Lesson 1

The Market And Destination

➢The world's largest hotel is the First World Hotel in Malaysia, with over 7,351 rooms.

➢ The most expensive hotel suite in the world is the Royal Penthouse Suite at the Hotel
President Wilson in Geneva, Switzerland, costing up to $80,000 per night.
➢The tallest hotel in the world is the JW Marriott Marquis Dubai, standing at 355 meters (1,165
feet) tall.
➢ The most popular tourist attraction in the world is the Colosseum in Rome, Italy, with over 7
million visitors annually.
➢The most visited country in the world is France, with over 89 million tourists in 2019. ➢The
smallest country in the world by land area is Vatican City, measuring just 0.44 square kilometers
(0.17 square miles).

Market refers to the group of people or organizations that have a need for a product or service.
The market includes: • Individuals, families, and groups who are interested in traveling to a
specific destination.

Travel Market refers to an event or platform where businesses within the travel industry come
together to showcase their products and services, network with potential partners, and conduct
business transactions.

TWO types of travel market

1.LEISURE TRAVEL MARKET-This market includes people who travel for pleasure, such as
vacations, holidays, and weekend getaways.
2. BUSINESS TRAVEL MARKET-This market includes people who travel for work-related
purposes, such as attending conferences, meetings, and seminars or visiting clients or suppliers
overseas.

factors that influence travel markets

1. DEMOGRAPHICS - age, gender, income level, education level etc., as well as cultural
background and language.
2. PSYCHOGRAPHICS - values and lifestyle.
3. GEOGRAPHIC – location
4. BEHAVIORAL FACTORS - past travel experiences
5. ECONOMIC FACTORS - budget constraints.
6. SEASONALITY - peak travel seasons
7. TECHNOLOGY -information through digital channels

Destination, on the other hand, refers to the specific place that travelers want to visit. It can be a
city, a town, a beach, a mountain, or any other location that offers unique experiences and
attractions.

TYPES OF TRAVEL MOTIVATORS

Leisure Travel Motivators- Factors that inspire and influence people to travel.
Leisure Travel De-Motivators- Describes a situation, condition, and matters that may bring
changes or lead to cancellation
Leisure Travel Motivators
Physical motivators- are those related directly to health, wellness and physics enjoyment
Cultural motivators-are those related to the desire to know about other people’s culture and their
way of life
Interpersonal motivators- desire to meet and make new friends in other places, visit friends and
relatives
Status and prestige motivators- are those related to self-fulfillment achieved through travel and
include personal development.

Leisure Travel de-Motivators

Cost of travel-travel is dependent to disposable income
Lack of time- without time
Health-poor health is not conductive to travel
Family stage- inconvenience traveling with children
Lack of interest- lack of travel information
Fear and safety- bad publicity about destination creates doubt and fear

There are three (3) identified variables related to the traveler’s individual differences that cause
the travel market to divide into distinct groups.
1.Socio-Economic and Demographics Variables
2. Product-Related Variables
3. Psychographic Variables

1. Socio-Economic and Demographics Variables These are factors affecting the human social
processes and population characteristics in relation to travel and tourism tendencies. Some of the
aspects include:
• Age
• Gender
• Civil Status
• Education

2. Product-Related Variables These are factors related to the desirability of the travel products
offered by the travel agency towards their clients. Travel products are matched according to
various aspects that can satisfy every client’s requirements such as:
• Length of stay
• Purpose of visit
• Distance Traveled
• Mode of Transportation
• Tourism Accommodation
• Financial Requirement

3. Psychographic Variables The study of psychographics deals with human personality, values,
attitudes, interests, and lifestyles. Abraham Maslow in his “Hierarchy of Needs” explained that
people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled, a person seeks to
fulfill the next one, and so on.

Hierarchy of Needs
1.Physiological The need to escape from the everyday work environment, relaxation, relief from
tension, and stress.
2. Safety The need to have a sense of wellbeing, health, and recreation.
3. Belonging The need for family bonding, companionship, social interaction, personal and
family ties.
4. Esteem The need for prestige, social recognition, ego enhancement, personality development.
5. Cognitive The need for cultural, educational, and interest resulting to learning
6. Aesthetics The need for appreciation of environment, scenery, arts and sciences.

Lesson 2
National Regions of the Philippines
Origin of manila- flower named nilad, may nilad means ‘there are nilads there’

In 2014 Time magazine ranked Makati, a city in the Manila metropolitan area as the selfie
capital of the world

It has been estimated that Filipinos sent about 400 million text messages every day adding up to
roughly one hundred and forty-two billion texts per year that's more than the total number of
daily text messages sent in the US and Europe combined as such the Philippines is now known
as the text messaging capital of the world.

The University of Santo Tomas in Manila was founded by Dominican monks in 1611, which
makes it older than America's Harvard University which was not founded until 1636.

Regions
ILOCOS REGION 1 Located in the northwest part of Luzon Island. Known for its sand dunes in
Laoag City and the historic town of Vigan.

CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (Region 2) - Located in the northern part of

Luzon Island with Baguio City as its regional center known for its cool climate and scenic
mountains like Mt. Pulag.

CAGAYAN VALLEY REGION 2 Located in the central part of Luzon Island. Known for its
fertile agricultural lands and the Cagayan River also known as the Río Grande de Cagayán, is the
longest river and the widest river in the Philippines

3.CENTRAL LUZON REGION This region is known for its historical landmarks such as the
San Agustin Church in Pampanga and the Bataan Death March Memorial Park in Mariveles. The
region is also known for its traditional dishes like sisig and kesong puti

CALABARZON REGION 4-A - This region is made up of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and
Quezon. Located in southern Luzon Island with Calamba in Laguna as its regional center known
as the "Cradle of Philippine Heroes" due to its historical significance during the Philippine
Revolution. The region is also known for its traditional dishes like bibingka and taho.
MIMAROPA REGION 4-B - Comprised of Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro,
Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan with Puerto Princesa City as its regional center known as
the "Last Frontier" due to its natural beauty. The region is also home to the Tabon Caves, a
UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Tabon Man is believed to be one of the earliest known
Homo sapiens outside of Africa, dating back around 22,000 years ago

BICOL REGION 5 - Located in southeastern Luzon Island comprised of Camarines Norte,

Camarines Sur, Albay, Catanduanes, Masbate, and Sorsogon. Known for its active volcanoes
like Mt. Mayon, and spicy dishes like laing and pinangat.

6. WESTERN VISAYAS REGION - Located in central Visayas Island comprised of Iloilo,

Guimaras, Capiz, Antique, Aklan, and Negros Occidental. Known for its beautiful beaches like
Boracay Island and traditional dishes like piaya and kansi.

7. CENTRAL VISAYAS REGION - Comprised of Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Negros Oriental, and
the southern part of Leyte. This region is known for its historical landmarks such as the
Magellan's Cross and the Basilica del Santo Niño in Cebu City. The region is also known for its
traditional dishes like lechon and chicharon.

8.EASTERN VISAYAS REGION - Comprised of Samar, Leyte, Biliran, Northern Samar,

Eastern Samar, and Southern Leyte. This region is known for its historical landmark the
MacArthur Landing Memorial Park in Palo, Leyte. The region is also known for its traditional
dishes like kinutay and puso.

9.ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA REGION - Comprised of Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga

del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, and Zamboanga City known as the "Gateway to Southeast Asia".

10.NORTHERN MINDANAO REGION - Located in northern Mindanao Island with Cagayan

de Oro City as its regional center known as the "City of Golden Friendship". Comprised of
Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Camiguin, Bukidnon, Lanao del Norte, and Iligan City.

11.DAVAO REGION -Located in eastern Mindanao Island with Davao City as its regional
center known as the "Durian Capital" due to its production and exporting of durian fruits.
Comprised of Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, Compostela Valley, and Davao
City.

SOCCSKSARGEN REGION 12 -Located in southwestern Mindanao Island with General Santos

City as its regional center known as the "Tuna Capital" due to its large catch production in the
area's waters around Sarangani Bay, Mindanao Sea, Celebes Sea, and Sulu Sea. Comprised of
South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani and General Santos City.

CARAGA REGION 13-occupying the northeastern section of Mindanao. It covers 5 provinces,

namely, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Norte, and Surigao del
Sur. The region is known for its rich natural resources, including timber, minerals, marine
resources, and agricultural products such as coconuts, bananas, and rubber.

16.NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION (NCR) - Located in northern Luzon Island with Manila as
its regional center known as the "Metro Manila" or "NCR" due to its urbanization.

17.BANGSAMORO AUTONOMOUS REGION in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) - Located in

southwestern Mindanao Island. Established in 2019 as a result of the Bangsamoro Organic Law
(BOL) replacing the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). It covers 5 provinces,
namely, Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.

Lesson 3
Types of tourism
What is Tourism?
Tourism refers to the activities of people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for leisure, business, or other purposes.

