ma Academic Test 1 SECTION1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-10 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. SECTION2 Questions 11-14 SHORT STAY ACCOMMODATION Example ‘Family Name: First Name: Country of Origin: Date of Arrival: Number of Tenants: Length of Stay: Purpose of Vi ‘Type of Accommodation: Number of Bedrooms: Car Parking: General Area: Other Requirements: Name of Town: Client’s Email: Price Range: Questions 11-20 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 11. Refreshments will be served A. at the front counter. B inthe lobby. C atthe back of the hall. Answer Mackinlay one or two off-street anc 7 near the beach wear 8 9 smaezs obranil.com. upto 10 a weele www. TopSage.com12 Nick Noble advertised A_ onthe radio. B_ onabillboard, C in the newspaper. 13 The original number of founding members was about A 12. B 20. © 200. 14 The club provides acti ‘A. males up to 75. B__ females with young children. C males and females of any age ies primarily for reasonably fit Questions 15-20 Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. ‘Activity ee | 15 Tuesday & Saturday about 3-5 hours coordinator 1... ‘Thursday & Sunday up to 3 hours 1. | j - | Wanderers Sunday 18 leader | y Saturday & Sunday | all weekend Weekends - SECTIONS Questions 21-30 Questions 21-26 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. “Globalisation and F ducational Change” © GEE 692 New Code: 21 © Ajns — Analysis of educational problems arising from globalisation © Chance to research and 22 progress of educational change Investigate influence of culture and 23 on education Argue advantages and disadvantages of reorganisation of public education in own country with regard to globalisation www. TopSage.com© Consider the 24 and poorer countries ‘* Assignment #1 = power point presentation (ungraded) + 28 vnnesnnnsn (30%) © Assignment #2 = take part in 26 vs. (20%) + essay (50%) of globalisation on diversity of national curricula across richer Questions 27-30 ‘Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER for each answer. | Title epee Date Comparative Education 2007 Elliot Educational Issues of the New Millennium — |28.... Education and Globalisation 2009 York Globalisation and 30 cee 2010 SECTION 4 Questions 31-40 Questions 31-37 Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Every day the human body is fighting off 31... . by destructive pathogens. A person in good health has natural protection in the form of an immune system which works best against familiar micro- organisms which may have been encountered during a previous 32 or passed on by the mother before or after birth. Vaccination is a way to cause 33 immunisation by introducing a small amount of pathogen into the body — just enough for the body's 34 to react by making antibodies. Passive immunisation can be used as a way of treating someone who is already sick. Proteins from animal BB a are introduced into the patient to give him the necessary antibodies to fight the disease. Dr. Edward Jenner observed that people who had suffered and recovered from a serious disease called smallpox did not get it again. He also noted that victims of a milder disease, cowpox, which they caught from 36 ‘were immune to smallpox. He carried out a successful 37 by deliberately giving a child cowpox in order to make him immune to smallpox. www. TopSage.comQuestions 38-40 Complete the diagram below. ‘Choose your answers from the box below and write the letters AF next to questions 38-40. ‘A antibody B agglutination C antigen D germs | E plasma F _ Belymphocyte www. TopSage.comREADING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. A disaster of Titanic proportions ‘At 11.39 pam. on the evening of Sunday 14 April 1912, lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee on the forward mast of the Titanic sighted an eerie, black mass coming into view directly in front of the ship. Fleet picked up the phone to the helm, waited for Sixth Officer Moody to answer, and yelled “Iceberg, right head!” The greatest disaster in maritime history was about to be set in motion. Thirty-seven seconds later, despite the efforts of officers in the bridge ond engine room to steer around the iceberg, the Tani struck a piece of submerged Ice, bursting rivets in the ship’s hull and flooding the first five ‘watertight compartments. The ship's designer, Thomas Andrews, carried out a visual inspection of the ship's damage and informed Captain Smith at midnight thatthe ship would sink in less than two hours. By 12.30 a.m, the lifeboats were being filed with women and children, after Smith had given the command for them to be uncovered and swung out 15 minutes earlier. The firs feboat was successfully lowered 15 minutes later, with only 28 of its 65 seats occupied. By 1.15 a.m. the waterline was beginning to reach the Titanic’s name on the ship's bow, and over the next hour every lifeboat would be released as officers struggled to maintain order ‘omongst the growing panic on board. The closing moments of the Titanic’s sinking begen shortly after 2 a.m., as the last lifeboat was lowered and the ship's propellers lifted out of the water, leaving the 1,500 passengers still on board to surge towards the stern. At 2.17 a.m, Harold Bride and Jack Philips topped out thelr last wireless message atter being relieved of duty as the ship’s wireless operators, and the ship's bond stopped playing. Less than @ minute later, ‘occupants of the lifeboats witnessed the ship's lights flash once, then go black, and a huge roar signalled the Titanie’s contents plunging towards the bow, causing the front half of the ship to break off and go under. The Tianic’s stern bobbed up momentarily, ond at 2.20 am., the ship finally disoppeared beneath the frigid waters. ‘What or who was responsible for the scale of this catastrophe? Explanations abound, some that focus on very small details. Due to a last minute change in the ship's officer line-up, iceberg lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee were making do without a pair of binoculars that an officer transferred off the ship In ‘Southampton had left in a cupboard onboard, unbeknownst to any of the ship’s crew. Fleet, who survived the sinking, insisted at @ subsequent inquiry that he could have identified the iceberg in time to avert disaster if he had been in possession of the binoculars. Less than an hour before the Titanic struck the iceberg, wireless operator Cyril Evans on the Californian, located just 20 miles to the north, tried to contact operator Jack Philips on the Titanicto warm him of pack ice in 5 www. TopSage.comthe area. “Shut up, shut up, you're jamming my signal”, Philips replied. “I'm busy.” The Titanie’s wireless system had broken down for several hours earlier that day, and Philips wos clearing a backlog of personal messages, that passengers had requested to be sent to family and friends in the USA. Nevertheless, Captain Smith had mointained the ship’s speed of 22 knots despite multiple earlier warnings of ice chead. It has been suggested ‘that Smith was under pressure to make headlines by arriving early in New York, but maritime historians such as Richard Howell have countered this perception, noting that Smith was simply following commen procedure at the time, and not behaving recklessly. ‘One of the strongest explanations for the severe loss of life has been the fact that the Titanic did not carry enough lifeboats for everyone on board. Maritime regulations at the time tied lifeboat capacity to ship size, not fo the number of passengers on board. This meant that the Titanic, with room for 1,178 of its 2,222 passengers, actually surpassed the Board of Trade’s requirement that it carry lifeboats for 1,060 of its passengers. Nevertheless, with lifeboats being lowered less than half full in many cases, and only 712 passengers surviving despite a two and @ half hour window of opportunity, more lifeboats would not have quaronteed more survivors in the absence of better training and preparation. Many passengers were confused about where to go after the order to launch lifeboats was given; a lifebost drill sheduled for earlier ‘on the same day that the Titanic struck the iceberg was cancelled by Captain Smith, in order to allow possengers to attend church. Questions 1-6 Complete the table below. (Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet Reported sighting of iceberg s..... ews Ships designer [Reverted how long the Titanic could stay afloat 12.15 am. ‘Smith Captain Ordered to be released 2.17 am, Bride & Philips [5 ..... Relayed final 6 Questions 7-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE ifthe statement contradicts the information NOTGIVEN if there is no information on this 7 The binoculars for the men on watch had been left in a crew locker in Southampton, 8 The missing binoculars were the major factor leading to the collision with the iceberg. 9 Philips missed notification about the ice from Evans because the Titanic’s wireless system was not functioning at the time. 10. Captain Smith knew there was ice in the area, www. TopSage.com11 Howell believed the captain’s failure to reduce speed was an irresponsible action. 12 The Titanic was able to seat more passengers in lifeboats than the Board of Trade required. 13 A lifeboat drill would have saved more lives. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages. Questions 14-19 Reading Passage 2 has six sections, A~F. Choose the correct headings for sections A-F from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i=x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. List of Headings Construction of special cinemas for 3-D Good retums forecast for immediate future ‘The greatest 3-D film of all time End of traditional movies for children Early developments ‘New technology diminishes the art ‘The golden age of movies In defence of 3-D 3.D ishere to stay Undesirable visual effects | *Wgga< 3 Bao 14 Section A 17 Section D 15. SectionB 18 Section E 16 Section C 19 Section F Taree dimensional films ‘A In the theatre of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, on the evening of 27 September 1922, a new form of film-making made its commercial debut: 3-D'. The film, The Power of Love, was then shown in New York City to exhibitors and press, but was subsequently not picked up for distribution and is now believed to be lost. The following three decades were a period of quiet experimentation for 3-D pioneers, as they adapted to new technologies and steadily improved the viewing experience. In 1952 the “golden era” of 3-D is considered to have begun with the release of Bwana Devil, and over the next several years audiences met with a string of films that used the technology. Over the following decades it waxed and waned within film- ‘making circles, peaking in the 1970s and again in the 1990s when IMAX gained traction, but itis only in the Jast few years that 3-D appears to have firmly entered mainstream production. 1 Three Dimensional www. TopSage.comB Released worldwide in December 2009, the fantasy film Avatar quickly became the highest-grossing film ever made, knocking Titanic from the top slot. Avatar, set in 2154 on a planet in a distant solar system, went on to become the only film to have earned USS2 billion world-wide, and is now approaching the $3 billion mark. The main reason for its runaway popularity appears to be its visual splendour; though most critics praised the film, it was mostly on account of its ground-breaking special effects. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times praised Avata’s “powerful” visual accomplishments, but suggested the dialogue was “flat” and the characterisations “obvious”. A film analyst at Exhibitor Relations has agreed, noting that Avatar has cemented the use of -D as a production and promotional tool for blockbuster films, rather than as a mere niche or novelty experiment. “This is why all these 3-D venues were built”, he said. “Thisis the one, The behemoth... ‘The holy grail of 3-D has finally arrived”. Those who embrace 3-D note that it spices up a trip to the cinema by adding a more active “embodied” layer of experience instead of the viewer passively receiving the film through eyes and ears only. A blogger on Animation Ideas writes, “...when 3-D is done well—like in the flying scenes in Up, How to Train Your Dragon and Avatar, there is an added feeling of vertigo. If you have any fear of heights, the 3-D really adds to this element...” Kevin Carr argues that the backlash against 3-D is similar to that which occurred against CGP several years ago, and points out that CGI is now widely regarded as part of the film-maker’s artistic toolkit. He also notes that new technology is frequently seen to be a “gimmick” in its early days, pointing out that many commentators slapped the frst “talkie” films of the early 1920s with this same label D__ But not everyone greets the rise of 3-D with open arms. Some ophthalmologists point out that 3-D can. have unsettling physical effects for many viewers. Dr. Michael Rosenberg, a professor at Northwestern University, has pointed out that many people go through life with minor eye disturbances—a slight muscular imbalance, for example—that does not interrupt day-to-day activities. In the experience of a 3-D movie, however, this problem can be exacerbated through the viewer trying to concentrate on unusual visual phenomena. Dr, Deborah Friedman, from the University of Rochester Medical Center, notes that the perception of depth conjured through three dimensions does not complement the angles from which we take in the world, Eyestrains, headaches and nausea are therefore a problem for around 15% of a 3-D film audience. E Film critic Roger Ebert warns that 3-D is detrimental to good film-making, Firstly, he argues, the technology is simply unnecessary; 2-D movies are “already” 3-D, as far as our minds are concerned. Adding the extra dimension with technology, instead of letting our minds do the work, can actually be counter- purposeful and make the over-all effect seem clumsy and contrived. Ebert also points out that the special glasses ddim the effect by soaking up light from the screen, making 3-D films a slightly duller experience than they might otherwise be. Finally, Ebert suggests that 3-D encourages film-makers to undercut drama and narrative in favour of simply piling on more gimmicks and special effects. “Hollywood is racing headlong toward the kiddie market,” he says, pointing to Disney's announcement that it will no longer make traditional films in favour of animation, franchises, and superheroes. F Whether or not 3-D becomes a powerful force for the film-maker’s vision and the flm-going experience, or goes down in history as an over-hyped, expensive novelty, the technology certainly shows no signs of fading in the popularity stakes at the moment. Clash of the Titans, Alice in Wonderland and How to Tiain Your Dragon have all recently benefited at the box office due to the added sales that 3-D provides, and with Avatars record set to last some time as a totem of 3-D's commercial possibilities, studios are not prepared to back down. 2 Compater Generated Imagery www. TopSage.comQuestions 20-26 Look at the following statements (Questions 20-26) and the list of people below. ‘Match each statement with the correct person, A-G. Write the correct letter, A~G, in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. NB Some options may not be used. 20 3-D conflicts with our mental construct of our surroundings. 