GRADE 9 SCIENCE

 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS
 GENETIC ENGINEERING
 MASS EXTINCTION AND BIODIVERSITY

 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

-The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe.
- There are three lobes in the right lung and two lobes on the left lung
- SINUSES (regulates the humidity and temperature of the air you inhale)
- DIAPHRAGM (muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it out)
- LUNGS (a pair of breathing organs located with the chest which remove carbon dioxide from and
bring oxygen to the blood.)
- ALVEOLI (tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes
place.)
Breathing is the process of getting air in and out of the lungs.
Respiration is the process of gas exchange—the release of carbon dioxide and the uptake of oxygen
that occurs between RBCs and alveoli.
Diffusion is the movement of gas from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.

 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

- Consists of a network of vessels that circulates blood throughout the body, motored by the
action of the heart.
- Heart is a four-chambered, hollow muscular organ approximately the size of your fist. It
pumps blood throughout the body through the blood vessels.
- The left ventricle (considered as the strongest chamber) pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest
of the body. The left ventricle’s vigorous contractions create our blood pressure.
Two types of Circulation
1. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION - carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and
circulates it to the other parts of the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the
heart.
2. PULMONARY CIRCULATION - carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart and
moves it towards the lungs for the supply of oxygen, and returns oxygenated blood back
to the heart.

- The vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries, and their very small
branches are arterioles. The strongest and largest artery is called the Aorta.
- Very small branches that collect the blood from the various organs and parts are called venules,
and they unite to form veins, which return the blood to the heart.
- Capillaries are minute thin-walled vessels that connect the arterioles and venules; it is through
the capillaries that nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the blood and body tissues.

BLOOD - A type of connective tissue

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) – responsible for the transportation of oxygen and nutrients
throughout the body; also collects waste materials such as carbon dioxide.
Hematocrit refers to the percentage of RBCs in the blood.
Hemoglobin is the iron-rich protein that causes the RBC to appear red.
Erythropoietin – regulates production of RBCs

-White blood cells (leukocytes) – responsible for protecting the body from foreign materials
such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
Neutrophils – destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the bloodstream (phagocytes)
Eosinophils – get rid of parasitic infections such as worm infections
Basophils – control inflammation and allergic reactions

-Platelets (Thrombocytes) – responsible for blood clotting and repair of damaged blood vessels.

-Plasma – fluid part of blood; makes up 55% of the blood volume

- Pulse is the rhythmic beating of an artery as blood flows through it.

 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
- COPD is a chronic respiratory disorder caused by long-term exposure to substances that irritate
and damage the lungs.
- Chronic bronchitis is the inflammation (swelling) and irritation of the bronchial tubes.
- In emphysema, the alveoli in the lungs are damaged.
- Nicotine is the addictive substance found in cigarettes that causes blood vessels to shrink and
narrow, reducing blood flow and starving skin of oxygen and the nutrients it needs to remain
healthy and supple, thus causing the lips and gums to darken.

Pneumoconiosis, also known as the “black lung disease” is caused by breathing in coal dust.
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. It is the leading cause of cancer deaths
worldwide.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

-Cardiovascular diseases are the number 1 cause of death globally: more people die annually
from CVDs than from any other cause.

- Coronary heart disease (CHD) develops when the coronary arteries become too narrow
because of plaque buildup.

- The coronary arteries are the blood vessels that supply oxygen and blood to the heart.

- Plaque is made up of deposits of cholesterol and other substances in the artery. Plaque buildup
causes the inside of the arteries to narrow over time, which can partially or totally block the
blood flow.

- Atherosclerosis refers to the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your
artery walls (plaque), which can restrict blood flow.

- Angina is chest pain or discomfort caused when your heart muscle doesn't get enough
oxygen-rich blood. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest.

- When a blood clot develops from plaque in one of the coronary arteries, it may totally block the
blood flow. The formation of a blood clot is called coronary thrombosis.

- A heart attack is when blood flow to the heart is blocked.

- Aortic aneurysm happens when the aorta is weak, blood pushing against the vessel wall can
cause it to bulge like a balloon.

- A stroke is a sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain.

- Ischemic strokes are caused by an abrupt blockage of arteries leading to the brain.

- Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by bleeding into brain tissue when a blood vessel bursts.

- Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood doesn't clot properly.

 NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS
- A gene is a portion of DNA that determines a trait.
- Alleles are a specific form of a gene and it can be classified as dominant or recessive.

- A genotype is all the genes (genetic characteristics) passed onto an individual by their
parents.

- The set of physical characteristics an individual has is called a phenotype.

-When the two inherited alleles for a given gene are identical, this specific gene is called
homozygous.
- When the two genes are different, the gene is said to be heterozygous.

- Dominant traits require the presence of only one allele in order for the given trait to be
expressed.

- Recessive traits can only be expressed if the genotype is homozygous.

NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

Incomplete Pattern of heredity in which one allele is not completely dominant over
dominance another; instead, the alleles blend together.

Pattern of heredity in which both alleles are simultaneously expressed

Codominance
in the heterozygote; both alleles are expressed equally.

Extinction
 The last identified individual of the species has been extinguished.
 There are five major extinctions that existed millions of years ago. These are the
Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous extinction.
 The deadliest mass extinction is the Permian extinction, which killed roughly 96% of
living organisms.
 Cretaceous extinction is the fifth mass extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs and
almost 60% of living organisms.

Minerals - It is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with a definite chemical

composition and an ordered crystalline structure.

 The resources which are being continuously consumed by man but are renewed by nature
constantly are called as Renewable Resources. These resources are inexhaustible
because they cannot be exhausted permanently. Renewable resources are also called as
‘Non-Conventional’ sources of energy.
 Trees are considered as a renewable resource.
 Examples:
 ⦿ Solar energy (sunlight)

⦿ Wind energy

⦿ Hydro power

⦿ Geothermal energy

⦿ Biofuels

 The resources which are non-renewable are called as Non-Renewable Resources. The
Non-Renewable resources do not replenish and cannot be renewed. Once extracted and
utilized, it cannot be replaced or renewed.
 Examples:

⦿ Coal and Natural gas

⦿ Minerals

⦿ Metal Ores

⦿ Crude Oil

⦿ Petroleum

⦿ Nuclear Energy