Benefits Of Tourism In A Country

IT CREATES EMPLOYMENT
BOOSTS REVENUE
DEVELOPS INFRASTRUCTURE
HELPS IN CULTURAL EXCHANGE

types of Tourism
1. HISTORICAL TOURISM Historical tourism is a type of tourism that focuses on visiting
historical sites, landmarks, and attractions to learn about and experience the history and culture
of a particular destination.

Intramuros, or the 'Walled City', is one of the oldest districts of Manila, built on the south bank
of the Pasig River around 1571.
Mactan Shrine, also known as Liberty Shrine, is a memorial park on the island of Mactan in
Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines.

JOSE RIZAL SHIRE IN CALAMBA LAGUNA

The Rizal shrine is the place where our national hero was born in Calamba, Laguna. ,
SANDUGO SHRINE, BOHOL
A blood compact between Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi and Bohol chieftain
Sikatuna took place as a symbol of friendship between the Spaniards and the Filipinos.

Barasoain Church. It served as the headquarters of the illustrados who were against the Spanish
rule and was the site of one of the most pivotal events in Philippine democracy — the Malolos
Congress, also known as the First Philippine Congress.

2. Cultural TOURISM Is primarily focused on experiencing the cultural heritage, traditions, and
values of a particular destination or community
FESTIVAL A festival is a celebration or commemoration of an occasion, typically organized by
a community and marked by performances, activities, and feasting. Festivals can be religious,
cultural, or secular in nature.

DINAGYANG FESTIVAL
A famous and religious and cultural festival in Iloilo City, It is held both to honor the Santo
Niño and to celebrate the arrival on Panay of Malay settlers and the subsequent selling of the
island to them by the Aeta's.
PAK'KAAT KALLO
Is an annual festival in celebration of a plenteous harvest of Manobo Tribe in Magpet, Cotabato
every Lenten Season. (April 5 to 6)

masskara FESTIVAL
Bacolod MassKara is derived from the words “mass” meaning “many” and “kara” meaning
“faces,” thus calling it the Festival of Many Faces known as the City of Smiles.
Ibalong Festival
A non-religious festival in Legazpi City, Albay. The festival celebrates the epic story Ibalong
who was accompanied by three legendary heroes, namely Baltog, Handyong, and Bantong

Pahiyas FESTIVA
L Quezon This vibrant festival is held in honor of San Isidro Labrador and features houses
adorned with colorful decorations made from fruits and vegetables.

Pintados Festival
A cultural-religious celebration in Tacloban based on the body-painting traditions of the ancient
tattooed "pintados" warriors.

3. RELEGIOUS TOURISM Also commonly referred to as faith tourism, this type of tourism
involve visiting religious landmarks such as temples, churches, mosques, synagogues, or other
sacred sites for prayer, meditation, or pilgrimage.

Antipolo City
A very popular pilgrimage site and is often referred to as the “Pilgrimage Capital of the
Philippines.”

MANAOAG CHURCH
The most famous pilgrimage site in Pangasinan, with many even calling it the “Catholic Mecca”
in the country.

Ang Pagtaltal sa Balaan Bukid in Jordan, Bataan

A passion play enacted during the Lenten Season.

The Feast of the Black Nazarene

A religious festival held in Manila, Philippines that is centered around the Black Nazarene, an
image of Jesus Christ.
4. adventure TOURISM Is a tourist activity that includes a physical activity, a cultural exchange,
or activities in nature. It often includes activities such as hiking, trekking, rock climbing,
mountaineering, white-water rafting, zip-lining, and scuba diving, among others.

Surfing Is a popular water sport that involves riding waves on a surfboard. Siargao, Baler, and La
Union
Hiking and trekking Are both outdoor activities that involve walking or traveling on foot. Mt.
Pulag, Mt. Mayon, and Mt. Apo

Scuba diving and snorkeling Snorkeling is swimming near the water's surface with the use of a
mask and a breathing tube, called a snorkel. Scuba diving is diving with the help of a self-
contained underwater breathing apparatus, called a scuba.

Zip lining An exciting outdoor adventure activity that involves sliding along a cable, usually
suspended high above the ground, using a harness and special equipment.

Sky Diving An exhilarating and thrilling adventure activity that involves freefalling from an
aircraft at high altitudes, typically around 12,500 to 15,000 feet, before parachuting to the
ground.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL OR ECO-TOURISM Refers to any type of tourism that involves

experiencing natural environments, such as national parks, wildlife reserves, and beaches.
Chocolate Hills in Bohol
They are usually covered in green grass, dry up and turn chocolatey brown in color during the
dry season
TUBBATAHA REEF NATIONAL MARINE PARK
Is home to some of the world's most unique and beautiful coral reefs.
Sagada
Known for wonderful nature caves, waterfalls, adrenaline adventures, and last but not least
hanging coffins.
Palawan's Underground River
This park features a spectacular limestone karst landscape with an underground river.
6. Culinary Tourism Also known as food tourism, a type of travel that focuses on experiencing
local cuisine and food culture.
Pampanga is the “Food Capital of the Philippines” The province is blessed which great cooks
which are trained by the Spaniards during the colonial period. Sisig (chopped pork belly)and
Kare-kare (stewed oxtail).
Bulacan known as the "Center for Desserts and Pastries" Due to the presence of several well-
established pastry shops and dessert houses in the province. Some popular dessert brands that
originated in Bulacan include Goldilocks, Red Ribbon, Merci, and Estancia Mall's Food Choices,
which is home to numerous dessert stalls and cafes offering a wide variety of sweet treats such as
cakes, pastries, ice cream, and more
7. medical Tourism Refers to the practice of traveling to another country to receive medical
treatment or procedures due to lower costs, better technology or expertise, or other factors.
Major hospitals and medical centers in the Philippines that cater to medical tourists include St.
Luke's Medical Center, The Medical City, Makati Medical Center, and Asian Hospital and
Medical Center.
7. Recreational Tourism These pertains to attractions that visitors can enjoy to relax, bond with
the family members and friends during their leisure time which includes national parks,
amusement parks, zoo, theme parks, botanical garden, resorts etc.

Enchanted Kingdom The largest and most popular theme park destination in the Philippines
where families and friends head to for a myriad of fun, adrenaline-pumping ride adventures and a
whole lot more.
Ocean Adventure Subic Ocean Adventure is the first Open Water Marine Theme Park in
Southeast Asia. It has become one of the premiere attractions in Subic Bay, Philippines.

8. Volunteer Tourism This type of tourism involves traveling to volunteer for social,
environmental, or humanitarian causes. Volunteerism in the Philippine context is a cultural
tradition called “bayanihan” or helping one another.

The various types of tourism help the tourism industry promote cultural exchange, support local
businesses and economies, and contribute to the preservation of natural and cultural heritage. By
catering to different interests and preferences, the tourism industry can sustain its growth and
remain competitive in the global market.
FILIPINO
LESSON 1
KABANATA III: MGA AKDANG PAMPANITIKAN NG AFRICA AT PERSIYA
3. Ang “Persiya” at ang “Iran” ay tumutukoy sa iisang bansa lamang.
Ilog ng Zambezi
ika-apat sa pinakamalalaking ilog sa Africa
nasasakop ng anim na bansa
sa ilog na ito matatagpuan ang Dam ng Kariba.
Kariba Dam
kung saan sinasabing dito nakatira ang Diyos ng ilog na si Nyaminyami.
May taas na 128 metro at habang 579 metro.
tuluyang nabuo noong 1960
Dalawang nasasakop sa dam ay ang Zambia at Zimbabwe.
ANO ANG DEBATE?
Ang debate ay isang pakikipagtalong may estruktura.
Isinasagawa ito ng dalawang grupo na magkasalungat na panig tungkol sa isang paksa; ang
dalawang panig ay proposisyon(o sumasang-ayon) at ang oposisyon(o sumasalungat).

Mga Katangiang dapat taglayin ng isang mahusay na debater

Nilalaman
Estilo
Estratehiya
Pagsasalin-wika
Ang pagsasalin-wika ay ang pagsasalin o paglilipat sa pinakamalapit na katumbas ng mensahe
ng tekstong isasalin sa wika o diyalektong pinagsasalinan.

Mga Pamantayan sa Pagsasaling-Wika

Alamin ang paksa ng isasalin.
 Basahin nang ilang beses ang tekstong isasalin.
 Tandaang ang isinasalin ay ang kahulugan o mensahe at hindi lang mga salita.
 Piliin ang mga salita at pariralang madaling maunawaan ng mambabasa.
 Ipabasa sa isang eksperto sa wikang pinagsalinan o sa katutubong nagsasalita ng wika
ang iyong isinalin.
 Isaalang-alang ang iyong kaalaman sa genre ng akdang isasalin.
 Isaalang-alang ang kultura at konteksto ng wikang isasalin at ng pagsasalinan.
 Ang pagiging mahusay na tagapagsalin ay nalilinang sa pagdaan ng panahon at
napagbubuti ng karanasan.