21. 3-D encourages an over-emphasis on quick visual thrills. 22. Effective use of 3-D technology may increase our sensation of elevation. 23. 3-D viewing can worsen an existing visual disorder. 24 Avatar is the most powerful example of 3-D yet to arrive in cinemas. 28 Avatar’s strength is found in its visual splendour, not in aspects of story. 26 People already have the mental capacity to see ordinary movies in three dimensions. List of People Kenneth Turan Exhibitor Relations’ analyst ‘Animation Ideas’ blogger Kevin Carr Dr Michael Rosenberg, Dr Deborah Friedman Roger Ebert asmuauPE READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. tes Noes water have memory? ssssmssceses=s ‘The practice of homeopathy was first developed by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann. During research in the 1790s, Hahnemann began experimenting with quinine, an alkaloid derived from cinchona bark that was well known at the time to have a positive effect on fever. Hahnemann started dosing himself with quinine while in a state of good health, and reported in his journals that his extremities went cold, he experienced palpitations, an “infinite anxiety”, a trembling and weakening of the limbs, reddening cheeks and thirst—‘in short", he concluded, “all the symptoms of relapsing fever presented themselves successively..." Hahnemann's main observation was that things which create problems for healthy people cure those problems in sick people, and this became his first principle of homeopathy: simila similibus (with help from the same). While diverging from the principle of apothecary practice at the time — which was contraria contrariis (with help from the opposite) — the efficacy of simila similibus was reaffirmed by subsequent developments in the field of vaccinations. Hahnemann’s second principle was minimal dosing—treatments should be taken in the most diluted form at which they remain effective. This negated any possible toxic effects of simila similibus. www. TopSage.comIn 1988 the French immunologist Jacques Benveniste took minimal dosing to new extremes when he published a paper in the prestigious scientific journal Nature in which he suggested that very high dilutions of the anti-IgE antibody could affect human basophil granulocytes, the least common of the granulocytes that make up about 0.01% to 0.3% of white blood cells. The point of controversy, however, was that the water in Benveniste’s test had been so diluted that any molecular evidence of the antibodies no longer existed. Water molecules, the researcher concluded, had a biologically active component that a journalist later termed “water memory”. A number of efforts from scientists in Britain, France and the Netherlands to duplicate Benveniste’s research were unsuccessful, however, and to this day no peer-reviewed study under broadly accepted conditions has been able to confirm the validity of “water memory”. ‘The third principle of homeopathy is “the single remedy”, Exponents of this principle believe that it would be too difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain the potential effects of multiple homeopathic remedies delivered simultaneously. If it did work, they suggest, one could not know quite why it worked, turning homeopathy into an ambiguous guessing game. If it did not work, neither patient nor practitioner would know whether the ingredients were all ineffective, or whether they were only ineffective in combination with one another. Combination remedies are gaining in popularity, but classical homeopaths who rely on the single remedy approach warn these are not more potent, nor do they provide more treatment options. The availability of combination remedies, these homeopaths suggest, has been led by consumers wanting more options, not from homeopathic research indicating their efficacy. Homeopathy is an extremely contentious form of medicine, with strong assertions coming from both critics and supporters of the practice. “Homeopathy: There's nothing in it” announces the tagline to 10:23, a major British antihomeopathy campaign. At 10.23 am. on 30 January 2010, over 400 supporters of the 10:23 stood outside Boots pharmacies and swallowed an entire bottle each of homeopathic pills in an attempt to raise awareness about the fact that these remedies are made of sugar and water, with no active components. This, defenders of homeopathy say, is entirely the point. Homeopathic products do not rely on ingredients that become toxic at high doses, because the water retains the “memory” that allows the original treatment to function. Critics also point out the fact that homeopathic preparations have no systematic design to them, making it hard to monitor whether or not a particular treatment has been efficacious. Homeopaths embrace this uncertainty. While results may be less certain, they argue, the non-toxic nature of homeopathy means that practitioner and patient can experiment until they find something that works without concern for side effects. Traditional medicine, they argue, assaults the body with a cocktail of drugs that only tackles the symptoms of disease, while homeopathy has its sights aimed on the causes. Homeopaths suggest this approach leads to kinder, gentler, more effective treatment. Finally, critics allege that when homeopathy has produced good results, these are exceedingly dependent on the placebo effect, and cannot justify the resources, time and expense that the homeopathic tradition absorbs. The placebo effect is a term that describes beneficial outcomes froma treatment than can be attributed to the patient's expectations concerning the treatment rather than from the treatment itself, Basically, the patient “thinks” himself into feeling better. Defenders suggest that homeopathy can go beyond this psychological level. They point to the successful results of homeopathy on patients who are unconscious at the time of treatment, as well as on animals. 10 www. TopSage.comQuestions 27-32 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A~K, below. Write the correct letter, A~K, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet. 27 Inthe late 18th century, Hahnemann discovered that quinine was able to 28 The effectiveness of vaccinations also helps to 29. Benveniste argued in the journal Nature that water molecules possess the ability to 30 Attempts to verify Benveniste’ findings were unable to 31. The purpose of the single remedy is to 32. Classical homeopaths suggest combination remedies have been created to ‘A. avoid the unpredictable outcomes of combining many remedies at once. B__ explain the success of 18th century apothecary medicine. C produce fever-like symptoms in a healthy person. D__ keep antibody molecules active in parts as low as 0.01%. E support the notion of simila similibus. F offer more remedial choice. G__ produce a less effective dose. HH recreate the original results. 1 retain qualities of an antibody to which they were previously exposed. J satisfy the demand of buyers. K treat effectively someone with a fever. Questions 33-40 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet. [Does not become 34 . when] Has 20 33 oo ingredients taken in large quantities. Lack of a 35 ‘makes success or| Remedies can be trialed with no risk of failure of treatments difficult to 37 eunnonnnoneners treatments tackle causes 36 and not just 38 . [Too much reliance om the 39... Proven to work on people who are Works psychologically but not physically. __|40 " www. TopSage.comRen! WRITING TASK 1 ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The line graph below shows the average daily maximum temperatures for Auckland and Christchurch, two cities in New Zealand, and London and Edinburgh, two cities in the United Kingdom. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant, ‘Write at least 150 words. Average Daily Maximum Temperature 30 Bs q —_ 3 —Auckiand 3 x 2 —cnstonuren zo London 3 5 Edinburgh LPCEOF a WRITING TASK 2 ‘You should spend about 40 minutes on this topic. ‘Write about the following topic: Children nowadays watch significantly more television than in the past, which reduces their activity levels accordingly, Why is this the case? ‘What measures can you suggest to encourage higher levels of activity among children? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience. Write atleast 250 words. 12 www. TopSage.comSean Part 1 Introduction and Interview (4-5 minutes) Introduction (compulsory) © Good moming/aftemoon. My name is Can you tell me your full name, please? © What should I call you? © Could you tell me where you're from? © Can I see your identification, please? ‘Thank you. Now in this first part I'd like to ask you some questions about yourself. Interview (choose 1) Let’ talk about where you live. © Doyou live in a house or an apartment? © How many other people do you live with? © Do you enjoy living in this type of accommodation? Why/Why not? © What type of accommodation is common in your town? Why? Let's talk about what you do. © What are you studying currently? © Are there any subjects which you do not enjoy as much as others? Why? © Do you have to complete a lot of homework? © What do you plan to do after you finish your studies? Interview (choose 2) ‘Now, lets talk about keeping in touch with friends. © How do you normally keep in contact with friends? Why? ‘© What do you enjoy about this way of keeping in touch? ‘© Isthere anything you don't like about this method of keeping in touch? Why? © Do you ever find it difficult to keep in touch with friends using this method? Why/Why not? Let's talk about art. © Do you enjoy looking at art? Why/Why not? ‘© What type of art do you like best? Why? ‘© Have you ever been taught to do any type of art? | © Do you know any artists? 8 www. TopSage.comNow let’s talk about colours. © Which colours do you like the most? Why? © Have you always liked these colours? Why? | © Domost of your friends like similar colours? |__* Docertain colours have any special significance in your culture? Why? Part 2 Individual Long Turn (3-4 minutes) ‘Now, I'm going to give you a topic and I'd like you to talk about it for one to two minutes. Before you talk, you'll have one minute to think about what you're going to say. You can make some notes if you wish. Do you understand? Here's some paper and a pencil for making notes and here's your topic: Td like you to describe an important decision you have made. Describe an important decision you have made. You should say: what the decision was and why it was important how you made your decision how it had an effect on your life | and say whether or not you think you made the right decision. Rounding off questions: * Do you often make decisions in this way? * Do you find it difficult to make big decisions? Part 3 Two-way Discussion (4-5 minutes) { We've been talking about an important decision you made and now I'd like to discuss with you one or two | ‘more general questions related to this. Let's consider fist the topic of important personal decisions. © Describe some of the important life decisions people need to make at various points in their lives. © Some people think that an important decision should be made quickly and based on intuition while others believe an informed choice is better. What's your view? © Do you think that individuals nowadays have more or fewer important choices to make than in the past? Why? Now, let's talk about decision-making in general. ‘© What kinds of decisions are more difficult: those which solely affect you or those which also have an impact on other people? ‘* Inyour opinion, is there such a thing as too much choice? © How effective do you believe it is to make decisions based on discussions with other people? 14 www. TopSage.comTest 2 SECTION 1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-5 Complete the form below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. TAUBER INSURANCE Co, Example Answer Insurance type: Vehicle Policy #: 1 Make & Model: asda Marvel Engine size: 2 Name: Date of Birth: Password: ‘Change valuation? ye @ Reduce value to: Questions 6-10 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Notes to be added to policy: Add new driver: © Name: Samuel Michaels © Age: 28 © Relationship to main driver: 6 . Reason: © Teen Client/new driver to provide: © Verified 8..... © Clean driving 9... Start date: * 10. .. cover for 2 weeks from today ‘© Full cover when paperwork approved of driver's licence ‘www. TopSage.com 15SECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-16 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. 11 You can become more confident by using .. 12 More confidence results in better .. 13 A good strategy to build confidence is to get rid of negative memories of mistakes and failures and, instead, concentrate on .. 14 Frequent. of positive imagery is necessary for success. 