REVIEW QUESTIONs FOR BRM FINAL EXAM

1. What are the differences between probability and non-probability sampling? Example

+ Probability: In probability sampling, researchers use a random selection of elements to reduce or

eliminate sampling bias. Under such conditions, we can have substantial confidence that the sample
is representative of the population from which it is drawn. In addition, probability sampling method
follow mathematical rules, the researcher cannot interfere. Every unit in the population has a
chance (non-zero probability) of being selectes in the sample, and this chance can be accurately
determined.

For instance, if you wish to select 200 firms to survey from a list of 1000 firms, if this list is entered
into a spreadsheet like Excel, you can use Excel's RAND() function to generate random numbers for
each of the 1000 clients on that list. Next, you sort the list in increasing order of their corresponding
random number, and select the first 200 clients on that sorted list.

For instance, if you wish to sample city governments in the state of New York, rather than travel all
over the state to interview key city officials (as you may have to do with a simple random sample),
you can cluster these governments based on their counties, randomly select a set of three counties,
and then interview officials from every official in those counties.

+ Non-probability: Researcher selects elements into the sample based on subjective judgement or
convenience, the probability of selecting population elements is unknown and cannot be accurately
determined. It used when time, cost or other factors are more important.

For instance, if you stand outside a shopping center and hand out questionnaire surveys to people
or interview them as they walk in, the sample of respondents you will obtain will be a convenience
sample. Other examples of convenience sampling are sampling students registered in a certain class
or sampling patients arriving at a certain medical clinic.

For instance, if the American population consists of 70% Caucasians, 15% Hispanic-Americans, and
13% African-Americans, and you wish to understand their voting preferences in a sample of 98
people, you can stand outside a shopping center and ask people their voting preferences. But you
will have to stop asking Hispanic-looking people when you have 15 responses from that subgroup
(or African-Americans when you have 13 responses) even as you continue sampling other ethnic
groups, so that the ethnic composition of your sample matches that the general American
population

2. What are the differences between qualitative and quantitative research? Example

+ Qualitative study: Qualitative research is used to gain an understanding of human behavior,

intentions, attitudes, experience, based on the observation and interpretation of people. It is
an unstructured and exploratory technique that deals with highly complex phenomena. This
kind of research is usually done to understand the topic in-depth. It is carried out by taking
 interviews with open-ended questions, observations that are described in words. Usually use
probability sampling

+ Quantitative study: Quantitative research method relies on the methods of natural sciences,
which develops hard facts and numerical data. It establishes the cause-and-effect relationship
between two variables (dependent&independent) using different statistical, computational,
and statistical methods. As the results are accurately and precisely measured, this research
method is also termed as “Empirical Research”. This type of research is generally used to
establish generalized facts about a particular topic. This type of research is usually done
using surveys, experiments. Non-probability sampling

Background theories?
How many valid respondents?
How many hypothesis are supporting by the research? tìm ở phần cuối data analysis
Ex: H4 unsupported
H5 supported