Lesson 2
Anekdota ni nelson mandela
Anekdota- Isang uri ng akdang tuluyan na tumatalakay sa kakaiba o kakatwang pangyayari sa
buhay ng isang kakilala, sikat o tanyag na tao.

Nelson mandela- 1993 nobel peace prize award

1994- presedente ng south africa
27 years sa jail

John carlin- tanyag na manunulat at dating bureau chief ng independent london sa south africa
noon 1989-1994
Babaeng ginalang kahit na sya ay dating empleyado ng malupit na presedente
Jessie Duarte- Deputy Secretary-General nagging personal assistant ni Mandela mula 1990-1994.
Ayon sa kanya, nakasanayan na raw ni Mandela ang pagtiklop at pag-aayos ng kanyang mga
pinagtulugan
Matt Damon- anyag na aktor sa Amerika. Nakikila niya si Nelson Dahil sa South Africa naganap
ang shooting ng pelikulang ginanapan niya na “Invictus”. Doon nakita ni Matt at ng kanyang
pamilya ang tunay na kabaitan ni Nelson.
rick stengel- nakasama ng 2 taon Pagiging kalmado ni Nelson Mandela habang nagkaaberya ang
kanilang sinasakyan na eroplano.

APAT NA KOMPONENT O SANGKAP NG KASANAYANG KOMUNIKATIBO

GRAMATIKAL- Ito ang komponent na nagbibigay-kakayahan sa nagsasalita upang epektibong
makipagtalastasan gamit ang angkop na mga tuntuning panggramatika.
SOSYO-LINGGUWISTIK- Ang komponent na nagbibigay kakayahan sa nagsasalita upang
magamit ang salitang naaangkop sa sitwasyon at ang kontekstong sosyal ng lugar kung saan
ginagamit ang wika.
DISKORSAL- Ang komponent na nagbibigay-kakayahang magamit ang wikang binibigkas at
wikang ginagamit sa pagsulat sa makabuluhang paraan upang maipabatid ang mensahe at
maunawaan din ang tinatanggap na mensahe.
STRATEGIC- Ang komponent na nagbibigay kakayahang magamit ang berbal at hindi berbal na
mga hudyat upang maihatid nang malinaw ang mensahe o maiwasan o maisaayos ang mga hindi
pagkakaunawaan o puwang na komunikasyon.

LESSON 3
NG IBONG NAKAHAWLA

MAYA ANGELOU- Bilang isang Aprikanong Amerikano, nakaranas si Angelou ng mga lahi at
diskriminasyon sa lahi sa Arkansas.
Nagdusa din siya sa mga kamay ng isang kasamahan sa pamilya sa edad na pito, sa isang
pagbisita sa kanyang ina, si Angelou ay ginahasa ng kasintahan ng kanyang ina.
Napagtagumpayan niya ang lahat ng mga pagsubok at naging mahusay siyang makata,
manunulat, artista, mang aawit, at aktibistang nagtaguyod sa karapatang sibil lalo na ng mga
kapwa niya African-American.
Mas kinilala si Angelou sa pagiging mahusay na manunulat na mga akda, isa rito ang I Know
why The Caged Bird Sings, ang kaunaunahang akdang di piksyon ng isang babaeng African-
American na naging New York best seller sa loob ng dalawang taon.

PALIWANAG NG UNANG SAKNONG NG TULA:

- Sa unang saknong ng tula ay inilalarawan ang malayang ibon na nakikipag-ugnayan sa
kalikasan, at naghahamon pang sakupin ang kalangitan.
PALIWANAG NG PANGALAWANG SAKNONG NG TULA:
- Sa ikalawang saknong ng tula ay may isang ibong nakakulong na nagtitiis sa kanyang hawla na
putol ang pakpak, nakatali ang paa, at punong-puno ng galit ngunit sa kabila nito, ang ibon ay
lumalaban pa rin.
PALIWANAG NG IKATLONG SAKNONG NG TULA:
- Sa ikatlong saknong ng tula ay hindi nawawalan ng pag-asa na siya’y makalaya sa lahat ng
pasakit at pagdurusa na dinaranas niya kahit na ito ay puno ng takot at pangamba.
ANO ANG TULA?
Isang anyo o sining o panitikan na naglalayong maipahayag ang damdamin sa malayang
pagsusulat.
Mga Uri ng Tula
Batay sa binuo ni Monleon na nakasalig ayon sa kaanyuan, ang tula ay nahahati sa apat:

Tulang Liriko- uri ng tula na itinatampok ng makata ang kanyang sariling damdamin at maging
ang kanyang pagbubulay-bulay. Ito ang itinuturing na pinakamatandang uri ng tulang sinusulat
ng maraming makata sa buong daigdig.
Ang Awit (Dalitsuyo)- ang paksa nito ay nauukol sa matimyas na pagmamahal, pagmamalasakit,
at pamimighati ng isang mangingibig. Madalas ang himig ng awit ay malungkot at mapanglaw.
Hal:
Kay Selya (Francisco Baltazar)
b. Ang Pastoral (Dalitbukid)- ang tunay na layunin nito ay maglarawan ng tunay na buhay sa
bukid.
Halimbawa:”The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”
(Christopher Marlowe)
c. Ang Oda (Dalitpuri)- Makabagong panulaan, Isang uri ng tulang liriko na may kaisipan at
estilong higit na dakila at marangal. Walang tiyak ng bilang ng pantig/taludtod sa isang
taludturan.
Halimbawa:
“Ode to a Nightingale”
(John Keats)
d. Ang Dalit (Dalitsamba)- Isang maikling awit na pumupuri sa Diyos. Kalimitang wawaluhing
pantig na may dalawa hanggang apat na taludturang may apat na taludtod bawat isa.
Halimbawa:
“Dahil Kay Maria”
e. Ang Soneto (Dalitwari)- tulang may labing apat na taludtod hinggil sa damdamin, kaisipan, at
pananaw sa buhay ng tao may malinaw na kabatiran ng likas na pagkatao. Sa kabuuan, ito ay
naghahatid ng aral sa mambabasa.
Halimbawa:
“Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee
 To A Summer Day”
f. Elehiya – ito ay isang tula ng pananangis o di kaya’y ang kadalasan ang tema nito’y
kamatayan.
Halimbawa:
“Isang Punongkahoy”
ni: Jose Corazon De Jesus
2. Tulang Pasalaysay- ang tulang ito ay naglalahad ng tagpo o pangyayari sa pamamagitan ng
mga taludtod.

a. Ang Epiko (Talabunyi)- Ito ay nagsasalaysay ng kagitingan ng isang tao, ang kanyang
pakikitunggali sa mga kaaway at mga tagumpay niya sa digmaan.
Halimbawa:
a.The Elliad and The Odessey (Homer)
b. Metamorphoses (Ovid)
c. Beowulf
b. Metrical Romance (Tulasinta)- ito’y tula ng kasaysayang walang gaanong banghay at binubuo
ng mga ng mga kabanatang tumutukoy sa mga pakikipagsapalarang puno ng mga hiwaga at
kababalaghan. Ang mga pangunahing tauhan dito ay ay karaniwang nabibilang sa lipi ng mga
maharlika at nagiging bayani.
Halimbawa: “The Faerie Queene”
ni: Edmund Spencer
c.Rhymed or Metrical Tale (Tulakanta)- Tulang pasalaysay na naging payak. Ang pangunahing
tauhan dito ay karaniwang nilalang lamang.
Maaaring mangyari sa tunay na buhay.
Halimbawa: a.The Canterbury Tales
ni: Geoffrey Chaucer
b. Lady of the Lake
(Sir Walter Scott)
d. Ballad (Tulagunam)- ito’y isang awit na isinasaliw sa sayaw subalit nang lumao’y nakilala ito
bilang isang tulang kasaysayan.
Halimbawa:
“Ballad of the Gibbet”
ni: Francois Villon
3. Tulang Dula- ito ay mga tulang isinasadula sa mga entablado o iba pang tanghalan.

Tulang Dulang Mag-isang Salaysay (Dramatic Monologue)- isang tao lamang ang nagsasalita
mula sa simula hanggang katapusan ng dula at hindi lamang para sa kanyang sarili kundi
gayundin para sa mga kalagayan at himig.
Halimbawa: “My Last Duchess”
ni: Robert Browning
Tulang Dulang Liriko-Dramatiko- Taglay nito ang kawilihan sa mga kalagayan, kilos, at
damdaming ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng mga salita ng taong kinauukulan.
Halimbawa: “Ang Pagbabalik”
ni: Jose Corazon De Jesus
c. Tulang Dulang Katatawanan (Dramatic Comedy)
-Ito ay nasusulat sa pamamaraan at paksang-diwang kapwa katawa-tawa.
-May mga tauhang ang papel na ginagampanan ay nakalilibang at nagtataglay ng masayang
pagtatapos.
Hal. Old Comedy (Aristophanes)
d. Tulang Dulang kalunos-lunos (Dramatic Tragedy in Poetry)- Tumatalakay ito sa
pakikipagtunggali at pagkasawi ng isang pangunahing tauhan laban sa isang malakas na higit na
makapangyarihan tulad ng tadhana.

