Analysis and design of doubly reinforced rectangular beam

If the beam cross-section is limited and the moment is high,

reinforcement is added in the compression zone as well as tension
reinforcement. This will permit using reinforcement ratio ρ > ρmax and failure
will not be sudden. Also, this compression reinforcement reduces the long
term deflections which result from creep of concrete.

Analysis of doubly reinforced beam (tension and compression

reinforcement)
Calculation of resisting Moment of Double Reinforced Beam:

If ρ < ρmax the strength of beam may be approximated by disregarding

(neglecting) the compression bars and analysis is done as for single reinforced
beam.

If ρ > ρmax then the total resisting moment can be assumed as sum of
two parts:

doubly reinforced rectangular

beam
Mn = Mn1 + Mn2 Mn1 Mn2

𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴𝑠́ 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑́ )
𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = (𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠́ )𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2
Then total resisting moment Mn = Mn1 + Mn2

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 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠́ 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑́ ) + (𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠́ )𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2
𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠′
𝑎= 𝑓
0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑦
If the compression steel is not yielded at failure (i.e. 𝒇𝒔́ < 𝒇𝒚 ) then:
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐́ 𝐸𝑠 . 𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠́ 𝑓𝑠́ (𝑑 − 𝑑́ )
2
Where: d′ εs ′
𝐶 − d′
𝑓𝑠́ = 𝜀𝑠́ 𝐸𝑠
εs′ εu c−d′
= , εs′ = εu
c−d′ c c

To calculate a:
𝑁𝑡 = 𝑁𝑐1 + 𝑁𝑐2
𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎 . 𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠́ 𝑓𝑠́

c − d′
𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑐 . 𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠́ εu . 𝐸𝑠
c
Solve the above equation using Quadratic formula we get c.

−𝐵 ∓ √𝐵2 − 4𝐴. 𝐶
𝑋1,2 =
2𝐴
Then calculate a where:
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
Or calculate c from the following formula:

𝑐 = √𝑄 + 𝑅2 − 𝑅
600 𝑑′ 𝐴𝑠′ 600 𝐴𝑠′ − 𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦
Where : 𝑄= and 𝑅 =
0.85𝛽1 𝑓𝑐′ 1.7𝛽1 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏

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To check if compression steel yielded (𝑓𝑠́ = 𝑓𝑦 ) ρ is compared with 𝜌̅𝑐𝑦
where:
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢 𝐴𝑠′
𝜌̅𝑐𝑦 = 0.85 𝛽1 + 𝜌′ , where: 𝜌′ =
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝜀𝑢− 𝜀𝑦 𝑏𝑑

If 𝜌 ≥ 𝜌̅𝑐𝑦 then compression steel yielded (𝑓𝑠́ = 𝑓𝑦 )

c−d′
If 𝜌 < 𝜌̅𝑐𝑦 then compression steel (𝑓𝑠́ < 𝑓𝑦 ), 𝑓𝑠́ = εu 𝐸𝑠
c
To avoid sudden failure ACI code limits 𝜌̅𝑚𝑎𝑥 to the following limit:
𝜌̅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌max + 𝜌′ > 𝜌
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝜀𝑢
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑢 + 0.004
To use φ = 0.9 we put ℇt = 0.005 in the above equation:
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝜀𝑢
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑢 + 0.005
Example: Compute the design moment capacity for the section below, using
fy = 400 MPa and fc′= 20.7 MPa.
𝜋 𝑑2 𝜋 322
𝐴𝑠 = (5) = (5) = 4021 𝑚𝑚2
4 4
𝐴𝑠 4021
𝜌= = = 0.01862
𝑏𝑑 360 𝑥 600
𝜋 𝑑2 𝜋 252
𝐴𝑠′ = (2) = (2) = 981.7 𝑚𝑚2
4 4
𝐴𝑠′ 981.7
𝜌′ = = = 0.00455
𝑏 𝑑 360 𝑥 600
Check ρ with ρmax to see if the beam can be analyzed as single reinforced.

20.7 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝑥 0.85 = 0.01602
400 0.003 + 0.004

𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⸫ The beam must be analyzed as doubly reinforced.