15 Mental positivity is not enough—you also have to act in a confident manner—so is important too. 16 Setting and achieving goals results in brain activity that brings about an experience of Questions 17-20 Complete the flow chart below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Goal Setting Set an 17 + Decide on incentives. + 18. steps along the way. + Gather 19 + Take the first step. + Keep a 20 6 www. TopSage.comSECTION 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-23 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 24 Julia and Bob's science project is due A. next week. B__ next month, next year. 22 Allthe materials they use must be A. recycled, B inexpensive. C available in the lab. 23. A Cartesian diver was called a ‘devil’ by some people because ‘A they saw it was black. B they believed in the supernatural. C they wanted the inventor to be famous. Questions 24-25 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Julia and Bob find some of the items they need in Bob's pencil case and the recycling bin. in the cafeteria and the Resource Centre. in the shop and Julia's locker. in Bob's bag and his pocket. Ein Tara's packet and on the floor. vow Questions 26-30 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Assembly Step 1 Fold 26. in half, Step2 Use 27 Step 3 Attach 28 to diver. 7 www. TopSage.comStep 4 Fill bottle with water and replace 29... Step 5 Demonstrate by squeezing and releasing bottle. Compression causes diver to sink because diver becomes 30... SECTION4 Questions 31-40 Questions 31-35 Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. 31 When did Mt, Pinatubo erupt for the first time? 32 When was the earthquake measuring 7.8 recorded? 33 When did the experts begin to study Mt. Pinatubo? 34 What fell on the local villages on 2nd April? . 35° What does a ‘Level 5” alert mean? Questions 36-40 Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Several large earthquakes were triggered by the eruption of Pinatubo on 15th June 1991 because of the 36 .ssosnnsnonn Of the summit, The ‘caldera’ thus created considerably reduced the height of the mountain. At the same time @ 37 «suns Was passing by and the rain associated with it mixed with the cinders in the air to form a substance called ‘tephra’ which fell on the 38 of homes causing them to collapse, crushing hundreds of people. During the eruption, large amounts of sulphur dioxide gas were emitted, which combined with 39. to make sulphuric acid which was responsible for a great deal of ozone depletion above Antarctica. The overall effect of the cloud from this great eruption was the Lowering Of 40 jrmnm 18 ‘www. TopSage.comREADING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The way in which information is taught can vary greatly across cultures and time-periods. Entering a British primary school classroom from the early 1900s, for example, one gains a sense of austerity, discipline and a rigid way of teaching. Desks are typically seated apart from one another, with straight-backed wooden chairs that face directly to the teacher and the chalkboard. In the present day, British classrooms look very different. Desks are often grouped together so that students face each other rather than the teacher, and a large floor area is typically set aside for the class to come together for group discussion and learning. Traditionally, it was felt that teachers should be in firm control of the learning process, and that the teacher's task was to prepare and present material for students to understand. Within this approach, the relationship students have with their teachers is not considered important, nor is the relationship students have with each other in the classroom. A student's participation in class is likely to be minimal, aside from asking questions directed at the teacher, or responding to ‘questions that the teacher has directed at the student. This style encourages students to develop respect for positions of power as a source of control and discipline. It is frequently described as the “formal authority” model of teaching. A less rigid form of teacher-centred education is the “demonstrator” model. This maintains the formal authority model's notion of the teacher as a “flashlight” who illuminates the material for his or her class to learn, but emphasises a more individualised approach to form. The demonstrator acts as both a role model and a guide, demonstrating skills and processes and then helping students develop and apply these independently. Instructors who are drawn to the demonstrator style are generally confident that their own way of performing a task represents a ‘g00d base model, but they are sensitive to differing learning styles and expect to provide students with help on an individual basis. Many education researchers argue for student-centred learning instead, and suggest that the learning process is more successful when students are in control. Within the student-centred paradigm, the “delegator” style is popular. The delegator teacher maintains general authority, but they delegate much of the responsibility for learning to the class as a way for students to become independent thinkers who take pride in their own work. Students are often encouraged to work on their own or in groups, and if the delegator style is implemented successfully they will build not only a working knowledge of course specific topics, but also self-discipline and the ability to co-ordinate group work and interpersonal roles. 19 www. TopSage.com‘Another style that emphasises student-centred education is the “facilitator” mode of learning. Here, while a set of specific curriculum demands are already in place, students are encouraged to take the initiative for creating ways to meet these learning requirements together. The teacher typically designs activities that encourage active learning, group collaboration and problem solving, and students are encouraged to process and apply the course content in creative and original ways. Whereas the delegator style emphasises content, and the responsibility students can have for generating and directing their own knowledge base, the facilitator style emphasises form, and the fluid and diverse possibilities that are available in the process of learning. Until the 1960s, formal authority was common in almost all Western schools and universities. As a professor would enter a university lecture theatre, a student would be expected to rush up, take his bag to the desk, and pull out the chair for the professor to sit down on. This style has become outmoded over time. Now at university, students and professors typically have more relaxed, collegiate relationships, address each other on a first name basis, and acknowledge that students have much to contribute in class. Teacher-centred education has a lingering appeal in the form of the demonstrator style, however, which remains useful in subjects where skills must be demonstrated to an external standard and the learning process remains fixed in the earlier years of education. A student of mathematics, sewing or metalwork will likely be familiar with the demonstrator style. At the highest levels of education, however, the demonstrator approach must be abandoned in al fields as students are required to produce innovative work that makes unique contributions to knowledge. Thesis and doctoral students lead their own research in facilitation with supervisors. ‘The delegator style is valuable when the course is likely to lead students to careers that require group projects. Often, someone who has a high level of expertise in a particular field does not make for the best employee because they have not learnt to apply their abilities in a co-ordinated manner. The delegator style confronts this problem by recognising that interpersonal communication is not just a means to learning but an important skill set in itself. The facilitator model is probably the most creative model, and is therefore not suited to subjects where the practical component necessitates a careful and highly disciplined manner, such as training to be a medical practitioner. It may, however, suit more experimental and theoretical fields ranging from English, music and the social sciences, to science and medical research that takes place in research labs. In these areas, “mistakes” in form are important and valuable aspects of the learning and development process. Overall, a clear evolution has taken place in the West from a rigid, dogmatic and teacher- dominated way of learning, to a flexible, creative and student-centred approach. Nevertheless, different subjects, ages and skill levels suit different styles of teaching, and it is unlikely that there will ever be one recommended approach for everyone. www. TopSage.comQuestions 1-8 Look at the following statements (Questions 1-8) and the styles of teaching below. Match each statement with the correct teaching style, A-D. Write the correct letter, A~D, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. ‘The emphasis is on students directing the learning process. ‘The teacher shows the class how to do something, then students try it on their own. ‘Student-teacher interaction and student-student interaction is limited. ‘The emphasis is on the process of solving problems together. ‘Students are expected to adjust to the teacher's way of presenting information. ‘The teacher designs group activities that encourage constructive interaction. Time is set aside for one-on-one instruction between teacher and student. Group and individual work is encouraged independently of the teacher. List of Teaching Styles A. Formal authority B_ Demonstrator C Delegator D_ Facilitator ewaneaune Questions 9-12 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet, write TRUE ifthe statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN _ ifthere is no information on this, 9 The formal authority model remains popular in educational institutions of the West. 10 The demonstrator model is never used at tertiary level. 11 Graduates of delegator style teaching are good communicators. 12. The facilitator style is not appropriate in the field of medicine. Question 13 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet. 13 What is the best title for Reading Passage 1? A. Teaching styles and their application B Teaching: then and now C When students become teachers D_ Whystudent-centred learning is best a1 ‘www. TopSage.comREADING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. ‘A’ Read through the nutritional information on the food in your freezer, refrigerator or kitchen pantry, and you are likely to find a simple, innocuousooking ingredient recurring on a number of products: “natural flavour”. The story of what natural flavour is, how it got into your food, and where it came from, is the result of more complex processes than you might imagine. B During the 1980s, health watchdogs and nutritionists began turning their attention to cholesterol, a waxy steroid metabolite that we mainly consume from animal-sourced products such as cheese, egg yolks, beef, poultry, shrimp and pork. Nutritionists blamed cholesterol for contributing to the growing rates of obesity, heart disease, diabetes and several cancers in Western societies. As extensive recognition of the matter grew amongst the common people, McDonalds stopped cooking their French fries in a mixture of cottonseed oil and beef tallow, and in 1990 the restaurant chain began using 100% vegetable oil instead, C_ This substantially lowered the amount of cholesterol in McDonalds’ fries, but it created a new dilemma. The beef tallow and cottonseed oil mixture gave the French fries high cholesterol content, but it also gifted them with a rich aroma and “mouth-feel” that even James Beard, an American food critic, admitted he enjoyed. Pure vegetable oil is bland in comparison. Looking at the current, ingredients’ list of McDonalds’ French fries, however, it is easy to see how they overcame this predicament. Aside from a few preservatives, there are essentially three main ingredients: potato, soybean oil, and the mysterious component of “natural flavour”. D Natural flavour also entered our diet through the rise in processed foods, which now make up over 90% (and growing) of the American diet, as well as representing a burgeoning industry in developing countries such as China and India. Processed foods are essentially any foods that have been boxed, bagged, canned or packaged, and have a list of ingredients on the label. Sometimes, the processing involves adding a little sodium or sugar, and a few preservatives. Often, however, it is coloured, bleached, stabilised, emulsified, dehydrated, odour-concealed and sweetened. ‘This process typically saps any original flavour out of the product, and so, of course, flavour must be added back in as well. E_ Often this is “natural flavour”, but while the term may bring to mind images of fresh barley, hand-ground spices and dried herbs being traded in a bustling street market, most of these natural sources are in fact engineered to culinary perfection in a set of factories and plants off the New Jersey Tumpike outside of New York. Here, firms such as International Flavors & Fragrances, Harmen & Reimer, Flavor Dynamics, Frutarom and Elan Chemical isolate and manufacture the tastes that are incorporated in much of what we eat and drink. ‘The sweet, summery burst of naturally squeezed orange juice, the wood-smoked aroma in barbeque sauces, and the creamy, buttery, fresh taste in many dairy products do not come from sundrenched meadows or backyard grills, but are formed in the labs and test tubes of these flavour industry giants. 