Tulang Dulang Madamdamin (Melodrama in Poetry)- Ito ay anyo ng isang dulang patula na
naglalarawan ng galaw na lubhang madamdamin at nagtataglay ng nakasisindak na
pangyayaring higit sa karaniwang mga karanasan ng isang normal na tao.
Halimbawa: “Anabelle Lee”
ni: Edgar Allan Poe
Tulang Dulang Katawa-tawang-Kalunos-lunos (Dramatic Tragi-Comedy in Poetry)- Ito ay
naglalarawan ng isang kalagayang katawa-tawa at kalunos-lunos.
f. Tulang Dulang Parsa (Farce in Poetry)- Ito ay isa pa ring anyo ng tulang dula na ang
itinatanghal ay mga pangyayaring lubhang katuwa-tuwa.
Hal: “Ode On Indolence” (John Keats)
4. Tulang Patnigan (Justice Poetry)- ito ay tulang sagutan na itinatanghal ng magkakatunggaling
makata ngunit hindi sa paraang padula. Ito ay paligsahan ng mga katwiran at tagisan ng talino at
tulain. Ang urin ito ay karaniwang bahagi ng ating mayamang kultura bilang mga Pilipino.

Karagatan- tulang ginagamit bilang laro.. Kadalasan itong ginaganap sa namatayan o may
lamay. May tabong papaikutin, at kung sino ang matapatan ng hawakan ng tabo ay siyang
sasagot ng matalinghaga sa itatanong na bugtong.

Duplo- labanan ito ng pagalingan sa pagbigkas at pagbigay ng katwiran ng patula. Ang mga
pagbigkas galing sa mga kasabihan, salawikain, at Bibliya.
Hal: Ama Namin at Aba Ginoong Maria
Balagtasan- debate na binigkas ng patula. Ito ay binubuo ng tatlong magtatanghal: dalawang
magtatalo na magkasalungat sa pananaw at isang tagapamagitan na tinatawag na Lakandiwa
(lalaki) Lakambini (bababe).
Hal: Paruparo at Bubuyog
-Pinaglabanan ito ng dalawang makata na sina Jose Corazon de Jesus at Florentino T. Collantes
Batutian- ay isang uri ng tulang patnigan na hinango sa balagtasan. Ipinangalan ito sa
kinikilalang " Unang Hari ng Balagtasan", si Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Batute).
-Ginagawa ito sa mga lamayan upang libangin ang mga tao. Naglalaman ito ng katatawanan
ngunit may kasama ring katotohanan.
COMPUTER

1. Menu bar: includes saving options (under File) and interface options (under Window).
2. Options bar: changes depending on what tool is selected. Contains specific options that allow
for greater control over elements like shapes and text.
3. Tool bar: used to interact with and add to the document. Many tools have a small white
triangle in the bottom-right-corner, which indicates more tools stacked beneath the top tool. To
see the additional tools, click-and-hold on the tool icon; a drop-down menu will appear.
4. Panels: provides a way to access important tools and settings quickly. Many panels are
available, and some have similar functions as the Options Bar. Panels are organized into tabs.
Additional panels can be opened from the Menu Bar under “Window.”
5. Document window: Where the document design takes place. May display a ruler and
guidelines, which are not visible in the final print.
6. Canvas: This is where the editing of the document takes place. When an image is opened, the
image itself is considered the Canvas. Objects that are placed outside of the Canvas will not
appear after export or printing.
Using Panels
The panels on the right side of the interface will change depending on what Workspace is
currently active, but all panels are available in any Workspace. To access a panel not currently
visible, navigate to Windows and select the desired panel. Panels with a check-mark to the left
are currently accessible from the main interface.

To open panel or tab to access its options, click its name. Panels are located on the right of the
interface.
To expand or collapse a panel, click the double-arrows in the top-right corner of the panel. Left-
facing arrows will expand the panel, and right-facing arrows will collapse it.

To access additional panel options, click the four stacked lines at the top-right corner of the
panel. Important options, such as for deleting or duplicating elements, are located here.
Zooming In and Out
It may be necessary to zoom in or out on certain portions of a photo. On the bottom-left of the
Photoshop window there is a zoom percentage that shows the amount the image has been
zoomed in-or-out in comparison to the original size.

To zoom in, select the Zoom tool from the Toolbar and click the image. Each consecutive click
will zoom in further. Alternatively, press Command+(+) (Mac) or CTRL+(+) (Windows).
To zoom out, hold the Option key and click the image with the Zoom tool. Alternatively, press
Command+(-) (Mac) or CTRL+(-) (Windows).

Method 1: Insert an Image in Photoshop Using 'Open'

Launch Photoshop and you'll arrive at the home page. On the left side of this page, you'll see two
options: "Create new" and "Open". On the right side, you'll find a display of your previously
accessed image files.

Here, you have two ways to add images into Photoshop. The first way is to simply click on the
"Open" option. This will prompt a file explorer window to pop up. You can then navigate to your
image file, select it, and click "Open". Photoshop will then open the image as a new document.

The second method involves creating a new document. To do this, click on the "Create new"
button.
In the document setting window that appears, you can set the dimensions, color mode, and
background contents of your new document according to your needs. After you've set your
preferences, click "OK" to create the new document.
Once you've created a new document, you'll be taken to the main Photoshop workspace. This
consists of a menu bar at the top, a toolbar on the left, and several panels on the right.

Next, navigate to the "File" option in the top left of the menu bar. This bar contains many of
Photoshop's key functions. When you click on "File", a drop-down menu will appear.
In the "File" drop-down menu, click on the "Open" option. This will prompt a file explorer
window to open. In the file explorer, navigate to your image file. Once you've found the file you
want to open, click it to select it, then click the "Open" button in the lower-right corner of the
window.
After clicking "Open", your image will appear in your new Photoshop document. From here, you
can begin to edit and manipulate your image using the many tools and features provided by
Photoshop.
Extra Tip:
When you use the "Open" function, Photoshop treats the entire image as a background. This
means it's locked to prevent accidental movement or editing.
If you want to manipulate the image as a regular layer, you'll need to unlock it first. To do this,
simply double-click on the layer in the "Layers" panel, then click "OK".
Method 2: Insert Images into Photoshop Via Drag and Drop

The second approach we're sharing is one of the quickest and easiest ways to add an image to
your workspace in Photoshop. It's called the drag-and-drop feature. Let's walk through how to
add and insert an image into Photoshop by dragging and dropping it from a file folder.
First, open your existing Photoshop document or choose to create a new one. Next, navigate to
the folder that contains the image you want to import into Photoshop. You can do this using your
operating system's file explorer (such as Finder for Mac or Explorer for Windows).
To perform a drag-and-drop operation, you'll need to have both Photoshop and your file folder
visible on your screen simultaneously. You can accomplish this by adjusting the sizes of both
windows or using the "tile windows" feature provided on most operating systems.
Now, click and hold the image file in your file explorer. While still holding the mouse button,
drag the image over to the Photoshop window. Release the mouse button to drop the image into
Photoshop.
Once the image has been dropped into Photoshop, it will open as a new layer in your document.
You'll see this new layer framed with a blue border.
You can adjust the size of the image by dragging the edges of this border. When you're happy
with the adjustment, you can confirm by releasing the cursor or hitting the enter key.
Extra Tip:
When you drag and drop an image into Photoshop, it automatically converts to a Smart Object.
This preserves the original properties of the image and allows you to perform non-destructive
editing.
If you wish to edit the image without the constraints of a Smart Object, you can easily convert it
back to a regular layer. Simply right-click on the layer in the "Layers" panel and select
"Rasterize Layer".

Method 3: Insert Images into Photoshop Via "Place Embedded"

The third method for inserting images into Adobe Photoshop is by using the "Place Embedded"
function. This tool lets you import images as Smart Objects into your current Photoshop
document.
Start by opening the existing Photoshop document where you want to add the image or create a
new one. Once you're in the Photoshop workspace, head over to the top menu bar. Click on
"File", then select "Place Embedded" from the dropdown menu that appears.
After clicking "Place Embedded...", a file explorer window will pop up. Navigate through this
window to locate the image file you want to insert into your Photoshop document. Click on it to
select it, then click "Place" in the bottom right corner of the window.
Once the image has been placed, it will show up in your Photoshop document with a bounding
box around it. You can use this bounding box to tweak the size and position of the image.
To adjust the image size, click and drag any of the eight handles located around the bounding
box. The process from here is the same as our second method of dragging and dropping the
image directly into Photoshop, so there's no need for additional explanation.
Tips and Tricks for Adding Images in Photoshop
Our tutorial on how to add an image in Photoshop has come to an end. In this guide, we've
shared three methods for inserting an image into Photoshop. Additionally, we'd like to share
some extra Photoshop tips.
Image Quality: Always try to use images with the highest possible resolution. Photoshop has
some limitations when it comes to enhancing the quality of low-resolution images.
Smart Objects: To preserve the quality of layers, it's wise to convert them into Smart Objects.
When turned into a Smart Object, the layer maintains its quality regardless of how much you
scale it up or down.

