1

1 Calcium chloride absorbs water vapour.

When calcium chloride is heated, it loses its water of crystallisation.

Complete the symbol equation for this reaction. Include the sign for a reversible reaction.

CaCl2.6H2O CaCl2 + ........................... [2]

[Total: 2]

2 The Contact process changes sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

the forward reaction is exothermic
temperature 400 to 450 °C
low pressure 1 to 10 atmospheres
catalyst vanadium(V) oxide

(a) What is the formula of vanadium(V) oxide?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Vanadium(V) oxide is an efficient catalyst at any temperature in the range 400 to 450 °C.
Scientists are looking for an alternative catalyst which is efficient at 300 °C.
What would be the advantage of using a lower temperature?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The process does not use a high pressure because of the extra expense.
Suggest two advantages of using a high pressure?
Explain your suggestions.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 7]
 2

3 Sulfuric acid is an important acid, both in the laboratory and in industry.

Sulfuric acid is manufactured in the Contact Process. Originally, it was made by heating metal
sulfates and by burning a mixture of sulfur and potassium nitrate.

A group of naturally occurring minerals have the formula of the type FeSO4.xH2O where x is 1, 4,
5, 6 or 7. The most common of these minerals is iron(II) sulfate-7-water.

(a) When this mineral is heated gently it dehydrates.

FeSO4.7H2O ⇌ FeSO4 + 7H2O

green pale yellow

Describe how you could show that this reaction is reversible.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) When the iron(II) sulfate is heated strongly, further decomposition occurs.

2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

The gases formed in this reaction react with water and oxygen to form sulfuric acid.
Explain how the sulfuric acid is formed.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) A mineral of the type FeSO4.xH2O contains 37.2% of water.

Complete the calculation to determine x.

mass of one mole of H2O = 18 g

mass of water in 100 g of FeSO4.xH2O = 37.2 g

number of moles of H2O in 100 g of FeSO4.xH2O = ......................

mass of FeSO4 in 100 g of FeSO4.xH2O = ...................... g

mass of one mole of FeSO4 = 152 g

number of moles of FeSO4 in 100 g of FeSO4.xH2O = ......................

x = ...................... [4]

[Total: 8]
 3

4 When iron is heated with steam, hydrogen is given off.

3Fe + 4H2O ⇌ Fe3O4 + 4H2

What does the sign ⇌ mean?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

5 Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate can be used to test for water.

CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) ⇌ CuSO4.5H2O(s)

What is the meaning of the symbol ⇌ ?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

6 Sulfuric acid is made by the Contact process.

(a) The following equation represents the equilibrium in the Contact process.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

Oxygen is supplied from the air.

The composition of the reaction mixture is 1 volume of sulfur dioxide to 1 volume of oxygen.
3
What volume of air contains 1 dm of oxygen?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Sulfur dioxide is more expensive than air.

What is the advantage of using an excess of air?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The forward reaction is exothermic. The reaction is usually carried out at a temperature between
400 and 450 °C.
 4

(i) What is the effect on the position of equilibrium of using a temperature above 450 °C?
Explain your answer.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) What is the effect on the rate of using a temperature below 400 °C?
Explain your answer.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

(d) A low pressure, 2 atmospheres, is used. At equilibrium, about 98% SO3 is present.

(i) What is the effect on the position of equilibrium of using a higher pressure?

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain why a higher pressure is not used.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 10]

7 Iron is extracted from iron oxide using carbon monoxide as shown.

iron oxide + carbon monoxide iron + carbon dioxide

Which statement is correct?

A Carbon monoxide is oxidised to carbon dioxide.

B Carbon monoxide is reduced to carbon dioxide.
C Iron is oxidised to iron oxide.
D Iron oxide is oxidised to iron.
[1]

[Total: 1]
 5

8 Two reactions involving water are shown.

X anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride + water hydrated cobalt(II) chloride

Y iron + oxygen + water rust

Which reactions are reversible by heating?

X Y

A ✓ ✓

B ✓ ✗

C ✗ ✓

D ✗ ✗

[1]

[Total: 1]

9 A reversible reaction is shown.

2NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g) H = −58 kJ / mol

Which statement about an equilibrium mixture of NO2 and N2O4 is correct?

A If the pressure is decreased the amount of N2O4 increases.