2 www. TopSage.comF The scientists—dubbed “flavourists”—who create the potent chemicals that set our olfactory senses to overdrive use a mix of techniques that have been refined over many years. Part of it is dense, intricate chemistry: spectrometers, gas chromatographs and headspace-vapour analysers can break down components of a flavour in amounts as minute as one part per billion. Not to be outdone, however, the human nose can isolate aromas down to three parts per trillion. Flavourists therefore consider their work as much an art as a science, and flavourism requires a nose “trained” with a delicate and poetic sense of balance. G Should we be wary of the industrialisation of natural flavour? On its own, the trend may not present any clear reason for alarm. Nutritionists widely agree that the real assault on health in the last few decades stems from an “unholy trinity” of sugar, fat and sodium in processed foods. Natural flavour on its own is not a health risk. It does play a role, however, in helping these processed foods to taste fresh and nutritious, even when they are not. So while the natural flavour industry should not be considered the culprit, we might think of it as a willing accomplice. Questions 14-21 Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, AG. ‘Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A~G, in boxes 14~21 on your answer sheet, NB You may use any letter more than once. 14 examples of companies that create natural flavours 15 an instance of a multi-national franchise responding to public pressure 16 a statement on the health effects of natural flavours 17 aninstance where a solution turns into a problem 18 a place in the home where one may encounter the term “natural flavour” 19 details about the transformation that takes place in processed grocery items 20. a comparison of personal and technological abilities in flavour detection 21 examples of diet-related health conditions Questions 22-25 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? ‘In boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet, write TRUE ifthe statement agrees with the information FALSE ifthe statement contradicts the information NOTGIVEN if there is no information on this 22. On their own, vegetable oils do not have a strong flavour. 23, Soybean oil is lower in cholesterol than cottonseed oil 24 Processed foods are becoming more popular in some Asian countries. 25 All food processing involves the use of natural flavours. 23 www. TopSage.comQuestion 26 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet. 26 The writer of Reading Passage 2 concludes that natural flavours ‘A. are the major cause of dietary health problems. B are unhealthy, but not as bad as sugar, fat and sodium, C__ have health benefits that other ingredients tend to cancel out. D__ help make unhealthy foods taste better. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Austerity Measures Austerity measures are actions that a state undertakes in order to pay back its creditors. These measures typically involve slashing government expenditure and hiking taxes, and most of the time these are imposed on a country when its national deficit is believed to have become unsustainable. In this situation, banks may lose trust in the government's ability or willingness to repay existing debts, and in return can refuse to roll over current loans and demand cripplingly excessive interest rates on new lending. Governments frequently then turn to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), an inter-governmental organisation that functions as a lender of last resort. In return, the IMF typically demands austerity measures so that the indebted country is able to curtail its budget deficit and fulfil their loan obligations. ‘A wave of austerity measures across Europe in 2010 has seen cuts and freezes to pensions, welfare and public sector salaries as well as hikes to some taxes and excises. The Greek programme attempts to narrow its budget shortfall from 8.1 percent of GDP in 2010 to 2.6 percent of GDP in 2014 primarily by freezing public sector incomes during that period and reducing public sector allowances by 8 percent. Additionally, VAT—the Greek sales tax—will be elevated to 23 Percent, and excises on fuel, tobacco and alcohol are also subject to an Increase. The statutory retirement age for women will be raised to 65, matching it with the current retirement age for men. ‘These reforms have been deeply unpopular in Greece, prompting a succession of general strikes that have further dented the economy. IMF-imposed austerity measures have been indicted for encouraging the deep recession following the Asian financial crisis of 1997. Starting from the early 1990s, international investors from wealthier countries such as Japan and the United States began pouring money into Southeast ‘Asia, looking to make some quick returns, and the soaring economies of Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia and others eared themselves the title “the Asian tigers”. When things started to turn sour, however, the foreign investors panicked and retracted their investments en masse, decimating Asian currencies and turning millions of employees out of work. The IMF's role in the recovery was to impose austerity measures that kept interest rates high while driving down wages 24 www. TopSage.comand labour standards at a time when workers were already suffering. According to one former IMF economist, these interventions on a global scale have caused the deaths of 6 million children every year. Many economists consequently view austerity measures as a terrible blunder. John Maynard Keynes was the first to propose an alternative method, long before the Asian financial crisis. Governments, he attempted to demonstrate, could conceivably spend their national economy out of debt. Although logically implausible at first blush, this argument is based on the notion that recessions deepen from a persistent cycle of low incomes, low consumer spending and low business growth. A government can theoretically reverse this downward spiral by injecting the economy with much needed (albeit borrowed ) capital. This is not equivalent to an indebted ‘consumer spending further into the red, Keynes argued, because while the consumer gains no further income on that expenditure, the government's dollar goes into the economy and then partially boomerangs later on in the form of taxation. Nobel-prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz follows up on this approach by noting that households across the world are currently burdened with debt. For businesses to grow, he argues, government and consumer expenditure must kick in first. Austerity measures lower the spending capacity of households, and are therefore considered under-productive. Another recipient of the Nobel Prize, Paul Krugman, points to the recent experiences of countries such as Ireland, Latvia and Estonia. Countries that implement austerity are the “good soldiers” of the crisis, he notes, implementing savage spending cuts. “But their reward has been a slump—and financial markets continue to treat them as a serious default risk”, In the United Kingdom, Prime Minister David Cameron defended the necessity of austerity measures for his country by denouncing the frivolity of governments that ratchet up spending at a time the economy is contracting. This is in line with the counter-Keynesian viewpoint, known broadly as the neoclassical position, Neoclassical economists argue that business is “inspired” by fiscally conservative governments, and this “confidence” helps re-ignite the economy. A British think-tank economist, Marshall Auerback, questions this line of thinking, wondering if Cameron suggests governments should only “ratchet up spending when the economy is growing.” This, Auerback warns, should be avoided because it presents genuine inflationary dangers. Questions 27-31 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet. ‘A government can undergo austerity measures by cutting spending and/or raising 27 - If banks do not believe that a government will settle its debts, they may ask for 28 that are too high to pay back. In these cases, the IMF is sometimes prepared to lend money to these governments. One of the conditions of IMF loans is that recipient countries undergo austerity measures to reduce their 29 . and repay any debts. www.TopSage.com 25The IMF has attracted criticism for its role in Asia after the 1997 financial crisis, The crisis was caused when international investors pulled their money out of the region at once, causing 30 to fail and ‘unemploymentto rise. The IMF's austerity measures set conditions that lowered incomes and 31 ‘These policies have caused great suffering intemationally Questions 32-35 Choose FOUR letters, AG. Write the correct letters in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet. Which four items are identified as features of the Greek government's austerity measure programme in 20107 ‘A reducing public sector wages between 2010 and 2014 B cutting allowances for public sector workers C raising the sales tax D__ making the compulsory retirement age the same for both genders E__ imultiple general strikes F making cigarettes more expensive G _ eliminating the budget deficit Questions 36-40 Look at the following statements (Questions 36-40) and the list of people below. ‘Match each person with an appropriate statement, AF. Write the correct letter, AF, in boxes 36~40 on your answer sheet. 36 John Maynard Keynes 37. David Cameron 38 Marshall Auerback 39. Joseph Stiglitz 40° Paul Krugman List of Statements Businesses will grow after the government and consumers spend more. Harsh austerity measures have caused some economies to decline. Goverment spending can help a country get out of debt. Governments should not raise spending while the economy is expanding. It is wasteful for governments to spend while the economy is getting smaller. Governments that introduce austerity measures are rewarded with economic success. amp Ae 26 www.TopSage.comRen WRITING TASK 1 ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The table below gives information about the percentage of land covered by forest in various countries in 1990 and 2005, with estimated figures for 2015. ‘Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. ‘Write at least 150 words. ‘Percentage of land Ce occas anean ee Australia 21.9 213 20.0 New Zealand 28.8 31.0 323 Chile 215 22.0 WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this topic. Write about the following topic: Some people believe that the advent of economical air travel has been very beneficial by ‘making international travel more accessible, while others argue that it has had a very negative impact. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience. Write at least 250 words. 2 ‘www. TopSage.comPart 1 Introduction and Interview (4-5 minutes) Introduction (compulsory) © Good moming/aftemoon. My name is ___. Can you tell me your full name, please? © What should I call you? © Could you tell me where you're from? © Can I see your identification, please? ‘Thank you. Now in this first part I'd like to ask you some questions about yourself. Interview (choose 1) Let's talk about where you live. © Can you describe the area which you live in? © Are there any disadvantages to living in this area? | © How long have you lived in this area? * Would you recommend living in this area to others? Why/Why not? Let's talk about your studies. © Which university or school are you studying at? © Which course are you studying/ What is your major? © Why did you select this course/major? * Do you have to travel far to university/school each day? Interview (choose 2) Now, let's talk about cooking. | * Who normally does the cooking in your household? | © Doyou think it’s important to share the cooking duties? Why? | © Doyou enjoy cooking? © Do you think you will cook more often in the future? Why? | Let's talk about noises and sounds. © What kinds of sounds or noises do you commonly hear? © Which types of sounds or noises do you enjoy most? Why? © Are there some sounds or noises which you dislike? Why? © _ Which noises or sounds do you recall from when you were a child? www. TopSage.comNow let's talk about messages. '* How do you usually send messages to people? © Have you always used this method? ‘© What do you like about sending messages in this way? | . | | How much time do you spend sending messages? Part 2 Individual Long Turn (34 minute: Now, I'm going to give you a topic and I'd like you to talk about it for one to two minutes. Before you talk, you'll have one minute to think about what you're going to say. You can make some notes if you wish. Do you understand? Here's some paper and a pencil for making notes and here's your topic: Td like you to describe a newspaper or magazine which you read. | Describe a newspaper or magazine which you read. ‘You should say: which newspaper or magazine it is and what how offen you read it where you read it about and say whether or not you enjoy reading this newspaper or magazine, and why. Rounding off questions: Would you recommend this newspaper/magazine to others? © Do you have much time to read? Part 3 Two-way Discussion (4-5 minutes) We've been talking about a newspaper/magazine which you read and now I'd like to discuss with you one | or two more general questions related to this. Let's consider first the topic of media. | © How have the ways people access the media changed in your country over the last decade? + Theissue of Internet-based music and video piracy has become eitieal. What do you think canbe | done about this problem? | © As electronic media becomes more and more accessible, many forms of print media are | disappearing. Do you consider this to be a positive or negative trend? —_____| Now, let’s talk about the role of the media in your country, ] ‘© What type of responsibility, if any, do you believe the media has to the general public? ‘© Some people think the media is highly influential in spreading new ideas and trends. What's your opinion? © How do you think the role of the media might change in the future? Why? 29 www. TopSage.comTest 3 rns SECTION1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-5 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. Example How long was Nadia away? A five minutes (B) fifteen minutes C forty-five minutes 1 What did Nadia buy at the bookshop? ‘A anewspaper B anovel C crossword puzzles 2 Thomas is interested in the play about A ahunter. B_ apirate. © adoctor. 3 The couple in the bookshop were discussing A. a funny play. B__asmooth play. Ca boring play. 4 How does Nadia want her coffee? A. sweet and black B with milk C black with no sugar 5 What kind of muffin does Nadia want? A. plain B beny C chocolate Questions 6-10 How likely are Thomas and Nadia to visit the following attractions? Write the correct letter, A, B or C next to questions 6-10. 30 ‘www. TopSage.comA. they will definitely visit B they might visit C they will not visi 6 the Tower of London 9 the British Museum 7 the Wheel 10 Buckingham Palace 8 Westminster SECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-15 Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. 11 What time does the museum open on Thursday moming? 