Resizing Images: When resizing images in Photoshop, remember to maintain the aspect ratio to
avoid distorting the image. You can do this by making sure to select the "Maintain Aspect Ratio"
link icon in the options bar when using the Free Transform tool (Ctrl/Cmd + T).
Product Recommendation:
Regardless of the method used, we may encounter some inconveniences during the operation.
For instance, adjusting the size and position of the image might require multiple clicks and drags,
which can seem tedious when fine-tuning is needed.
Furthermore, while quickly switching tools or executing menu commands, we often need to
switch back and forth between the keyboard and the mouse, which can disrupt our workflow.
In such situations, we'd like to recommend a very practical tool—TourBox. This controller is
specifically designed for image processing and video editing, and it can help us operate
Photoshop more efficiently.
Learn More
TourBox has a user-friendly design with a dial, a scroll wheel, and multiple custom buttons. The
dial can be used for precise adjustments of the image size and position, and the scroll wheel for
quick scrolling or zooming. The custom buttons can be set to common menu commands, such as
undo, copy, and paste, etc.
This setup allows you to focus on creating, rather than being distracted by tedious operations. So,
whether you're a professional designer or a Photoshop beginner, we strongly recommend giving
TourBox a try.

Conclusion:
With the above methods and tips on how to add image in Photoshop, you should now be ready to
experiment and create your own designs. We hope that this tutorial and TourBox will be helpful
in your journey of learning and using Photoshop.
How to add or place text
Open a photo or Photoshop document (PSD).
From the toolbar, select the Type tool or simply press ‘T’ to quickly select it. The Horizontal
Type Tool with which you can add text horizontally is selected by default. If you want to add
text vertically, click the Type tool again and select Vertical Type Tool from the context menu.

Do you want to add a few words like a heading or title? Click anywhere on the canvas to type it.
In Photoshop, this is called point text.
The other type of text in Photoshop is called paragraph text. As the name suggests, this is used
when you want to type a paragraph. Click and drag the cursor on the canvas to create a bounding
box in which you can type your paragraph. This helps you efficiently edit and align the
paragraph later.

Add titles or headings with point text

Add paragraphs with paragraph text
Note: A type layer gets automatically created when you create point or paragraph text and can be
identified in the Layers panel with the T icon.

A type layer in the Layers panel

Type your text. To save your changes, click in the options bar or press Esc and you're good to
go!

The options bar in macOS

The options bar in Windows

Note:
To change the font size and color, see how to resize text and how to change color of text.
Don't like the Lorem ipsum text while typing? You can turn off the sample text. Simply choose
Edit > Preferences > Type, deselect Fill new type layers with placeholder text, and click OK.
How to select text
Open the Photoshop document with the text you want to edit.
Note: The text must be on a type layer. Don’t see type layers in your document? See steps 2 and
3 in how to add text.
To select the entire text or paragraph on a type layer, select the Move tool in the toolbar and
double-click the text you want to select.

Note: If you are unable to do this step, you may not have the latest version of Photoshop. In this
case, select the Type tool in the toolbar, click the text you want to select, and choose Select > All
in the menu bar.
To select one or more characters on a type layer, simply select the Type tool in the toolbar and
then click and drag the cursor over the characters you want to select.
Once you have selected your text, you can edit your text, change color of text, resize text, copy
and paste text, and more.

How to edit text

Open the Photoshop document with the text you want to edit.

Note: The text must be on a type layer. Don’t see type layers in your document? See steps 2 and
3 in how to add text.
Select the Type tool in the toolbar.
Select the text you want to edit.
The options bar in the top has options to edit your font type, font size, font color, text alignment,
and text style. For details, see this video tutorial.

Options bar in Photoshop on macOS

A. Change horizontal text to vertical text and vice-versa B. Change font style C. Change font
size D. Change pixelation of text edge (anti-aliasing) E. Change text alignment F. Change text
color G. Warp text H. View Character and Paragraph panel I. Cancel changes J. Save changes

Options bar in Photoshop on Windows

A. Change horizontal text to vertical text and vice-versa B. Change font style C. Change font
size D. Change pixelation of text edge (anti-aliasing) E. Change text alignment F. Change text
color G. Cancel changes H. Save changes
You can also use the Character panel and the Paragraph panel to further edit your text.
Finally, click in the options bar to save your edits.
How to copy and paste text
You can copy and paste text in your Photoshop document (PSD) from other documents. For
example, from a Word file, a PDF file, a web page, or another Photoshop file (PSD).
Copy and paste text from a non-Photoshop file
In your non-Photoshop file such as a Word file, PDF, or web page, click and drag the cursor over
the text to select it.
Press Command+C (on macOS) or Control+C (on Windows) to copy the selected text.
Open the Photoshop document (PSD) in which you want to paste the copied text and then select
the Type tool in the toolbar.
Select the type layer from the Layers panel in which you want to paste the text. If you don't have
type layers or want to add another type layer, see steps 2 and 3 in how to add text.
Choose Edit > Paste or press Command+V (on macOS) or Control+V (on Windows) to paste
your text. To undo, choose Edit > Undo Paste Text.
Copy and paste from another Photoshop document (PSD)
Open the PSD you want to copy the text from.
Select the text you want to copy and choose Edit > Copy or simply press Command+C (on
macOS) or Control+C (on Windows).
Open the PSD you want to paste the text in and select a type layer. If you don't have type layers
or want to add another type layer, see steps 2 and 3 in how to add text.
Choose Edit > Paste to paste your text in the center of your canvas. You can also choose Edit >
Paste Special > Paste in Place to place the text as it was in the PSD from which you had copied.
How to resize text
Struggling to change the size of your text? Here’s how you can easily do it:
Resize the entire text on a type layer
Open the Photoshop document with the text you want to edit.

Note: The text must be on a type layer. Don’t see type layers in your document? See steps 2 and
3 in how to add text.
Select the Move tool in the toolbar.

In the options bar, do this:

(macOS users) Check that Auto-select: Layer and Show Transform Controls are selected.

Select Auto-Select Layer and Show Transform Controls in macOS

(Windows users) Check that Layer and icon are selected.

Ensure that the highlighted fields are selected in Windows

Click to select the text you want to resize.
In the transform box that appears, drag one of the anchor points to resize your text
proportionally. You can also do the following when you drag an anchor point:
Hold down the Shift key to resize your text non-proportionally.
Hold down the Alt key to keep the center of your text in the same place when you resize text.
Hold down the Command (on macOS) or Control (on Windows) to explore skewed angles when
you resize your text.
Finally, click in the options bar to save your edits.
That's it! Your entire text is now resized.
Resize one or more characters on a type layer
To change the size of specific letters, numbers, or words in your text, you can do this:
Open the Photoshop document with the text you want to edit.
Note: The text must be on a type layer. Don’t see type layers in your document? See steps 2 and
3 in how to add text.
Select the Type tool in the toolbar.
Select text that you want to resize.
In the field of the options bar, select the text size option you want. You can see the changes in
real time.

Note: If you have a paragraph text and are unable to view the entire paragraph after resizing it,
drag the corners of the bounding box.
Click in the options bar and you're done! To cancel your changes, click in the options bar.

Resize text in two ways - use the Move tool or specify a text size value in the options bar
How to move text

To move your text around on the Photoshop canvas:

Open the Photoshop document with the text you want to edit.

Note: The text must be on a type layer. Don’t see type layers in your document? See steps 2 and
3 in how to add text.
Select the type layer that has the text you want to move.
Select the Move tool in the toolbar.
In the options bar, ensure that Auto Select Layer (on macOS) or Layer (on Windows) is selected
and then click the text you want to move. You can then view the transform box with the dark
arrow.

Click and move the transform box and then release it to place the text where you want.
How to change color of text
Change the color of your entire text
Open the Photoshop document with the text you want to edit.
Note: The text must be on a type layer. Don’t see type layers in your document? See steps 2 and
3 in how to add text.
Select the Type tool in the toolbar and click the text for which you want to change color. The
entire text in the type layer is selected.
Click the Color Picker (Text Color) icon in the options bar.

Click the Color picker icon in the options bar

Move the color slider as you want and pick your color. You can see your text color change in
real time as you pick different colors.
Once you’re happy with your text color, click OK.
Change the color of one or more characters in your text
Open the Photoshop document with the text you want to edit.

Note: The text must be on a type layer. Don’t see type layers in your document? See steps 2 and
3 in how to add text.
Select the Type tool in the toolbar.
Click and drag the cursor over the characters you want to select.
Click the Color Picker (Text Color) icon in the options bar.

Click the Color picker icon in the options bar

Move the color slider as you want and pick your color. You can see your text color change in
real time as you pick different colors.
Once you're happy with the text color, click OK.
Voila! You're done.
How to align and justify text
Unable to align your text properly? Here's how you can justify and align your text:
Open the Photoshop document with the text you want to edit.