B If the temperature is increased the amount of N2O4 increases.
C The rates of formation and decomposition of N2O4 are not the same.
D The decomposition of N2O4 is an endothermic reaction.
[1]

[Total: 1]

10 Which reaction is reversible?

A Cu + ZnSO4 CuSO4 + Zn

B CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O

C CuO + H2 Cu + H2O

D CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O

[1]

[Total: 1]
 6

11 Equations for the effect of water on anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride and anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
are shown.

CoCl 2(s) + 6H2O(I) CoCl 2.6H2O(s)

CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(I) CuSO4.5H2O(s)

Which statement is not correct?

A Both reactions can be reversed by changing the conditions.

B Both reactions can be used as a test for water.
C The colour change observed when hydrated copper(II) sulfate is heated is from blue to
white.
D The colour change observed when water is added to anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is from
pink to blue.
[1]

[Total: 1]

12 Methanol is made by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen.

The reaction is exothermic and is a chemical equilibrium.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)

Which changes in temperature and pressure increase the yield of methanol?

temperature pressure

A decrease decrease
B decrease increase
C increase decrease
D increase increase

[1]

[Total: 1]
 7

13 Methanol is manufactured by reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen together in the presence
of an aluminium oxide catalyst.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)

The reaction is a reversible reaction.

The forward reaction is exothermic.

Which change in conditions increases the yield of methanol?

A decreasing the concentration of the carbon monoxide

B increasing the pressure
C increasing the rate of the reaction
D increasing the temperature
[1]

[Total: 1]

14 Nickel can be purified by reacting impure nickel with carbon monoxide.

A compound called tetracarbonylnickel, Ni(CO)4, is formed.

Ni + 4CO ⇌ Ni(CO)4

What is the meaning of the symbol ⇌?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

15 Ammonia is manufactured by combining nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure.

What is the meaning of the symbol ⇌?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 8

16 Ammonia is manufactured by combining nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure.

The graph shows the percentage yield of ammonia at different temperatures.

100

80

60
percentage
yield of
ammonia
40

20

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
temperature / °C

Deduce the percentage yield of ammonia at 400 °C.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 9

17 Ammonia is manufactured by combining nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure.

The graph shows the percentage yield of ammonia at different temperatures.

100

80

60
percentage
yield of
ammonia
40

20

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
temperature / °C

Describe how the percentage yield of ammonia changes with temperature.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

18 Hydrated iron(II) sulfate is heated gently.

FeSO4.7H2O → FeSO4 + 7H2O

(a) Describe what you would see when a test-tube containing a small amount of hydrated
iron(II) sulfate is heated gently.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 10

(b) Describe a test for aqueous iron(II) ions.

test ....................................................................................................................................

result ................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 3]

19 Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, exists in equilibrium with dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4.

Nitrogen dioxide is brown and dinitrogen tetroxide is colourless.

2NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g)
brown colourless

(a) A sample of nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide at equilibrium was placed in a closed
gas syringe.

The syringe plunger was pushed in. This increased the pressure in the gas syringe. The
temperature was kept constant.

nitrogen dioxide and

dinitrogen tetroxide
at equilibrium

end blocked
gas syringe

State how the colour of the gas in the syringe changed. Explain your answer in terms of the
position of the equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) A sealed tube containing nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide at equilibrium was cooled
in an ice bath at constant pressure.
The contents of the tube became paler.

Suggest an explanation for this observation in terms of the position of the equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
 11

[Total: 5]

20 The chemical equation shows the equilibrium between dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4, a colourless gas)
and nitrogen dioxide (NO2, a brown gas).

N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)

colourless brown

A mixture of dinitrogen tetroxide and nitrogen dioxide is allowed to reach equilibrium in a closed
gas syringe.

(a) In chemistry, what is meant by the term equilibrium?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) If the equilibrium mixture is heated at constant pressure, a darker brown colour is seen inside
the gas syringe.

What does this information indicate about the decomposition of dinitrogen tetroxide?
Explain your answer in terms of the position of the equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Suggest what you would see if the pressure on the equilibrium mixture were increased at
constant temperature.

Explain your answer in terms of the position of the equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

21 Hydrogen can be manufactured using a reversible reaction between methane and steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3H2(g)

At 900 °C, in the presence of a nickel catalyst, the yield of hydrogen is 70%.
 12

3
(a) What volume of hydrogen is produced from 100 cm of methane under these conditions?

3
........................... cm [2]

Under different conditions, different yields of hydrogen are obtained.

(b) If the pressure is increased, the yield of hydrogen becomes less than 70%.

Explain why, in terms of the position of the equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) If the temperature is decreased, the yield of hydrogen decreases.

