ROA

ANALYSIS
 OUEN
O
INSTANTANEOUS AVARAGE
↑
I

POWER
I

-
EFFECTIVE GRMS
POWER
-
- I COMPLEX POWER
G POWER FACTOR

POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION TI
-
-
 Y

INSTANTANEOUS POINER
S-
.

Power at any
-

is
instant time

e Um cos
VC) = (wt Ev)
+

i (t) : Im Cos (w + + i)

# p() = VC) .
i CH
INSTANTANEOUS POINER
P(t) = (H) . 1 (7) Um Im Cos (W++ > COS (c + +Ei)
=

NO EOS (A-B) (A +B) 1

COSA . COS
.
B = + COS

THEN
P() = UmIm cosCtr-E , ) + YzVmIm cos(2w++Artfi)

PC) - (+ ) POWER ABSORB by the CIRCUIT

POWER ABSORB by
the SOURCE
> C- )
-

due to storage element CAPACITORS

INDUCTORS
INSTANTANEOUS POINER

min
PC)

f7-
↑

In
X

Fa
................

I 7
-

> 12Um Ov-0)

I
V
,
/2
.............

&
-

E
-

>
-
difficult to measure
with the
change time
-

> AVERAGE POWER

-

Watt meter
·
 WATTS
AVERAGE POWER INSTANTANEOUS POWER
-

OVER ONE PERIOD

p =(
=

,
PCH) dt

= UmIm cos (v-01) It

+ * SUm Im Cos (20 + + V +E , )

constant
= Um/m Los (EV _ S It >
-

+ 2 m Im Los S (2w ++Or E)

+

↳ It become sin and Zero

over .
period
 *
AVERAGE POWER Phasos
= VmEv
P-YmIm cos(oV-01) I = Im I
-
P =
&Re[V .
1
*
] = Y2Um1m COS (OV-E,

= ImR
Ev =
=Im
= Im os 0
=

EV-0i =
00
#
,INDOAD
I
/RESISTIVE
0 O

(N
ABSORB POWER

-
(CGL)
II REACTIVE
ABSORB
No AVERAGE
T

-R
PONLI
-

-
 EXAMPLE

e V (t) = 120 CoS (344t + 450) X

i (+ ) = 10 Cos(374t -

100
INSTANTANEOUS POWER

p = vi = 1200 (os (34Dt + 45) (os (34D + -

10)
REMEMBER COSA COSB =
120S (A -
B) + 20s (A +
B)]
p =
600 [ CoS550 + Los (754t + 350)

*
↑ (H) = 344 , 2 + (754 + + 350) IN.
600Cos

AVARAGE POWER...
THE AVERAGE POWER
P = 2
mIm Cos (Ev-Ei)

2
= 120 10·
COS (45-(-10)
= 600
· COS (55)
= 344 . 2 Watts - SIMILAR
to PREVIOUS
RESULT
in Instantanous
power
I
REXAMPLE ↑
=
-
find the average
power supplied

by
,

thesourcesaby
/

orfor
-

resistor
SOLUTION fina I
I = =
3 = 1 118456
, .
57
fina supplied by source

p = //2 (5) (1 118)

,
Cos (300 - 56
57)
,

= 15 W
2

find Absorb by Resistor

IR I = =
1 ,118656 57 .

VR 4 1 118 56 ,57
= 4 IR = ·
,

= 4 , 4442656 54 ,
 then p= 72 (4 472) (1 , 118)
,

Los (56 ,54 56 57)

-

= 215 Watt
OR =Y IMPR
=
Yz (1 118)2(4)
,

Watt
-

= 2, 5

BSUPPORT
OWEN
EXAMPLE ·
A AGAT
N

4600
-

, the average power

60030

Determine
generated by each
and average power absorbed
sources

by each passive element

En
Solution 202

use 440 03
mesh
Analysts Mesh 10 for sure
In= A

Mesh 2 &

J10II + 12 (110 JJ) -

+ 60430° = 0

°
-
T46 + [2 (5 = - 60 430
 12 = -

6300 + 548

55
51 96 j10
] 10
+
2+
=
= ,
=
.
3)
J5

= 10 1 58479 , 1A.

What Next n is find Average Power

ted by sources
# genera
- find Average Power
absorbed by Resistor
DON'T WASTE YOUR TIME TO FIND
A
I
EVERAGE POWERABSORBECBOZERO)
&
D for Voltage sources

P= 42 (60) (10 58) .

Cos (30 49 , 1)
-

= 204 , 8 W
> find
current sources - V
i for
across it first
-
v1 + I1 20
.
+J1011 - 1012 = 0

v1 = 4 :
20 + 510 4 · -
510 10 5879 1
·
, .