12 How much does it cost to hire a multi-media guide? 13. Where should visitors leave their coats and bags? 14 How much does it cost to leave a package there? 15. Where can visitors buy a cup of tea? Questions 16-20 Label the plan below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. China & 8. E. Asia |; 34 www. TopSage.comSECTION 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-30 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. 32 Use scientific method based on empirical evidence (= 21... Find a research problem or question = a commonly held belief e.g, lack of sleep has negative impact on 22... = review the literature — an everyday problem: eg, research different memorisation Define your variables Develop a hypothesis Conduct 24 ~ books: journals; online databases & websites research ~ make nates and create 25 .. Select an experimental design = pre-experimental = experimental group only = quasi-experimental = include control group but not random = true experimental = both kinds of groups + random Standardise your 26 .. = compare like with like Choose your participants Use different 27 = random sample = select from same group — stratified random sample = select from subscts with different 28 7 Conduct tests and collect data Analyse the results — use 29... methods (to be covered next week) Write up and communicate results - 30. and snes Of paper is important; tips for writing (to be covered next two weeks) www. TopSage.comSECTION 4 Questions 31-40 Questions 31-34 Complete the table below. Write ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer. 600 560 ‘coarse grain ‘cereal grown for 34 300 Questions 35-39 Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Production of Rice Rice gives more 35 per hectare than other cereal crops and production has increased over 100% in recent years because of better yields. Land area has only increased by 30% due to the need for wet land s0 availability of land is quite limited by 36 . type and 37 . supply. The dry-land variety gives poorer yields and poorer 38 - No weed killers have been developed yet that do not harm the main crop. Heavy machines are unable to work in paddy fields so most rice is still grown 39 .. Question 40 Complete the diagram below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for the answer. Total Rice Production 33 www. TopSage.comRoce) READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages. Questions 1-5 Reading Passage | has five sections, A~E. Choose the correct headings for sections A~E from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i~ix, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. | List of Headings | i Mushrooms that glow in the dark Bright creatures on land and inthe sea Evolution’s solution iv Cave-dwelling organisms ¥ Future opportunities in biological engineering vi Nature's gift to medicine vii Bioluminescence in humans viii Purposes of bioluminescence in the wild | ix Luminescent pets Section A. Section B Section C Section D Section E ‘A. Inthe pitch-black waters of the ocean's aphotic zone—depths from 1000 m to the sea floor—good eye sight does not count for very much on its own. Caves, in addition, frequently present a similar problem: the complete absence of natural light at any time of the day. This has not stopped some ‘organisms from turing these inhospitable environments into their homes, and in the process many have created their own forms of light by developing one of the stunning visual marvels of the biological universe—bioluminescence. www. TopSage.comB_ Many people will encounter bioluminescence at some point in their life, typically in some form of glow- worm, which is found on most continents. North and South America are home to the “firefly”, a glowing beetle which is known as a glow-worm during its larvae stage. Flightless glowing beetles and worms are also found in Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Less common flies, centipedes, mollusks and snails have bioluminescent qualities as well, as do some mushrooms. The most dramatic examples of bioluminescence, however, are found deep below the ocean’s surface, where no sunlight can penetrate at all. Here, anglerfish, cookie-cutter sharks, flashlight fish, lantern fish, gulper eels, viper fish and many other species have developed bioluminescence in unique and creative ways to facilitate their lives. The natural uses of bioluminescence vary widely, and organisms have learnt to be very creative with its use. Fireflies employ bioluminescence primarily for reproductive means—their flashing patterns advertise a firefly’s readiness to breed. Some fish use it as a handy spotlight to help them locate prey. Others use it as a lure; the anglerfish, for example, dangles a luminescent flare that draws in gullible, ‘smaller fishes which get snapped up by the anglerfish in an automated reflex. Sometimes bioluminescence is used to resist predators. Vampire squids eject @ thick cloud of glowing liquid from the tip of its arms when threatened, which can be disorientating. Other species use a single, bright flash to temporarily blind their attacker, with an effect similar to that of an oncoming car which has not dipped its headlights. D_ Humans have captured and utilised bioluminescence by developing, over the last decade, a technology known as Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI). BLI involves the extraction of a DNA protein from a bioluminescent organism, and then the integration of this protein into a laboratory animal through trans- geneticism. Researchers have been able to use luminised pathogens and cancer cell lines to track the respective spread of infections and cancers. Through BLI, cancers and infections can be observed without intervening in a way that affects their independent development. In other words, while an ultra-sensitive camera and bioluminescent proteins add a visual element, they do not disrupt or mutate the natural processes. As a result, when testing drugs and treatments, researchers are permitted a single perspective of a therapy’s progression. E__ Once scientists learn how to engineer bioluminescence and keep it stable in large quantities, a number of other human uses for it will become available. Glowing trees have been proposed as replacements for electric lighting along busy roads, for example, which would reduce our dependence on non-renewable energy sources. The same technology used in Christmas trees for the family home would also eliminate tthe fire danger from electrical fairy lights. It may also be possible for crops and plants to luminesce when they require watering, and for meat and dairy products to “tell us” when they have become contaminated by bacteria. In a similar way, forensic investigators could detect bacterial species on corpses through bioluminescence. Finally, there is the element of pure novelty. Children’s toys and stickers are often made with glow-in-the-dark qualities, and a biological form would allow rabbits, mice, fish, and other pets to gow as well www. TopSage.comQuestions 6-9 Choose FOUR letters, A~G. Write the correct letters in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet. ‘Which FOUR uses are listed for bioluminescence in nature? ‘ways of attracting food tracing the spread of diseases mating signals growing trees for street lighting drug trials defensive tactics a torch to identify food asmoaeDp Questions 10-13 Complete the sentences below. (Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. 10 The luminescent fluid that a Vampire Squid emits has a. 11 In order to use bioluminescence in a trans-genetic environment, from a bioluminescent creature, 12 One advantage of BLI is that it could allow researchers to see how a treatment is working without altering or disturbing 13. In the future, effect on its predator. must first be removed may be able to use bioluminescence to identify evidence on dead bodies. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. CHANGES IN. BODY IMAGE A\ The pressures on women to look slender, youthful and attractive have been extensively documented, but changing expectations for women’s bodies have varied widely. From voluptuous and curvy in the days of Marilyn Monroe, to slender and androgynous when Twiggy hit the London scene in the mid-1960s, and then on to the towering Amazonian models of the 1980s and the “heroin chic” ‘and size-zero obsession of today, it is not just clothes that go in and out of fashion for women. The prevailing notion of the perfect body for men, however, has remained remarkably static: broad shoulders, a big chest and arms, and rippling, visible abdominal muscles and powerful legs have long been the staple ingredients of a desirable male physique. B_ A growing body of evidence suggests this is changing, however. Rootsteins, a mannequin design ‘company in Britain, has released its newest male model—the homme nouveau—with a cinched-in 27- inch waist. “To put that into perspective,” says one female fashion reporter, “I had a 27-inch waist 36 www. TopSage.comwhen I was thirteen...and I was really skinny.” The company suggests that the homme nouveau “redresses the prevailing ‘beefcake’ figure by carving out a far more streamlined, sinuous silhouette to match the edgier attitude of a new generation”. C__ Elsewhere in the fashion industry, the label American Apparel is releasing a line of trousers in sizes ro larger than a 30-inch waist, which squeezes out most of the younger male market who have an average waistline over five inches larger. Slender young men are naturally starting to dominate the catwalks and magazine pages as well. “No one wanted the big guys,” model David Gandy has said, describing how his muscled physique was losing him jobs. “It was all the skinny, androgynous look. People would look at me very, very strangely when I went to castings.” D Achieving such a physique can be unattainable for those without the natural genetic make-up. “I don’t know that anyone would consider my body archetypal or as an exemplar to work towards,” notes model Davo McConville. “You couldn’t aim for this; it’s defined by a vacuum of flesh, by what it’s not.” Nevertheless, statistics suggest it is not just an obsession of models, celebrities and the media—more and more ordinary men are prepared to go to great lengths for a slender body. One indication is the growing number of men who are discovering surgical reconstruction. Male breast-reduction has become especially popular; in 2009 the year-on-year growth rate for this procedure rose to 44 percent in the United Kingdom. Liposuction also remains popular in the market for male body reconstructive surgery, with 35,000 such procedures being performed on men every year. E Additionally, more men now have eating disorders than ever before. These are characterised by normal eating habits, typically either the consumption of insufficient or excessive amounts of food. Eating disorders are detrimental to the physical and mental condition of people who suffer from them, and the desire to achieve unrealistic physiques has been implicated as a cause. In 1990 only 10% of people suffering from anorexia or bulimia were believed to be male, but this figure has climbed steadily to around one quarter today. Around two in five binge eaters are men. Women still make up the majority of those afflicted by eating disorders, but the perception of it being a “girly” problem has contributed to men being less likely to pursue treatment. In 2008, male eating disorders were thrust into the spotlight when former British Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott, admitted to habitually gorging on junk food and then inducing himself to vomit while in office. “I never admitted to this out of the shame and embarrassment,” he said. “I found it difficult as a man like me to admit that I suffered from bulimia.” F In some respects, the slim male silhouette seems to be complementing, rather than displacing, the G. L Joe physique. Men's Health, one of the only titles to weather the floundering magazine market with sales increasing to a quarter of a million per issue, has a staple diet of bulky men on the cover who entice readers with the promise of big, powerful muscles. Advertising executives and fashion editors suggest that in times of recession and political uncertainty, the more robust male body image once again becomes desirable. Academic research supports this claim, indicating that more “feminine” features are desirable for men in comfortable and secure societies, while “masculine” physical traits fare more attractive where survival comes back to the individual. A University of Aberdeen study, conducted using 4,500 women from over 30 countries, found a pronounced correlation between levels of public healthcare and the amount of effeminacy women preferred in their men. In Sweden, the 7 www. TopSage.comcountry considered to have the best healthcare, 68 percent of women preferred the men who were the country with the worst healthcare in the study, only 45 percent of women were so inclined. “The results suggest that as healthcare improves, more ‘masculine men fall out of favour,” the researchers concluded. shown with feminine facial features. In Brazil G Ultimately, columnist Polly Vernon has written, we are left with two polarised ideals of masculine beauty. One is the sleek, slender silhouette that exudes cutting-edge style and a wealthy, comfortable lifestyle. The other is the “strong, muscular, austerity-resistant” form that suggests a man can look after himself with his own bare hands. These ideals co-exist by pulling men in different directions and encouraging them to believe they must always be chasing physical perfection, while simultaneously de- stabilising any firm notions of what physical perfection requires. H_ Asa result, attaining the ideal body becomes an ever more futile and time-consuming task. Vernon. concludes that this means less time for the more important things in life, and both sexes should resist the compulsive obsession with beauty. Questions 14-20 Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, AH. