Pour-Flush Latrines 1.

Modification of the unimproved type of Pit Latrine Squatting plate is made with a 25 mm water seal Approximately 1-2 liters of water are poured in by hand to flush the excreta into the pit Suitable for situations where water is used for anal cleansing

Suitable for medium rise buildings where the excreta can be flushed down a vertical pipe to a communal vault at or below the ground level Advantages: Can be built inside the house Requires minimum amount of water Suitable for any type of soil & at very high population density Disadvantage: Need for an institution capable of organizing the collection service & operating the treatment facilities

2.

Displaced Pour-flush latrines PF latrines with a completely displaced pit Pit is connected to a pour-flush bowl by a short length of 100 mm pipe Can be installed inside the house since it is free of odor and insect problems When the pit is full, a new one is dug & the latrine is connected to it

Advantage: Simple technical design Low operational requirements High potential for upgrading The health benefits provided by the PF toilets are similar to those of the cistern flush toilets Disadvantage: Can be clogged by solid cleansing materials Vault Latrines Similar to PF toilets except that the vault is sealed & emptied by a vacuum pump at regular intervals of 2-6 weeks The vault maybe built immediately below the squatting plate or displaced from it If displaced, the vault may be shared by adjacent houses Disposal of the collected night soil is usually by trenching or treatment works

Category III Bucket Latrines Consist of a squatting plate & a metal bucket which is located in a small vault immediately below the squatting plate The bucket is periodically emptied by a night soil laborer into a larger collection depot Night soil is taken to either a trenching ground for burial or to a night soil treatment works Disadvantage: Problems of odor, insects, spillage & unsanitary conditions at all collection & transfer points generally exist

Category IV Pit Latrines The most commonly observed technology around the world especially in rural areas Components: pit, squatting plate, and a superstructure When the pit is full, the superstructure & squatting plate are removed & the pit is filled up with soil from a new pit Disadvantage: odor & insect problems Antipolo type of pit latrine is provided with a concrete floor & an elevated seat with cover

Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine Pit is slightly displaced to make room for an external vent pipe The vent pipe is for maximum odor control Should be at least 150 mm in diameter Located on the sunny side of the latrine

Pit Latrines Usually placed 5 meters from the house There maybe a need to line the upper part to support the squatting plate In sandy soil, pits may need to be partially lined to prevent collapse In rocky soil it maybe difficult to dig In areas w/ high water table w/c are prone to flooding, the latrine may need to be raised partially above the ground Should not be placed within 30 meters of any drinking water source Advantages of Pit Latrines: Low cost Easily replicated They can be upgraded to PF toilets Boredhole Latrines Consist of relatively deep holes bored into the earth by mechanical or manual earth boring equipment Holes are about 10-18 inches in diameter & 15-35 ft. deep Lined in order to prevent caving in Hole is provided with a cover at the top Foot rests are provided to facilitate squatting

Reed Odorless Earth Closet or ROEC Its pit is completely displaced from the superstructure and connected to the squatting plate by a curved chute Vent pipe is provided to minimize fly & odor nuisance Disadvantage: chute is easily fouled providing a site for fly breeding Advantages of the ROEC over the VIP: The pit can be larger Excreta cannot be seen

Two types: 1. Wet type - when the hole penetrates the ground water table 2. Dry type when the hole does not reach the ground water table. Fills up faster than the wet type Disadvantages:

Cannot be recommended as a sanitary facility for it is too small & cannot be ventilated Short life time (1-2yrs ) Unacceptable levels of fly & odor nuisance Possibility of contaminating underground drinking water sources Indiscriminate Disposal into Fields or Bodies of Water Overhung Latrines Consist of a superstructure provided w/ a latrine floor built on top of wooden piles above the water & connected to the main house by a bridge or cat-walk A room in the house w/ an opening on the floor serves as the latrine Wrap & throw method discarding newspaper or plastic wrapped feces at the nearest garbage heap , street or ditch Sanitary Methods of Excreta Disposal Category I and II methods of excreta disposal are sanitary & have generally high potential for upgrading Category III and IV methods are not recommended as sanitary facilities because of certain health hazards like lack of ventilation, fly & odor problems and danger of contamination of underground water sources Factors which affect technology choice for excreta disposal 1. Soil condition 2. Water supply service levels 3. Household density 4. Complementary facilities 5. Potential for self-help construction 6. User hygiene habits 7. Institutional constraints Agencies Concerned with Excreta Disposal 1. MWSS responsible for the construction, maintenance and operation of sanitary sewerage facilities 2. LWUA ( Local Water Utilities Adm.) responsible for the development of waterworks and sewerage systems in municipalities, cities or provinces not yet covered by a duly formed water district Summary We have discussed: 1. National objectives for Health 2. Situation regarding accessibility to sanitary toilet facilities 3. Methods of excreta disposal 4. Factors affecting technology choice for excreta disposal 5. Agencies concerned with excreta disposal