalugan
- The elites immediately cooperate with the Americans to ensure their economic and political
status.
- the main objective of the organization Partido Federal is to promote the annexation of the
Philippines as one of the states of the USA
- Luis Taruc was the chosen leader of HUKBALAHAP
- Hunter’s ROTC is the major guerrilla group that was led by former Filipino cadets who wanted to
join the effort to fight the invading Japanese forces
- RA No. 4156 is responsible for the establishment of the Philippines National Railway (PNR) to
operate the national railroad and tramways
- The focal point of the ‘Filipino First Policy’ during the Garcia administration is to regain the
country’s economic independence.
- The aim of the members of the MaPhilIndo is to solve national and regional problems through
regional diplomacy.
- The point in Philippine history when people finally understood that demanding for reforms was
an inadequate method to change society is the discovery of the KKK
- Teodoro Patino divulged the details of the KKK on August 19,1896 that led to the discovery of
the organization
- The purpose of the Tejeros Convention is to discuss the situation in Cavite and to elect new
officials for the revolutionary government.
- Ramon Magsaysay restored the Filipinos faith in democracy and became the idol of the masses.
- The Commonwealth was an important step towards the attainment of Philippine independence. It
served as a “training ground” for Filipinos to learn self-government.
- After the Tejeros Convention, the revolution was already led by former reformists and members
of the middle class who were initially against the revolution. Instead of pursuing revolution to
realize the country’s separation from Spain, the new leaders sought to give up the revolution by
entering into talks with the Spaniards. Thus, changing the path of the Philippine Revolution
- The 76,000 captured soldiers from Bataan, both Americans and Filipinos, could not be
transported by their Japanese captors. As a result, they were forced to embark on the infamous
 “Death March” to a prison camp more than 100 kilometers north. An estimated 10,000 prisoners
died due to Japanese abuses, thirst, hunger, and exhaustion.

- The first task to create a government controlled by the Japanese was to invite the participation of
former Commonwealth political leaders. These were the same Filipino elites who sided with the
Americans before the war.

- Under the Second Republic, rights and freedoms of the Filipinos were heavily suppressed.

- Another notable war crime committed by the Japanese forces was the systematic rape of women.
The victims were commonly known as the “comfort women.” In Japanese-occupied territories
including the Philippines, Japanese soldiers kidnapped women.

- Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) the Japanese formed the Philippine
Executive Commission to serve as temporary government in the Philippines. This was composed
of several Filipino elites.

- On June 16, 1943, Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo gave the Philippines the “promise” of
independence. Japan later tasked the KALIBAPI to draft a new constitution for the Philippines,
which was ratified by KALIBAPI

- President Manuel Roxas, in his first State of the Nation Address, detailed the challenges the
country was facing in the aftermath of war: A government “without financial means to support
even its basic functions,” scarcity in commodities especially of food, hyperinflation, the “tragic
destruction” of a productive economy, and still-ongoing rehabilitation among the different sectors
of society.
- The Roxas administration also pioneered the foreign policy of the Republic. Vice President
Elpidio Quirino was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs. General Carlos P. Romulo, as
permanent representative of the Philippines to the United Nations
- The Quirino administration came to a close in the presidential elections of 1953. It was a battle
between incumbent Liberal Party of President Elpidio Quirino against the charismatic
Nacionalista candidate Ramon Magsaysay. It was a landslide victory for Ramon Magsaysay, who
gained 2,912,992 votes or 68.9% of the electorate.
- To help the rural masses was the focal point of the populist administration of President Ramon
Magsaysay. President Magsaysay insisted on meeting and communicating with his people.

REASONS WHY THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION FAILED

1.Superior weaponry, organization, and strategy of American forces
2. Filipino troops were poorly organized
3. The leaders themselves were not united
4. Filipino people slowly lost their desire to fight valiantly.
5. The poor leadership of Aguinaldo.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND KATIPUNAN

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
● Composed of members of the middle class
● Campaigned for assimilation
● Used peaceful methods to fight for their objectives

KATIPUNAN
● Composed of indios
● Fought for separation
● Used revolution to oust the Spaniards