Note: The text must be on a type layer. Don’t see type layers in your document? See steps 2 and
3 in how to add text.
Select the type layer from the Layers panel that has the paragraph you want to justify. If you
want to justify a specific paragraph on a type layer, then select it.

Note: If you have a word or a few words (that is point text), you need to convert it to paragraph
text first to justify it. To change point text to paragraph text, select the type layer and choose
Type > Convert To Paragraph Text from the menu bar.
Choose Window > Paragraph to view the Paragraph panel.
In the Paragraph panel, you can view the various Justify options. Select an option to view the
changes in real time.
Align your paragraph text with Justify options in the Paragraph panel
After you’ve finalized your Justify option, click in the options bar and you’re set!
How to rotate text
Want to tilt or rotate your text to a certain angle? Here’s how you can do it:
Open the Photoshop document with the text you want to edit.

Note: The text must be on a type layer. Don’t see type layers in your document? See steps 2 and
3 in how to add text.
Select the Move tool in the toolbar.
In the options bar, do this:
(macOS users) Check that Auto-select: Layer and Show Transform Controls are selected.

Select Auto-Select Layer and Show Transform Controls in macOS

(Windows users) Check that Layer and icon are selected.

Select Layer and Show transform controls icon in Windows

Click the text you want to rotate. You can then view the transform box around your text.
Hover near the corners of the transform box. The cursor changes to a two-sided arrow.

Double-sided arrow near the transform box

Click and drag the curved arrow to rotate the text the way you want. You can also specify values
in the options bar to get a more precise rotation.

Enter values to rotate your text in the options bar

Click in the options bar and you’re done!

Create shapes
Follow these quick steps to create shapes in Photoshop:
 Select a shape tool

From the toolbar, click and hold the Shape tool ( ) group icon to bring up the various shape
tool options — Rectangle, Ellipse, Triangle, Polygon, Line, and Custom Shape. Select a tool
for the shape you want to draw.

 Set shape tool options

In the shape tool options bar, you can set:

o Mode: Set a mode for your Shape tool — Shape, Path, and Pixels.

o Fill: Choose a color to fill your shape.

o Stroke: Choose the color, width, and type of your shape stroke.
o W&H: Manually set the width and height of your shape.
o Path operations: Use path operations to set the way your shapes interact with each other.

o Path alignment: Use path alignment to align and distribute your shape components.
o Path arrangement: Use path arrangement to set the stacking order of shapes you create.
o Additional shape and path options: Click the gear ( ) icon to access additional shape and
path options to set attributes such as width and color of the on-screen display of your path,
and constrain options while drawing shapes.

 Draw a shape
 Click and drag on the canvas with your selected shape tool to draw a shape. This
automatically creates a new shape layer in the Layers panel.

o Hold the Shift key while drawing to make your shapes proportional.
o With your shape layer selected, use the Move tool to move your shape around and reposition
on the canvas.
o To easily scale, transform, or rotate your shape, choose Edit > Free Transform or press
Control+T (Win) / Command+T (Mac).
 Edit shape properties

You can easily edit your shape properties directly using on-canvas controls or accessing
Shape Properties under the Properties panel. On-canvas controls make your interaction
with shapes more intuitive.

You can use on-canvas transform and rounding controls to adjust the appearance of your
shape. The keyboard modifiers will work the same way for on-canvas transform controls as
they work in Transform tool in Photoshop. You can modify the radius of all corners of your
shape at once or hold Alt (Win) or Option (Mac) as you drag to change the radius of a single
corner. For triangles, all corners will be modified even if you drag one of them. Easily rotate a
shape using the on-canvas rotate handle that appears as you hover over your shape on the
canvas.

Click the reset ( ) icon in the properties panel to reset all modifications at any time.
 Draw a shape and use the on-canvas controls to easily edit shape properties.

Once you've drawn a shape, you can click anywhere on the canvas to bring up a Create Shape
pop-up dialog and modify your shape parameters.

Fill and stroke shapes

Follow these quick steps to fill and stroke shapes:

 In the Layers panel, select the shape layer you want to fill or stroke.
 Do one of the following to set the shape fill or stroke type:
o Select a shape tool (press U) from the toolbar. In the tool options bar, select Fill or Stroke.
o In the Properties panel, click the fill or stroke type option.
 In the pop-up menu, choose a fill or stroke option — Solid Color, Gradient, or Pattern.

Solid Color: Fills or strokes the shape layer with the current foreground color. Use the Color
Picker or color presets to select a different color.

Gradient: Choose a gradient preset or click on the gradient to display the Gradient Editor
dialog. Set additional gradient options:

o Angle specifies the angle at which the gradient is applied.

o Reverse flips the orientation of the gradient colors.

o Style specifies the shape of the gradient.

o Scale changes the size of the gradient.
o Align With Layer uses the bounding box of the layer to calculate the gradient fill. You can drag
in the image window to move the center of the gradient.
Pattern: Choose a pattern from the pop-up menu and set additional pattern options:

o Angle specifies the angle at which the pattern is applied. Set the angle selector at a certain
degree or manually type in an angle value to rotate your pattern at the desired angle.
o Scale changes the size of the pattern. Enter a value or drag the slider.

o Draw a custom shape

Enhanced with the February 2021 release of Photoshop desktop (22.2)

You can draw custom shapes by using shapes from the Custom Shape pop-up panel, or save a
shape or path to use as a custom shape.

 Select the Custom Shape tool from the shape tools in the toolbar.
 To view all the custom shapes that come with Photoshop, click the gear icon on the right of
the Custom Shape picker in the shape tool options bar. You will see the list of available
shapes. Select any custom shape as desired.
 If you don't find a desired shape, click the gear icon in the Custom Shape picker panel and
select Import Shapes option to import a desired shape from your saved files. You can also
create and save a custom shape in your library.
 You can easily edit your Custom Shape Tool properties directly from Shape Properties under
the Properties panel. You can also use on-canvas Transform controls to transform a custom
shape while keeping intact its shape properties.

 Click and drag anywhere in the canvas to draw your custom shape.

Enhanced properties panel for Custom Shape Tool

You also have the flexibility of setting Custom Shape Tool preset directly from the Shapes
Windows panel. When you select a custom shape from Windows > Shape panel, this preset
will get updated in the Custom Shape Tool > Custom Shape picker as well.
 Note: You can access the custom shape properties only for the shapes drawn using the
Custom Shape Tool and not when a path has been converted to a shape.

Save a shape or path as a custom shape

 In the Paths panel, select a path—either a vector mask for a shape layer, a work path, or a
saved path.
 Choose Edit > Define Custom Shape, and enter a name for the new custom shape in the
Shape Name dialog box. The new shape appears in the Shape pop-up panel in the options
bar.
 To save the new custom shape as part of a new library, select Save Shapes from the pop-up
 panel menu.

 Draw a star shape using the Polygon tool

One of the basic shapes that we learn to draw as kids is a five-corner star shape.

Follow these 3 quick steps to draw a star shape with the Polygon shape tool:

 From the toolbar, click and hold the shape tool group icon to bring up hidden shape tool
options. Select the Polygon tool.
 Drag on your canvas to draw a polygon.

 Click anywhere on the canvas to bring up the Create Polygon dialog and set the following
attributes:
o Width & Height: Manually set the width and height of your polygon.
o Symmetric: Select the checkbox to maintain symmetry in your polygon.
o Number of Sides: Manually enter the number of sides you'd like the polygon to have. For
example, set the number of sides to 5 if you want to draw a 5-cornered star shape.
o Corner Radius: Manually set a radius to get rounded corners for your polygon.
o Star Ratio: Adjust the Star Ratio percentage to get the perfect star shape.
o Smooth Star Indents: Select the checkbox to round up the star indents.
o From Center: Select the checkbox to align the star-shape from the centre.
 Create a star shape with the Polygon tool

Accessing Legacy Custom Shapes

If you have used Legacy Custom Shapes from older versions of Photoshop and would like to
add them to your current version, follow the steps below.

 From the main window, select Window > Shapes

 In the top right corner of the Shapes panel, click on the menu icon ( ) and select Legacy
Shapes and More

The Photoshop toolbar

Photoshop's toolbar is located along the left of the screen:

The toolbar.
Choosing a single or double column toolbar

By default, the toolbar appears as a long, single column. But it can be expanded into a
shorter, double column by clicking the double arrows at the top. Click the double
arrows again to return to a single column toolbar:

The toolbar can be viewed in a single or double column.

Related: Use Photoshop's new AI Remove Tool to remove people and objects from
photos!

The tools layout

Let's look at how Photoshop's toolbar is organized. While it may seem like the tools are
listed randomly, there's actually a logical order to it, with related tools grouped together.

At the top, we have Photoshop's Move and Selection tools. And directly below them
are the Crop and Slice tools. Below that are the Measurement tools, followed by
Photoshop's many Retouching and Painting tools.