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, AH, in boxes 14~20 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 14 an opinion on whether body image changes have positive or negative effects 15 a historical comparison of gendered body images 16 a humiliating confession of overeating by a public figure 17 acosmetic operation that has become increasingly popular 18 a health condition afflicting increasing numbers of men 19 the effect of changing body ideals on a male model 20 an explanation of how living standards affect the desirability of male physiques Questions 21-26 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOTGIVEN _jfitis impossible to say what the writer thinks about this A thin body is achievable for men regardless of their genes. Male liposuction is more popular than male breast-reduction. Eating disorders harm the mind and body. ‘Women seek help for eating disorders more often than men. ‘Men's Health has suffered from a downturn in magazine sales. ‘As public healthcare improves men become more feminine, RREBBE www. TopSage.comREADING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. BATS, SHOOTS AND LEAVES — a book review The tile of Eats, Shoots and Leaves refers to a famously misplaced comma in a wildlife manual that ended up suggesting a panda rather violently “eats, shoots and leaves” instead of eating shoots and Icaves. The author of this book, journalist Lynne Truss, is something akin to a militant linguist, dedicating this “zero tolerance” manifesto on grammar to the striking Bolshevik printers of St Petersburg who, in demanding the same remuneration for punctuation as they received for letters, ended up setting in motion the first Russian Revolution. ‘Some of the book involves humorous attacks on erroneous punctuation. There is the confused Shakespearian thespian who inadvertently turns a frantic plea: “Go, get him surgeons!” into the cheerful encouragement of “Go get him, surgeons!” Street and shop signs have a ubiquitous presence. A bakery declares “FRESH DONUT’S SOLD HERE” and a florist curiously announces that “Pansy’s here!” (|s she?). The shameless title of a Hollywood film 7wo Weeks Notice is reeled in for cctiticism—"Would they similarly call it One Weeks Notice?”, Truss enquires—and sometimes, as in the cose of signs promoting “ANTIQUE’S” and. “Potatoe’s”—one questions whether we are bearing witness to new depths of grammar ignorance, or o postmedem caricature of atrocious punctuation, Eats, Shoots and Leaves is not just a piece of comedy and ridicule, however, and Truss has plenty fo offer on the question of proper grammar usage. If you have ever wondered whether it is acceptable to simply use an “em dash”? in place of a comma—the verdict from Truss is that you can. “The dash is less formal than the semicolon, which makes it more attractive,” she suggests. “Itenhances conversational tone; and...it is capable of quite subtle effects.” The author concludes, with characteristic wry condescension, that the em dash’s popularity largely rests on people knowing itis almost impossible to use incorrectly. Truss is a personal champion of the semicolon, a historically contentious punctuation mark elsewhere maligned by novelist Kurt Vonnegut Jr., as a “transvestite hermaphrodite representing absolutely nothing”. Coming to the semicolon’s defense, Truss suggests that, while it can certainly be over-used—she refers to the dying words of one 20th century writer: “ should have used fewer semicolons”—the semicolon can perform the role of a “a kind of Special Policeman in the event of comma fights”. Truss has come under criticism on two broad points. The frst argument criticises the legitimacy of her authority as a punctuation autocrat. Louis Menand, writing in the New Yorker, details Eats, Shoots and Leaves' numerous grammatical and punctuation sins: a comma-free non-restrictive clause; a superfluous ellipsis; « misplaced apostrophe; a misused parenthesis; two misused semicolons; on erroneous hyphen in the word “abuzz”, and so on. In fact, as Menand notes, half the semicolons in the Truss book are spuriously deployed because they stem from the author's open flouting of the rule 1 Emdash= www. TopSage.com methat semicolons must only connect two independent clauses. “Why would a person not just vague about the rules but disinclined to follow them bother to produce a guide to punctuation?” Menand inquires. Ulimately, he holds Truss accused of producing a book that pleases those who “just need to vent” and concludes that Eats, Shoots and Leaves is actually « tirade against the decline of language cand print that disguises itself, thinly and poorly, as some kind ofa style manuel Linguist David Chrystol has criticised what he describes as a “linguistic purism” coursing through Truss’ book. Linguistic purism is the notion that one variety of language is somehow more pure than others, with this sense of purity often based on an idealised historical point in the language's development, but sometimes simply in reference to an abstract ideal. In The Fight for English: How Language Pundis Ato, Shot and Left, Chrystat—a former colleague of Truss—condemns the no-holds-barred approach to punctuation and grammar. “Zero tolerance does not allow for flexibility,” he argues. “It is prescriptivism taken to extremes. It suggests that language is in a state where all the rules are established with 100 per cent certainty. The suggestion is false. We do not know what all the rules of punciuation are, And no rule of punctuation is followed by all ofthe people all ofthe time.” Other detractors of Truss’ “prescriptivism” are careful to disassociate needless purism from robust and sensible criticism, an oppositional stance they call descriptivism. “Don't ever imagine,” Geoffrey K Pullum on the Language Log emphasises, “thot I think all honest attempts ot using English are just as good as any others. [Bad] writing needs to be fixed. But lets make sure we fix the right things.” In other words, we do not require a dogmatic approach to clean up misused language. Charles Gaulke concurs, noting that his opposition to “prescriptivism” does not require contending with the existence of standards themselves, but questioning whether our standards should determine what works, or whether what works should determine our standards Ultimately, itis unlikely the purists and pedagogues will ever make absolute peace with those who see language os a fiid, creative process within which everyone has a role to play. Both sides can learn to live in a sort of contentious harmony, however. Creativity typically Involves extending, adapting and critiquing the status quo, and revising and reviving old traditions while constructing new ones. Rules must exist in order for this process to take place, if only for them to be broken. On the flip side, rules have an important role to play in guiding our language into forms that can be accessed by people across all manner of differences, so itis vital to acknowledge the extent to which they can be democratic, rather than merely autocratic in function, Nevertheless, all the regulations in the world cannot stem the natural spring of language, which bursts through rivets and snakes around the dams that linguistic authorities may try to put in place. We should celebrate rather than curse these inevitable tensions. Questions 27-32 Look at the following statements (Questions 27-32) and the list of people below. Match each statement with the correct person, A~E. Write the correct letter, AE, in boxes 2732 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 27 Mistakes should be corrected on the basis of common sense. 28. No one has legitimacy as an ultimate authority on punctuation use. 40 www. TopSage.com29 Eats, Shoots and Leaves is not the type of book it claims to be. 30 The idea that some forms of language can be better than others is wrong. 31. The semicolon has no real purpose. 32 We can ask whether rules are helpful without undermining the need for rules. List of People Kurt Vonnegut Jr. A B_ Louis Menand € David Chrystal D Geoffrey K. Pullum E Charles Gaulke Questions 33-37 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet. Eats, Shoots and Leaves is a book on punctuation by journalist Lynne Truss, who could be described as a 3 . She dedicates the book to the Bolshevik Printers who started the 34... by protesting for better pay conditions. The book is partly @ humorous criticism of incorrect punctuation. Some of the examples are so bad it is possible that they are actually a 35... ‘Truss also guides the reader on correct punctuation usage. She likes the em dash because it is not as 6 .8 the semicolon, for example, but remains a 37 .. .. of the latter due to its ability to discipline areas of text that are crowded with commas. Questions 38-40 Choose THREE letters, A-G. Write the correct letters in boxes 38—40 on your answer sheet. Which THREE of the following statements form part of the author's conclusion? Rules prevent the creation of new things, ‘A centralised point of control can effectively guide the flow of language. Both the descriptivists and prescriptivists have important roles to play in language evolution. Disputes over matters of language rules need not be condemned. Prescriptivists and descriptivists are both wrong. Rules help everyone use language and do not merely prescribe usage. ‘An essential part of creativity is the rejection of that which has come before. ammupawE www. TopSage.com “Ree WRITING TASK 1 ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on this task, The bar graph gives information about the number of library books borrowed from Lammertown Public Library in 1991 and 2001 and the pie chart gives information about the library’s membership in 2010. ‘Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant, Write at least 150 words. Lary Membership, Larnertown, 2010 WRITING TASK 2 ‘You should spend about 40 minutes on this topic. ‘Write about the following topic: With the increasing use and development of new technology, many machines are now able to do the work which people used to perform. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this trend? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience. Write at least 250 words. ‘Www, TopSage.comPrEwann Part 1 Introduction and Interview (4-5 minutes) Introduction (compulsory) © Good moming/aftemoon, My name is Can you tell me your full name, please? © What should I call you? © Could you tell me where you're from? © Can I see your identification, please? ‘Thank you, Now in this first part I'd like to ask you some questions about yourself. Interview (choose 1) Let’ talk about where you live. © Which region of the country are you originally from? © What do you like most about this region? © Would you recommend living in this region to others? { Let’ talk about your studies. ‘© What type of course are you studying at the moment? * What type of'job or career will this course lead to? * What do you enjoy most about being a student? Interview (choose 2) ‘Now, let's talk about advertisements. © What kinds of advertisements do you like to watch or listen to? Why? © Have you ever bought something as a result of an advertisement? © Which do you prefer: advertisements on television or on the radio? Why? © What changes would improve advertisements in your country? Why? Let's talk about seasons and the weather. ‘© Which season do you enjoy most? Why? ‘© What type of activities do you do during this season? ‘© Would you prefer to live in a cold climate or a warm climate? Why? © Are there any festivals associated with particular seasons in your country? 43 www. TopSage.com‘Now let's talk about learning languages. © How long have you been leaming English? © How much of your time do you spend learning English? © What do you enjoy most about leaming a language? Why? © Do you find it easy or difficult to learn new languages? Why? Part 2 Individual Long Turn (3-4 minutes) Now, I'm going to give you a topic and I'd like you to talk about it for one to two minutes. Before you talk, ‘you'll have one minute to think about what you're going to say. You can make some notes if you wish. Do ‘you understand? Here's some paper and a pencil for making notes and here's your topic: like you to describe a break you took. Describe a break you took recently to relax from work or study. | You should say: why you needed a break what you did to relax how you felt before and after taking the break | and say whether or not you felt relaxed afterwards or not. Rounding off questions: © Doyou often take breaks? © Doyou generally find it easy or difficult to relax? Part 3 Two-way Discussion (4-5 minutes) ‘We've been talking about taking breaks from work or study, and now I'd like to discuss with you one or ‘two more general questions related to this. Let's consider first the topic of relaxation. © What do most people in your country do to relax? © Some people think that relaxation techniques such as meditation should be introduced into the workplace and schools. What's your opinion? ® Do you think that people will be more or less relaxed in the future? Why? | Now, let's tak about stress ‘What do you think are some of the reasons why people experience stress? ‘© Do you think there are any advantages to stress? © What are some ofthe effects of stress on people in your country? www. TopSage.comTest 4 SECTION1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-6 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. REQUEST FOR COMMERCIAL LEASE Name: Mr Rich Example Answer Company: lor tadustries Preferred location: 1 Near: 2 Size: 3 Number of staff: 4. Special needs: 5 cess parieing for mobility scooter Moving date: duving month of 6 nu Questions 7-10 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Requirements: Good lift access Large lobby Removal of some 7 sn B conneene t00 small—make bigger Change office near entry to storeroom, New: = paintwork | = lights — blinds -9 © Minirmum length of lease 10 ....nnune (With right of renewal) ‘www. TopSage.comSECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-14 Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. ‘After high school some people travel, find a(an) 11... for further education. If you decide to go straight on to more study, to start with you should think about your 12 .. You'll also need to consider whether your 13 .. Will help you eventually get a good job. After course selection, you should decide on study goals: how many papers to take and what 14 ... you . of take on temporary work to save money want to achieve. Questions 15-20 Where would you go for information or resources? Write the correct letter, A, B, or C next to questions 15-20. | ‘A from an Internet website B in the form of personal advice or guidance C__ onthe availability of financial assistance 15 Higher Education Providers 16 Apprenticeship Scheme 17 School Careers Advisor 18 Career Services 19. Student Support Association 20. Libraries SECTION3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-30 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. © Research Topic — Instant Messaging addiction in teenagers © Demographics = 450 21. Province © Scope — Does IM addiction exist? = What are the symptoms? . completed by random sample of middle school students, Jiangsu 46 www. TopSage.com— Can it be predicted? Does it affect schoolwork? = 25 sae * Predictors of IM addiction = 6 27 so = Note: high level users who are not addicts tend to use IM to chat with friends rather than 28 © Conch ~ Differences exist between high use and addiction but both have 29 ... academic scores. * Recommendations — Parents ought to take notice of teenagers’ IM usage and offer suitable 30 .nrsnunnnn and control their use of IM. ions effect on SECTION 4 Questions 31-40 Questions 31 and 32 Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. 