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 Now, check if compression steel stress 𝑓𝑠′ = fy
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢 𝑓𝑦 400
𝜌̅𝑐𝑦 = 0.85 𝛽1 + 𝜌′ , 𝜀𝑦 = = = 0.002
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝜀𝑢− 𝜀𝑦 𝐸𝑠 200000

20.7 60 0.003
𝜌̅𝑐𝑦 = 0.85 𝑥 0.85 + 0.00455 = 0.01577
400 600 0.003 − 0.002
𝜌 > 𝜌̅𝑐𝑦
∴ 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦
𝜌̅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌′ = 0.01602 + 0.00455 = 0.02057 > 𝜌 ⸫ ok.
Total resisting moment 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2

𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴𝑠́ 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑́ ) = 981.7 𝑥 400 (600 − 60) = 212.0 𝑥 106 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = (𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠́ )𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2
𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠′ 4021−981.7
Where: 𝑎 = 𝑓𝑦 = 400 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒎𝒎
0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 20.7 𝑥 360

192
𝑀𝑛2 = (4021 − 981.7) 𝑥 400 𝑥 (600 − ) = 𝟔𝟏𝟐. 𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎𝒎
2
𝑀𝑛 = 212.0 𝑥 106 + 𝟔𝟏𝟐. 𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟖𝟐𝟒. 𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎𝒎
Check value of ɸ
We have a = 201 mm

𝟏𝟗𝟐
𝒄= = 𝟐𝟐𝟓. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓

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 𝑑−𝑐 600 − 225.88
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑢 ( ) = 0.003 ( ) = 0.00497 < 0.005
𝑐 225.88
∅ = 0.483 + 83.333 𝜀𝑡
∅ = 0.483 + 83.333 (0.00497) = 0.897

The design moment = 𝜙 𝑀𝑛 = 0.897𝑥 824.7 = 𝟕𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎𝒎

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H.W.: Find the ultimate moment capacity for the section below, using, fy =
345 MPa and fc′ = 27.6 MPa.

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 Design of Doubly reinforced concrete Rectangular beams
Sufficient tensile steel can be placed in most beams so that compression steel
is not needed. But if it is needed, the design is usually quite straight forward.
The design procedure follows the theory used for analyzing doubly reinforced
sections.

Example: Design a rectangular beam for MD = 200 kN.m and ML = 350 kN.m
if fc′ = 25 MPa and fy = 410 MPa. The maximum permissible beam dimensions
are shown in below.
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 𝑀𝐷 + 1.6 𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 𝑥 200 + 1.6 𝑥 350 = 800 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

For checking ∅ = 0.9 , then 𝜀𝑡 = 0.005 there is no economic

efficiency of using 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 0.005 Then use:
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝜀𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85 𝛽1 = 0.01652
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑢 + 0.005
𝐴𝑠1 (𝐴𝑠 ) = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.01652 𝑥 350 𝑥 530 = 𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝜌 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑓𝑦 𝑏 𝑑 2 (1 − 0.59 ) = ∅ 𝑘𝑛 𝑏 𝑑 2
𝑓𝑐 ′

𝜌 𝑓𝑦 0.01652 𝑥 410
𝑘𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 ) = 0.01652 𝑥 410 (1 − 0.59 )
𝑓𝑐 ′ 25
= 5.69052
𝑀𝑢1 = ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝑘𝑛 𝑏 𝑑 2 = 0.9 𝑥 5.69052 𝑥 350 𝑥 5302 =
𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎𝒎 ˂ 800 kN.m

⸫ Compression reinforcement required

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 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 3065 𝑥 410
𝑎= ′
= = 168.96 𝑚𝑚
0.85 𝑓𝑐 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 25 𝑥 350
𝑎 168.96
𝑐= = = 198.8 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85

𝑀𝑢2 = 800 − 503.52 = 296.48 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

εs′ εu c−d′ 198.8−60

= , εs ′ = εu = 𝑥 0.003 = 0.00209
c−d′ c c 198.8

𝑓𝑠́ = 𝜀𝑠́ 𝐸𝑠 = 0.00209 𝑥 200000 = 418.9 𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝑓𝑠́ > 𝑓𝑦
∴ 𝒇𝒔́ = 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝑀𝑢2 296.48 𝑥 106
𝐴𝑠2 (𝐴 ) =𝑠′ = = 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
∅ 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑− 𝑑′ ) 0.9 𝑥 410 𝑥 (530−60)

For tension reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 (𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝐴𝑠2 (𝐴𝑠′ )

= 3065 + 1710 = 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐

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Example: Find total area of steel required for the section below which
supports Mu = 400 kN.m, using fy = 420 MPa, fc′ = 21MPa and d′= 65 mm if
you need compression reinforcement.

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