Next are the Drawing and Type tools. And finally, we have the Navigation tools at the
bottom:

The layout of the tools in the toolbar.

The toolbar's hidden tools

Each tool in the toolbar is represented by an icon, and there are many more tools
available than what we see.

A small arrow in the bottom right corner of a tool icon means that there are more tools
hiding behind it in that same spot:

Most of the spots in the toolbar hold more than one tool.

To view the additional tools, click and hold on the icon. Or right-click (Win) / Control-
click (Mac) on the icon. A fly-out menu will open listing the other tools that are
available.
For example, if I click and hold on the Rectangular Marquee Tool icon, the fly-out menu
tells me that along with that tool, the Elliptical Marquee Tool, the Single Row Marquee
Tool and the Single Column Marquee Tool are also grouped in with it.

To choose one of the additional tools, click on its name in the list. I'll choose the
Elliptical Marquee Tool:

Choosing a hidden tool from the fly-out menu.

The default tool

The tool that's initially displayed in each spot in the toolbar is known as the default tool.
For example, the Rectangular Marquee Tool is the default tool for the second spot from
the top. But Photoshop won't always display the default tool. Instead, it will display the
last tool you selected.

Notice that after choosing the Elliptical Marquee Tool from the fly-out menu, the
Rectangular Marquee Tool is no longer displayed in the toolbar. The Elliptical Marquee
Tool has taken its place:

Each spot in the toolbar displays either the default tool or the last tool selected.

To select the Rectangular Marquee Tool at this point, I would need to either click and
hold, or right-click (Win) / Control-click (Mac), on the Elliptical Marquee Tool icon.
Then I could select the Rectangular Marquee Tool from the menu:

Selecting the Rectangular Marquee Tool from behind the Elliptical Marquee Tool.

A summary of Photoshop's tools

So now that we've learned how Photoshop's toolbar is organized, let's look at the tools
themselves.

Below is a quick summary of each of Photoshop's tools, along with a brief description of
what each tool is used for. The tools are listed in order from top to bottom, and specific
tools are covered in more detail in other lessons.
 An asterisk (*) after a tool's name indicates a default tool, and the letter in parenthesis is
the tool's keyboard shortcut. To cycle through tools with the same keyboard shortcut,
press and hold Shift as you press the letter.

This list is up-to-date as of Photoshop 2023. Note that some tools are not available in
earlier versions.

 Move and Selection tools

o
o Move Tool * ( V )
o The Move Tool is used to move layers, selections and guides within a Photoshop
document. Enable "Auto-Select" to automatically select the layer or group you click on.

o
o Artboard Tool ( V )
o The Artboard Tool allows you to easily design multiple web or UX (user experience)
layouts for different devices or screen sizes.

o
o Rectangular Marquee Tool * ( M )
o The Rectangular Marquee Tool draws rectangular selection outlines. Press and hold
Shift as you drag to draw a square selection.

o
o Elliptical Marquee Tool ( M )
o The Elliptical Marquee Tool draws elliptical selection outlines. Press and hold Shift to
draw a selection in a perfect circle.

o
o Single Row Marquee Tool
o The Single Row Marquee Tool in Photoshop selects a single row of pixels in the image
from left to right.

o
o Single Column Marquee Tool
o Use the Single Column Marquee Tool to select a single column of pixels from top to
bottom.
o
o Lasso Tool * ( L )
o With the Lasso Tool, you can draw a freeform selection outline around an object.

o
o Polygonal Lasso Tool ( L )
o Click around an object with the Polygonal Lasso Tool to surround it with a polygonal,
straight-edged selection outline.

o
o Magnetic Lasso Tool ( L )
o The Magnetic Lasso Tool snaps the selection outline to the edges of the object as you
move your mouse cursor around it.

o
o Object Selection Tool * ( W )
o The Object Selection Tool lets you select an object just by dragging a rough selection
outline around it.

o
o Quick Selection Tool ( W )
o The Quick Selection Tool lets you easily select an object simply by painting over it with a
brush. Enable "Auto-Enhance" in the Options Bar for better quality selections.

o
o Magic Wand Tool ( W )
o Photoshop's Magic Wand Tool selects areas of similar color with a single click. The
"Tolerance" value in the Options Bar sets the range of colors that will be selected.
 Crop and Slice tools

o
o Crop Tool * ( C )
o Use the Crop Tool in Photoshop to crop an image and remove unwanted areas.
Uncheck "Delete Cropped Pixels" in the Options Bar to crop an image non-destructively.

o
o Perspective Crop Tool ( C )
o Use the Perspective Crop Tool to both crop an image and fix common distortion or
perspective problems.

o
o Slice Tool ( C )
o The Slice Tool divides an image or layout into smaller sections (slices) which can be
exported and optimized separately.

o
o Slice Select Tool ( C )
o Use the Slice Select Tool to select individual slices created with the Slice Tool.

o
o Frame Tool * ( K )
o New as of Photoshop CC 2019, the Frame Tool lets you place images into rectangular
or elliptical shapes.
 Measurement tools

o
o Eyedropper Tool * ( I )
o Photoshop's Eyedropper Tool samples colors in an image. Increase "Sample Size" in
the Options Bar for a better representation of the sampled area's color.

o
o 3D Material Eyedropper Tool ( I )
o Use the 3D Material Eyedropper Tool to sample material from a 3D model in Photoshop.

o
o Color Sampler Tool ( I )
o The Color Sampler Tool displays color values for the selected (sampled) area in an
image. Up to four areas can be sampled at a time. View the color information in
Photoshop's Info panel.

o
o Ruler Tool ( I )
o The Ruler Tool measures distances, locations and angles. Great for positioning images
and elements exactly where you want them.
o
o Note Tool ( I )
o The Note Tool allows you to attach text-based notes to your Photoshop document,
either for yourself or for others working on the same project. Notes are saved as part of
the .PSD file.

o
o Count Tool ( I )
o Use the Count Tool to manually count the number of objects in an image, or to have
Photoshop automatically count multiple selected areas in the image.
 Retouching and Painting tools

o
o Spot Healing Brush Tool * ( J )
o The Spot Healing Brush in Photoshop quickly removes blemishes and other minor
problem areas in an image. Use a brush size slightly larger than the blemish for best
results.

o
o Healing Brush Tool ( J )
o The Healing Brush lets you repair larger problem areas in an image by painting over
them. Hold Alt (Win) / Option (Mac) and click to sample good texture, then paint over the
problem area to repair it.

o
o Patch Tool ( J )
o With the Patch Tool, draw a freeform selection outline around a problem area. Then
repair it by dragging the selection outline over an area of good texture.

o
o Content-Aware Move Tool ( J )
o Use the Content-Aware Move Tool to select and move part of an image to a different
area. Photoshop automatically fills in the hole in the original spot using elements from
the surrounding areas.

o
o Red Eye Tool ( J )
o The Red Eye Tool removes common red eye problems in a photo resulting from camera
flash.

o
o Brush Tool * ( B )
o The Brush Tool is Photoshop's primary painting tool. Use it to paint brush strokes on a
layer or on a layer mask.

o
o Pencil Tool ( B )
o The Pencil Tool is another of Photoshop's painting tools. But while the Brush Tool can
paint soft-edge brush strokes, the Pencil Tool always paints with hard edges.

o
o Color Replacement Tool ( B )
o Use the Color Replacement Tool in Photoshop to easily replace the color of an object
with a different color.

o
o Mixer Brush Tool ( B )
o Unlike the standard Brush Tool, the Mixer Brush in Photoshop can simulate elements of
real painting such as mixing and combining colors, and paint wetness.

o
o Clone Stamp Tool * ( S )
o The Clone Stamp Tool is the most basic of Photoshop's retouching tools. It samples
pixels from one area of the image and paints them over pixels in another area.

o
o Pattern Stamp Tool ( S )
o Use the Pattern Stamp Tool to paint a pattern over the image.

o
o History Brush Tool * ( Y )
o The History Brush Tool paints a snapshot from an earlier step (history state) into the
current version of the image. Choose the previous state from the History panel.

o
o Art History Brush Tool ( Y )
o The Art History Brush also paints a snapshot from an earlier history state into the image,
but does so using stylized brush strokes.

o
o Eraser Tool * ( E )
o The Eraser Tool in Photoshop permanently erases pixels on a layer. It can also be used
to paint in a previous history state.

o
o Background Eraser Tool ( E )
o The Background Eraser Tool erases areas of similar color in an image by painting over
them.

o
o Magic Eraser Tool ( E )
o The Magic Eraser Tool is similar to the Magic Wand Tool in that it selects areas of
similar color with a single click. But the Magic Eraser Tool then permanently deletes
those areas.

o
o Gradient Tool * ( G )
o Photoshop's Gradient Tool draws gradual blends between multiple colors. The Gradient
Editor lets you create and customize your own gradients.