What does this information indicate about the reaction between methane and steam?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Why is a catalyst used in this reaction?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

22 Some chemical reactions are reversible.

Aqueous potassium chromate(VI), K2CrO4, is a yellow solution.

Aqueous potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7, is an orange solution.

The two compounds interconvert when the pH of the solution changes.

2K2CrO4 + H2SO4 ⇌ K2Cr2O7 + K2SO4 + H 2O

yellow orange

Solution Y is a mixture of aqueous potassium chromate(VI) and aqueous potassium dichromate(VI)

at equilibrium.
 13

(a) Explain, in terms of the position of the equilibrium, what you would see if sulfuric acid were
added to solution Y.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Explain, in terms of the position of the equilibrium, what you would see if sodium hydroxide
were added to solution Y.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]

23 Cobalt(II) chloride can be used to test for the presence of water.

CoCl2 + 6H2O ⇌ CoCl2.6H2O

anhydrous hydrated
cobalt(II) chloride cobalt(II) chloride

(a) What is meant by the symbol ⇌?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Describe how the colour of anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride changes when water is added to it.

from ................................................................ to

................................................................ [2]

[Total: 3]

24 When cobalt(II) chloride is added to water an equilibrium is established.

 14

2–
(a) A student adds water to a blue solution containing [CoCl4] ions.

Describe what the student observes. Give a reason for your answer in terms of the position
of the equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
2–
(b) Another student cools a blue solution containing [CoCl4] . The blue solution turns pink.

What does this information indicate about the forward reaction?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

25 Hydrogen and iodine react together in a reversible reaction. Hydrogen iodide is formed.

H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)

colourless purple colourless
gas gas gas

The forward reaction is exothermic.

A gas syringe containing an equilibrium mixture of hydrogen, iodine and hydrogen iodide gases
was sealed and heated to 250 °C. The equilibrium mixture was a pale purple colour.

equilibrium mixture of hydrogen,

iodine and hydrogen iodide
end blocked

The temperature of the gas syringe was increased to 300 °C.

(a) What happened to the position of the equilibrium when the temperature of the gas syringe
was increased from 250 °C to 300 °C?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) What happened to the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the backward reaction when
the temperature of the gas syringe was increased from 250 °C to 300 °C?

rate of the forward reaction ...............................................................................................

rate of the backward reaction ........................................................................................... [2]

 15

[Total: 3]

26 Hydrogen and iodine react together in a reversible reaction. Hydrogen iodide is formed.

H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)

colourless purple colourless
gas gas gas

The forward reaction is exothermic.

A gas syringe containing an equilibrium mixture of hydrogen, iodine and hydrogen iodide gases
was sealed and heated to 250 °C. The equilibrium mixture was a pale purple colour.

equilibrium mixture of hydrogen,

iodine and hydrogen iodide
end blocked

The plunger of the gas syringe was pressed in while the end of the gas syringe was blocked. This
increased the pressure. The position of the equilibrium did not change. The colour of the gaseous
mixture turned darker purple.

(a) Give a reason why the position of the equilibrium did not change.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Suggest why the gaseous mixture turned darker purple, even though the position of the
equilibrium did not change.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

27 A sample of solid hydrated copper(II) sulfate is heated gently in a test-tube.

CuSO4.5H2O ⇌ CuSO4 + 5H2O

hydrated
copper(II) sulfate

Solid hydrated copper(II) sulfate is blue.

Describe two observations when the sample of solid hydrated copper(II) sulfate is heated gently
in a test-tube.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]
 16

28 When green iron(II) sulfate is heated it loses its water of crystallisation.

The reaction is reversible.

(a) Complete the following equation by writing the sign for a reversible reaction in the box.

FeSO4.7H2O FeSO4 + 7H2O

green white

[1]

(b) Use the information in the equation to suggest how to change white iron(II) sulfate into green
iron(II) sulfate.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

29 Hydrogen gas reacts with iodine gas. The equation is shown.

H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)

The reaction is reversible and can reach equilibrium.

What is meant by the term equilibrium?

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

30 Hydrogen gas reacts with iodine gas. The equation is shown.

H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)

The reaction is reversible and can reach equilibrium.

The graphs show how pressure affects the yield of hydrogen iodide, HI, at two different temperatures.
 17

500 °C

yield of
hydrogen iodide
700 °C

pressure

(a) Explain why the yield at 500 °C does not change as the pressure is increased.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) What can you conclude from the difference in the yield of hydrogen iodide at the two
temperatures shown?
Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]