31 Where are the British Isles situated? Inthe... . 32. The Venn diagram is being used to help students see the difference between geographic and what other regions? Questions 33-36 Label the diagram below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. 47 www. TopSage.comQuestions 37-40 Complete the sentences below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. 37 Theres... . with language also when it comes to describing the British Isles. 38. The northermost point of Ireland belongs to the Republican of Donegal. 39 A Welshman will be upset if you call him... 40 The former British Empire is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations to avoid recalling previous relationships. 48 ‘Www, TopSage.comPEON READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages. Questions 1-6 Reading Passage | has six sections, A~F. Choose the correct headings for sections A~F from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, ix, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i Nogive-aways for addictive products fi Sales of razor blades increase astronomically fii Monopoly of consumables is vital for success iv Video gaming a risky business ¥ Anovel method of dual marketing ruled out vi Freebie marketing restricted to legal goods vii Buyer ingenuity may lead to bankruptcy viii A marketing innovation ix A product innovation x ‘More money to be made from high quality products 1 Section A 4 Section D 2 Section B 5 Section E 3° Section C 6 Section F “Freebie” mark ng A. In the late 18905, while travelling as an ftinerant solesperson for the Crown, Cork and Seal Company, King ©. Gillette observed how his corked bottle caps were discarded Immediately after opening. Nevertheless, his company turned a healthy profit cnd there was Immense business value, Gillette soon came to realise, In a product that was used only a few times. Gillette had his own persona! breakthrough while struggling with a straight-bladed razor—a slow, fiddly and potenticlly dangerous instrument that required sharpening on a regular basis. A simple, disposable blade that could be thrown away when It dulled would meet a real need and generate 49 www. TopSage.comstrong profits, he correctly reasoned. After founding the American Safety Razor Company in 1901, his sales leapt from 168 blades In 1903 to 123,648 blades only a year later. B_ What king ©. Gillette ploneered Is far more than a convenient and affordabie way for men to shave, however, itis the business practice now known as. “freeble marketing” that has inspired many more companies over the years. Gillette's approach was contrary to the received wisdom of his era, which held that @ single, durable, high-quality and relatively expensive consumer Item with @ high profit margin was the best foundation for a business. Freebie marketing Involves two ‘sets of items: @ master product that Is purchased once, and a consumabie product that is frequently disposed of and repurchased on an ongoing basis. In this Instance, the master product Is often sold with little £0 no profit margin and Is sometimes even dispensed at a loss. AS the consumables are purchased over months and years, however, this can yleld a much greater overall profit. C_ Freebie marketing only works If the producer of the master item Is also able to maintain control over the creation and distribution of the consumables. If this does not happen, then cheaper versions of the consumable Items may be produced, leaving the original company without a source of profit. The video game company Atari, for example, initiolly sold its Atari 2600 consoles at cost price while relying on game sales for profit. Several programmers left Atari, however, and began a new company called Activision which produced cheaper games of a similor quatity. Suddenly, Atari was left with ne way to make money. Lawsults to block Activision folled, and Atari survived only by adding licensing measures to Its subsequent 5200 and 7800 consoles. D in other instances, consumers sometimes find that uses for a master product circumvent. the need to purchase consumables. This phenomenon Is well known to have afflicted the producers of GueGat barcode readers. These were given away free through Wired magazine with the Intention that they would be used by customers to scan: barcodes next to advertisements In the publication and thus generate new revenue flows. Users discovered, however, that the machines could be easily modified and used for other purposes, such as bullding @ persona! database of book and CD collections. As no licensing agreement was ever reached between Wired and its magazine subscribers, CueCat were poweriess to Intervene, and after company liquidation the barcode readers soon became avaliable In quantities over 500,000 for as little as US$0.30 each. E__ Not all forms of freebie marketing are legal. One notable example of this is the use of freebie marketing to “push” habit-forming goods in areas where there Is otherwise no market. For llega! substances this is already restricted on the basis of the product's illegality, but the use of fresble marketing to promote legal goods such as tobacco, alcohol and pharmaceuticals is also outlawed because the short-term gain to a small number of commercial outlets is not deemed ‘worth the social cost of widespread substance abuse. F Another practice that Is prohibited under antitrust laws Is a form of freebie marketing known as “tying”. This is when a seller makes the sale of one good conditional on the acquisition of a second good. In these Instances the first good Is typically Important and highly cesirabie, while the second Is inferior and undesirable. A music distributor who has the rights to an album 50 www. TopSage.comthat Is in high demand, for exampie, might only allow stores to purchase copies of this album if they also buy unpopulor stock that does not sell very easily. Because this typically Felles’on the, manipulation of a natural monopoly on the part of the distributor, such practices are widely understood to constitute ant!-competitive behaviour. Questions 7-9 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet. 7 The new etic of freebie murketing ran uguinst the . of Gilleue's time, 8 Occasionally people who buy a master product find ways of using it that get around the necessity of buying more .. " Wired never had a with its customers about the use of the barcode readers, Questions 10-13 Complete the summary below. ‘Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. Freebie marketing is not permitted by law for either illegal or legal 10 .... products. This type of promotion of goods such as tobacco and alcohol is not considered worth the 11 and has consequently been outlawed. “Tying” is also prohibited. This is when the sale of an attractive product is 12. on the purchase of another. It tends to occur when the seller takes advantage of a natural monopoly and is generally considered tobe 13, . READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14~26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Tacoma Narrows Bridge — Disaster Strikes ‘When the Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened for trafic on 1 July 1940, it was celebrated as a major engineering achievement, Even before construction was completed, however, flaws in the design were apparent; workers sucked on lemon slices to avoid motion sickness as the structure swayed in the relatively mild winds. Engineers tried three different revisions during construction to address the vibration problem. Initially, tie-down cables ‘were anchored to fifty-tonne bulkheads on the river banks. These were ineffective, as the cables soon detached. Then a pair of inclined cable locks was introduced to connect the main cables to the bridge deck at mid-span, These stayed throughout the bridge's lifespan, but did nothing to reduce vibration. A further measure—the installation of hydraulic dampers between the towers and the floor system—was nullified because the dampers were compromised when the bridge was sand-blasted before painting, 51 www. TopSage.comon ‘Suspender Cable ‘Anchorage Shortly after opening, the bridge quickly acquired the fond nickname of “Galloping Gertie” because of the way it would roll in either side-to-side or length-ways movements—known in physics terms as the longitudinal and transverse modes of vibration respectively. These movements did not compromise the core integrity of the structure, but did make the crossing a somewhat white-knuckle affir. Many drivers reported seeing cars ahead disappear ffom sight several times as they sank into troughs from transverse vibrations (imagine the ripple across a packed stadium during a Mexican wave). The experience of a longitudinal wave is closely analogous, but more accurately associated with the waves one would encounter in the ocean. On a suspension bridge though, these waves are a unique experience—some dare-devils were happy to pay the 75c toll just for the ehrll! Four months later, however, a never-before-seen type of vibration began afilicting the bridge in what were still fairly gentle winds (about 40 kmph). Rather than the simple “wave” motion that characterises longitudinal and transverse vibration, the left side of the bridge would rise while the right side fell, but the centre line of the road would remain completely level. This was proved when two men walked along the centre of the bridge completely unaffected by the rocking motions around them. Visually the bridge's movements seemed to be more like a butterfly flapping its wings than a simple rolling motion. Engineers now understand this to be the torsional mode of vibration, and itis extremely hard to detect. In aeroplane design, for example, even minute shifts of the aircraft's mass distribution and an alteration in one component can affect a component with which it has no logical connection, In its milder forms this can cause a light buzzing noise, similar to that which a wasp or a bumble bee makes, but when allowed to develop unchecked it can eventually cause the total destruction of an aeroplane. The torsional mode of vibration is the consequence of a set of actions known as aerostatic flutter. This involves several different elements of a structure oscillating fom the effect of wind, with each cycle of fluttering building more energy into the bridge's movements and neutralising any structural damping effects. Because the ‘wind pumps in more energy than the structure can dissipate, and the oscillations feed off each other to become progressively stronger, the aerostatic fluttering and torsional vibrations were all but assured to destroy the ‘Tacoma Bridge on the morning of 7 November. At 11.00 a.m. the fluttering had increased to such amplitude that the suspender cables were placed under excessive strain. When these buckled, the weight of the deck transferred to the adjacent cables which in tum were unable to support the weight. These cables buckled, leaving nothing to stop the central deck breaking off into the Tacoma River. It was at around 10.15 am. on 7 November that torsional vibration began afflicting the bridge. This made driving treacherous, and newspaper editor Leonard Coatsworth’s car was jammed against the curb in the centre of the bridge as he attempted to cross. Coatsworth tried to rescue his daughter's cocker spaniel from the back seat but was unsuccessful, and fearing for his life, crawied and staggered to safety on his own. At this point, an engineering professor named Bert Farquharson proceeded onto the bridge in an attempt to save the frightened 62 www. TopSage.comanimal. Farquharson had been video-recording fiom the banks of the river and had just retumed from purchasing more rolls of film. As an avowed dog lover he felt obliged to attempt a rescue. Unfortunately, the professor too was bitten and retreated empty handed, walking off just moments before the cables snapped and the giant concrete mass of the central deck caved inwards and disappeared into the river. Questions 14-16 Complete the notes below. ‘Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 14-16 on your answer sheet. Engineers used various techniques while building the bridge to reduce wobble: © they attached 14 to heavy blocks on the shoreline ‘© they fastened main cables to the middle of the 15 + 16. ‘were placed between the tallest pars of the structure and the deck. Questions 17-19 Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 17-19 on your answer sheet. ‘moves repeatedly to the left and right DB seeeecseee ‘up and down motion; like a wave torsional resembles motions of a 19 Questions 20-24 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet. 20. is a series of actions leading to torsional oscillation. Various components move back and forth from the force of the 21 . Eventually the structure absorbs more 22 .. than itis able to disperse and the 23 . ‘increase in intensity until the structure collapses under the ma. Questions 25 and 26 Choose TWO letters A-E. Write your answers in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet. ‘Which