o
o Paint Bucket Tool ( G )
o The Paint Bucket Tool fills an area of similar color with your Foreground color or a
pattern. The "Tolerance" value determines the range of colors that will be affected
around the area where you clicked.

o
o 3D Material Drop Tool ( G )
o Used in 3D modeling, the 3D Material Drop Tool lets you sample a material from one
area and then drop it into another area of your model, mesh or 3D layer.

o
o Blur Tool *
o The Blur Tool blurs and softens areas you paint over with the tool.
o
o Sharpen Tool
o The Sharpen Tool sharpens areas you paint over.

o
o Smudge Tool
o The Smudge Tool in Photoshop smudges and smears the areas you paint over. It can
also be used to create a finger painting effect.

o
o Dodge Tool * ( O )
o Paint over areas in the image with the Dodge Tool to lighten them.

o
o Burn Tool ( O )
o The Burn Tool will darken the areas you paint over.

o
o Sponge Tool ( O )
o Paint over areas with the Sponge Tool to increase or decrease color saturation.
 Drawing and Type tools

o
o Pen Tool * ( P )
o Photoshop's Pen Tool allows you to draw extremely precise paths, vector shapes or
selections.

o
o Freeform Pen Tool ( P )
o The Freeform Pen Tool allows you to draw freehand paths or shapes. Anchor points are
automatically added to the path as you draw.

o
o Curvature Pen Tool ( P )
o The Curvature Pen Tool is an easier, simplified version of the Pen Tool. New as of
Photoshop CC 2018.
o
o Add Anchor Point Tool
o Use the Add Anchor Point Tool to add additional anchor points along a path.

o
o Delete Anchor Point Tool
o Click on an existing anchor point along a path with the Delete Anchor Point Tool to
remove the point.

o
o Convert Point Tool
o On a path, click on a smooth anchor point with the Convert Point Tool to convert it to a
corner point. Click a corner point to convert it to a smooth point.

o
o Horizontal Type Tool * ( T )
o Known simply as the Type Tool in Photoshop, use the Horizontal Type Tool to add
standard type to your document.

o
o Vertical Type Tool ( T )
o The Vertical Type Tool adds type vertically from top to bottom.

o
o Vertical Type Mask Tool ( T )
o Rather than adding editable text to your document, the Vertical Type Mask Tool creates
a selection outline in the shape of vertical type.

o
o Horizontal Type Mask Tool ( T )
o Like the Vertical Mask Type Tool, the Horizontal Type Mask Tool creates a selection
outline in the shape of type. However, the type is added horizontally rather than
vertically.

o
o Path Selection Tool * ( A )
o Use the Path Selection Tool (the black arrow) in Photoshop to select and move an entire
path at once.
o
o Direct Selection Tool ( A )
o Use the Direct Selection Tool (the white arrow) to select and move an individual path
segment, anchor point or direction handle.

o
o Rectangle Tool * ( U )
o The Rectangle Tool draws rectangular vector shapes, paths or pixel shapes, with sharp
or rounded corners. Press and hold Shift as you drag to force the shape into a perfect
square.

o
o Ellipse Tool ( U )
o The Ellipse Tool draws elliptical vector shapes, paths or pixel shapes. Press and hold
Shift as you drag to draw a perfect circle.

o
o Triangle Tool ( U )
o The Triangle Tool draws triangle shapes. Hold Shift to draw an equilateral triangle, or
use the Radius option to round the corners.

o
o Polygon Tool ( U )
o The Polygon Tool draws polygonal shapes with any number of sides. Use the Star Ratio
option to turn polygons into stars.

o
o Line Tool ( U )
o The Line Tool draws straight lines or arrows. Use the Stroke color and weight to control
the appearance of the line.

o
o Custom Shape Tool ( U )
o Photoshop's Custom Shape Tool lets you select and draw custom shapes. Choose from
Photoshop's hundreds of built-in custom shapes or create your own.
 Navigation tools

o
o Hand Tool * ( H )
o The Hand Tool lets us click and drag an image around on the screen to view different
areas when zoomed in.

o
o Rotate View Tool ( R )
o Use the Rotate View Tool in Photoshop to rotate the canvas so you can view and edit
the image from different angles.

o
o Zoom Tool * ( Z )
o Click on the image with the Zoom Tool to zoom in on a specific area. Press and hold Alt
(Win) / Option (Mac) and click with the Zoom Tool to zoom out.
MATH

Distance learning

Line-is a straight path on a plane that extends forever in both directions with no endpoints. Line
segment-is part of a line that has two endpoints and is finite in length.
Ray- is a line segment that extends indefinitely in one direction.

Circle

A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant to the center point.
radius - A segment whose endpoints are the center and a point on the circle . - The length of the
radius is the distance from the center to any point on the circle.

chord - line segment that has its endpoints on the circle. - a chord that passes through the center
of the circle. diameter 𝐶𝐷 - its length is twice as long as a radius

1. Every diameter is a chord. 2. Every chord is not a diameter.

tangent - a line, or ray that intersects a circle at exactly one point. - a line that intersects a circle
at exactly two points - - the point of intersection is called the point of tangency. Secant

1. Every chord being a line segment determines a secant.

2. Every secant being a line, contains a chord .

CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE

Diameter is a chord that passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the
circle.

Radius is a line segment whose endpoints is on the center and points in a circle

RADIUS = ½ OF DIAMETER
f the radius is 5 cm, what is the diameter?
d = 2r d = 2 x 5cm d = 10 cm.
If the diameter is 32 ft, what is the radius?
r = 𝑑 2 r = 32 2 r = 16 ft. DIAMETER = 2 RADIUS
Circumference is the distance around the circle.
Circumference Formulas: C= 2r or C= d
Where; C – circumference
r - radius  -
pi, approximately equal to 3.14
d – diameter
Pi is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, approximately equal to 3.14. - The sign
for pi is π.
How to find the circumference of a circle? 5 m
1.Find the circumference of the circle that has a radius of 5m.
 Given: r = 5m C = 2r C = 2 × 3.14 × 5 m C = 31. 4 m.
2.Find the circumference of the circle if its diameter measures 18m.
Given: d = 18m C = d C = 3.14 × 18m C = 56.52 m.
3. Find the diameter of the circle if its circumference is 69.08 ft.

Given: C = 69.08 ft.

C = d𝑓 69.08𝑡 divide3.14

= 3.14𝑑 3.14

22 ft. = d

Solve Me! 1.The radius of a circular pond is 8 meters. Find its circumference. 2.The
circumference of a metal disc is 81.64 centimeters. Find its diameter

Sector of a circle

Sector - is the portion of the region in the circle. - it is enclosed by a central angle and its
intercepted arc.

How to find the area of the sector?

Area of the Sector = 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎 𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒄/𝟑𝟔𝟎° (

𝑟2 ) where:  - pi (3.14) r –
radius

Example No. 1 1. What is the area of a sector corresponding to a 90° arc in a circle with a 6-inch
radius?

Area of the Sector = 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒄/ 𝟑𝟔𝟎° (𝑟2 )

= 90° /360° [ 3.14(6 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ) 2 ]

= 90° /360° [ 3.14 (36 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 2 )]

= 1/ 4 (113.04 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ2 )

= 28.26 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ2

What is the measure of an arc corresponding to the sector with an area of 141.3 𝒇𝒕𝟐 if the circle
has a 15 ft radius?

141.3 𝑓𝑡2= 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐 /360° [ 3.14 (15 𝑓𝑡) 2 ]

141.3 𝑓𝑡2= 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐 /360° [ 3.14 (225 𝑓𝑡2 )]

141.3 𝑓𝑡2= 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐/ 360° [706.5 𝑓𝑡2 ]

141.3 𝑓𝑡2= 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐 [706.5 𝑓𝑡2 ]

141.3 𝑓𝑡2 ( 360°) /706.5 𝑓𝑡2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟 𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐

360° /5 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐

72 ° = 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒓�

STEPS:

1. Given

2. Formula

3. Substitute

4. Solve

𝐺𝐹𝑆2

Angles Formed by Tangents and Secants

A tangent is a line that intersects a circle at exactly one point. This point is called the point of
tangency or point of contact.

Secant - A secant is an extension of a chord in a circle which is a straight line segment of which
the endpoints lie on the circle

Tangent Point - Secant Theorem - the measure of an angle formed by tangent and secant drawn
at the point of tangency is one half the measure of its intercepted arc
Intersecting Secants-Interior Theorem - the measure of an angle formed by two secants
intersecting in the interior of the circle is equal to one-half the sum of the measure of its
intercepted arc.

Intersecting Secants-Exterior Theorem - the measure of an angle formed by two secants that
intersect in the exterior of a circle is one-half the difference of its intercepted arc.

Remember:

Tangent Point - Secant Theorem -Vertex On Circle = ½ measure of the arc.

Intersecting Secants-Interior Theorem -Vertex Inside Circle = ½ sum of the intercepted arcs.

Intersecting Secants-Exterior Theorem -Vertex Outside Circle = ½ difference of the intercepted

arcs