TWO of the following were on the bridge atthe time of the collapse? A. filming equipment B_ asmall dog www. TopSage.comC Leonard Coatsworth’s daughter D_ avehicle E__ Professor Farquharson READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Ebonics in American Vernacular English, Black English, Black Vernecular, and so on—is an African-American language that has its roots in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, es Africon captives devised the means to communicate with each other and with their captors. In the ‘South of the United States, these Pan-African languages co-mingled with Standard English and the Southern dialect, Many uniquely African-American components have arisen over the last two centuries, and all of these Ebonics—also known by @ host of other names such os Afri Influences have forged what is now known as Ebonics. In 1996, debates around the nature of “Ebonics” in the United States came to « head. That year, the Ookland Unified School District in California enacted Resolution 597-003, which officially recognised that African- ‘American students “as part of their culture and history os African people possess ond utilize a language”. Alternatively referred to as Ebonics (literally “black sounds”), African Communication Behaviours, and African Language Systems, this language was declared to be “genetically-based” rather than a dialect of Standard English Within the profession of language research and pedagogy, a strong consensus formed behind the OUSD's decision to recognise Ebonics. Linguistics professor John Rickford noted that Ebonics was not simply choracterised by erroneous grammar and a large slang vocabulary, but that underlying this language was a structured form and process of grammar and phonology that made English learning for Ebonics speakers far more complex @ task than simply dropping bad habits. English teachers, ford counselled, must therefore ‘accept and embrace these complexities. The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) concurred with Rickford, acding that whether or not Ebonics should be defined as a dialect or a language does not matter in terms of its “validity”. While linguists studying Ebonics typically restrain from prescribing edicts in favour of tracking changes in form and style, the LSA did point to the fact thet speakers of Swedish and Norwegian can typically understand each other while conversing in different “languages” whereas Mandarin and Cantonese speckers cannot understand each other's “dialects” to conclude that spatial and social tensions, rather than strict ling ie criteria, were the crucial factors in defining these terms. For many others, however, the OUSD’s decision was tantamount to endorsing lazy, vulgar and “broken” Englith—the equivalent, perhaps, of acknowledging “ of expression. Recognising and fostering the use of informal, culturally-specific spoken language, say these detractors, traps users in a kind of linguistic ghetto in which they can interact with other disenfranchised and ‘excluded citizens, but cannot engage within the public sphere in c meaningful way. Because of the dominance ixt” speck or Intemet slong as @ velid form 54 www. TopSage.comof Standard English in the United States, Ebonics-only speakers are essentially unable to go to university and work in jigh-valved professions, and they are unlikely to be electable to any kind of public office (even In creas with « high density of black residents, those who lose thelr Ebonics-tinged speech patterns tend to be more trusted). Psychology professor Ladonna Lewis Rush has noted, however, that the QUSD’s resolution did not promote Ebonics instruction as an alternative to Standard English in an either-or approach, but was intended to provide «@ better springboard for black achievement in English education. The systematic de-valuation of Ebonics in American society parallels, Rush has argued, the de-valuation of African-Americans in general. While o demeaning attitude con lead to social exclusion, teachers are suggested to think inclusively and encourage Ebonics speakers to use and celebrate their way of speaking while understanding thot the language of the workplace, and of academics, Is Standard English. Nobel Prize-winning journalist Ton! Morrison hos also found @ reciprocal, mutually enriching use for both Ebonics ond Standard English. “There are certain ideas and ways Of thinking | cannot say without recourse to my [ Ebonics] language... know the Standard English. | want to use Into restore the other language, the lingua franca.” In the media, the Ebonics controversy has mostly been portrayed as a revival of black-versus-white confrontation—this time over linguistic differences—but journalist Joan Walsh thinks there are basic elements Inherent in the dispute that people do not want to openly discuss. She considers that there is increasing resentment by black parents and teachers who se Asian and Latino bi rormous amounts of federal and state support going into uot programmes. As immigration continues to increase, @ greater propertion of the school budget is going into these programmes. The question has to be raised: why should immigrant children get English-language assistance as well as reinforcement of their own language and culture while native-born Afticon-Americans get no such resources? Walsh maintcins i ner city black children are more isolated than in the post and have less social interaction with those fluent in Standard English. For this reason they need help by trained teachers to translate the native tongue they hear at home into the English of the classroom. Ebonics should be treated as @ black contribution to culture in the way that jazz and rock-and-roll has been welcomed—the new vocabulary and imagery has added to the American language rather than devalued it. In Walsh's eyes there has always been “white mistrust of how black people handle their business”, but “ the public realm, white disdain yields black intransigence more reliably than ‘i’ comes before ‘e’.” Questions 27-30 Complete the summary below. ‘Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet. Ebonics originated from the 27 . The prisoners found a way to talk to other enslaved Africans as well as t0 28 ... . In southern USA several African languages mixed with English and the local 29 « Over time, many distinctive 30 .....u.mn have been added to produce the Ebonics language of today. www. TopSage.comQuestions 31-37 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A~K, below. Write the correct letter, A~K, in boxes 31-37 on your answer sheet. 31 In 1996, the Oakland Unified School District passed « measure 32 According to John Rickford, itis a good idea when teaching Standard English 33 Linguists studying Black speech patterns are only able 34. The LSA ruled that definitions of “dialect” and “language” are generally a way 38. Critics of vernacular alternatives to Standard English tend 36 Ladonna Rush argues that it is important for educators 37. Toni Mortison finds it necessary to use Ebonics in order to express specific concepts. to recognize the genetic differences between Aftican-American students and others. | to acknowledge the systematic differences that Ebonics speakers must leam to overcome. to consider Ebonics as lazy English rather than a unique form of expression. | to admit Ebonics users to university to gain more knowledge. | to make a statement about particular geo-societal relationships. to compare Scandinavian languages and Chinese dialects. | to declare Ebonics an independent language, and not a variation on English. | to honour positive aspects of Bbonics, while emphasising the necessity of Standard English for formal use. mH mans oamw> « | to approve the language of text messaging as a legitimate mode of communication. | K__ to describe how Ebonics has developed without dictating rules for proper usage. Questions 38-40 Choose THREE letters, AG. Write the correct letters in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet. Which THREE statements below represent the views of Joan Walsh? Linguistic issues are impeding black academic success rather than social issues. Ebonics deserves to be considered as nothing less than a gift to American society. Children of non-English-speaking immigrants should be denied access to limited educational resources. Ebonics is a debate that reflects rising multi-minority tensions and frustration over funding issues. Ebonics is just another hostile encounter between black and white opponents. Many urban African-American children do not have the same exposure to accepted norms of English that they used to, Blacks need more flexibility in their dealings with the white public. mm oAw ° www. TopSage.comRuieain WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The diagram below shows the life cycle of the salmon. ‘Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant, Write at least 150 words. ea In fresh water Spawning Alt > LOE p arts Soe oon WRITING TASK 2 ‘You should spend about 40 minutes on this topic. ‘Write about the following topic: ‘Nowadays, celebrities increasingly have the status of role models, in particular for younger people. Do you see this as a positive or negative development? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience. Write at least 250 words. www. TopSage.com STSpeen Part 1 Introduction and Interview (4-5 minutes) Introduction (compulsory) ‘Thank you. Now in this first part I'd like to ask you some questions about yourself. Good morning/afternoon, My name is ‘What should I call you? Could you tell me where you're from? Can I see your identification, please? Interview (choose 1) Let's talk about whete you live. ‘What type of house do you live in? How many rooms are there? Which is your favourite room in the house? Why? Can you tell me your full name, please? Let's talk about your studies. How many hours do you spend studying each day? ‘Are there any subjects which you like studying more than others? Which subjects are you interested in studying further? Interview (choose 2) 58 ‘Now, let's talk about the Internet. How do you typically use the Internet? Why? Do you find it easy to use the Internet? Why? ‘What do you like most about using the Intemnet? Why? How much of your time do you spend using the Internet? Why? Let's talk about animals. S88 Do you like animals? Why/Why not? Are there any animals that you are afraid of or particularly dislike? Why? Are people in your country generally fond of animals? Why/Why not? Do particular animals have any special meaning in your culture? www. TopSage.com‘Now let’s talk about what you do in your free time. © How do you usually spend your free time? © Doyou prefer to spend your free time with friends or with family? Why? © How often do you have free time? | © What changes would improve the way you spend your free time? Why? Part 2 Individual Long Turn (3-4 minutes) Now, I'm going to give you a topic and I'd like you to talk about it for one to two minutes. Before you talk, you'll have one minute to think about what you're going to say. You can make some notes if you wish. Do you understand? Here's some paper and a pencil for making notes and here's your topic: Td like you to describe a picture ot a photograph that you have seen which you remember clearly. | Describe a picture or photograph that you have seen which you remember clearly. ‘You should say: what the image was where and when you saw it what type of feelings you had when you saw it and say why you think you remember it. Rounding off questions: * Do you enjoy photographic images/paintings/pictures? © Would you recommend this to others? Part 3 Two-way Discu: jion (4-5 minutes) | We've been talking about images, and now Md like to discuss with you one or two more general questions | related to this, Let's consider first the topic of visual ars © What kind of visual art forms are popular in your country? * Many people argue that art should be freely accessible to the publi to enjoy, What's your view? © What do you think of investing money in the arts? | Now, lets talk about creativity © tis often said that creative genius is born, not made. What's your opinion? * How have the ways people express their creativity in your culture changed in the last fifty years? * Many artists make valuable contributions to society through their art, yet struggle to succeed financially. What are the reasons for this? What are the implications of this? 59 www. TopSage.comTest 5 SECTION1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-5 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Hotel Armitage Booking Form Example ‘Answer Name: Relvinones Booking #: Vehicle Registration # Date of Arrival: Room #: ‘Type of room: Standard? Deluxe? Suite? Extra requirements: 7 Identification: Driver's Licence Length of stay: 5. Questions 6-10 Complete the map below. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer. www. TopSage.comSECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-13 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 11 The SIS is ‘A anon-profit making organis B__ owned by an international corporation. C__acollective owned by ordinary people. 12 The IS A has no fees. B__ has low fees. C avoids paying fees. 13. SIS accounts with the same customer number A will be charged for setting up automatic payments. B attract no service charges. C must have a minimum balance. Questions 14-20 Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. SAVINGS OPTIONS | Savings Account - Minimum balance Interest Information Access Earn good rate from first | Via Internet, TXT, Internet Account None dollor. Calculated daily and _ telephone. No account i paid monthly orld . fees ‘None—but higher Biers US AS wow. | Unlimited withdrawals | rates for bigger Calculated daily and paid —_| but better to limit to balances monthly {once a month — Non One interest rate, calculated | Anytime—no penalty None daily and paid on 17... for withdrawals INVESTMENT OPTIONS : Interest Information Calculated daily and paid $1,000 monthly, quarterly, or at maturity _ - Calculated daily and longer term but $5,000 ‘compounded or paid out better returns quarterly [Only at maturity Only at maturity ‘certain percentage of | Different levels of risk and Retir 20 erereereenee before tax | return At6o www. TopSage.com 61