80 + 540 50(2 +
/10 34)
:

= -
,

= 80 + 540 -
T20 + 103 , 4
 = 183 ,

184 9866
9 + J 20
21
>
- V Whyi it
=
~
,
,

So >
iICOS (v-0)
/EV)
42 184 48 0
PL00 (6 21
- -
=
,
· ,

=
-
367 , 8
for P absorb by Resistor
-

p = 42V 1 . = 42 (I R) I .
 = 2 12. R =
Y2 .
16 .
20

= 160 W
Proof P = 0

- 364, 8 + 160 + 204 , 8 = 0

·
AGAIN to Remember
AVERAGE POWER ABSORBED
by > Zero
80L-
 PRACTICE MAKE PERFECT ----

calculate the average

&
>

me
400 ↓
Power absorb by 9

each of the five

2000 element in the circuit
40

m
selle
find
analysis
i using mesh

400
Fee
542

20
40
Mesh 1
-
40 + (0- 52) Fa -
(-52)[z) = 0

(0 52) [1
-
+ 222 = 40
- -
-

(1)
Mesh 2
(54 52)12 + 20690 0
( 52) [1 + - =
-
.

T2In + 5212 + 520

= 0

J2I1 + JZlz = -520

10
(2)
In + 12
. . .

= =

Iz =
-
10 -
In
THEN
(0. -

52)11 + 52 (-10 -
(1) = 40

(8 + In -
520 -

= 40
OI1-5 20 .
= 40

&
11 40 = + 520

In =
5 + 525
= 5150 26 .

57
so

F2 - 20 -

In
525)
=

=
- 20 -
(5 +

I - 25 -
52 5.

= 25 , 124 -

174 2,
P40V =
12 (V) (1)
1
Co5CV-01)
(0-26 ,57)
-

= 1/2 ( 40)5 ,5
-
COS

= - 100N

P20490 =
42 (v) (12) (80-01)
205

(25 12) 25 (90 + 14419)

=
42 20 ,
25 W

*
= -

Paverage P&
8
Pos = 42 ( 5913
,

W
= 125
Donal
&
&L > O
-
 eeven
THINGS

F
n

H
!
=

=
RTH

RL +
+
JXTH
JXL
g
CURRENT THROUGH THE LOAD

Iz --

ETH
VTH
+ EL
- +(R -
+5
XL)
The LOAD
AVERAGE POWER TO

= %2 /IRRC = %
/ / RL

=
/z (
.
+5
Z

XL) /
RL
In order to find is through adjust
max
Load Parameter (RLEXL)
so it should
R and - O

⑳Long story
#OP/OXL > 0
then XL =
-XTH
OP/ORL- 0
-

RL R (Th +XL)
2
so =
+
It Become

multi
Enerw ~

S
- complex
ZL = +*
2+ conjugate
00a00000
&
se
~
&
PAX =

I
t

>
-
own
Pmax ?
SOLUTION
thevenin arcuit
egivalent
-

E at Load termma
I

th
10600
using Voltage divider
8 56-

UTH = -
·

10
8 -

56 + 4

=
-JS 10 = , 33
7 -51 ,33
12 56
-

=
7 454-10
,
,
30 YoH
 ver
-

eth
Gottage
2TH =
4 11 (8 -56) + 55
= (8 56)
-

+ 55
4+ 8 -

56
32 - 524 2 , 93 + 54 , 44
=
+ 55 =

256 -
 =* so that
Average Power
· Transfer

·
-

⑳
-
 THE
Nin
PROBLEM

it
·
# As USUAL find the Uth
Use current divider tofind

in
current flow to 5R
Resistor ,

8 54 8 54
-

12
-

12 15
·

: =
+56
⑤
F4 + 5+ 510
= 4168 -
55183A

Vat52 = (4168 -
55 ,83) 5 = 23 , 4 -
5 29 27 ,
= 34 484
,
-
51 , 34
 Vate = VTH = 34 , 40 4 51 , 34
-

Th ?

·
I H
topen
&

7TH = (8 54 + 510)/15
-

(8 + 56)(15 =
5) . 5 40 + 530
= = -

8 +56 + 5 13 + 56

= 3 , 415 +j0 , 432 &

= 3 ,415 -
50 , 432 >E
-

for
Maximum power
transfer
 . the Maximum power Transfer become
then

& 8 .
RTH
= 514 Watt
 E
PRACTISE PROBLEM
No Where to hide
from thevenin

of -
from 0
terminat
a z +H

=
=(80
(01)
(44 ,
j60) 1140) (1-530
+

63 + 514 ,
-
530

95)11-530
 514 45) ( - 5 30)
=
(44
63 ,
+ /
.

=
14 ,
18 -

524 57 . = 29
.
984 -55 03
,

47 , 63 + 514 , 95 -

530

for Maximum Power Transfer RL should

been &
3
tude
↳ of
Mag = 29 , 9830

Now we should obtain the UH

4011-530 =
9-27

of aSee then Voltage

VTH

=
=

(10
9 /27 -

.
2

+ 80 +560.
..

153 50 , 3) 120460
-
10660

54 519, 02 Volt
derider !! = 30 .
-
The circuit become
VT 30 54 519 02

o
.
-
.

I =
---
zTH + RL 17 ,
18 -
5 24 54
.
+ 30

= 0,
67 -
50,05 =
0168x4 -
4 , 41

>
P = Y2/IRR

IIIIIIII
"TUGAS available at the Slide
by yourself then obviously
,

discussed it with your

colleague
i
e
S"
--
B A EFFECTIVE orRMS VaLuE
*
-
1
F
The idea of effective value >
- To
the effectiveness of Voltage or current
measure

delivering power to RESISTI VE LOAD

B
-

-
AGAIN > Resistive Ladd
-- -

THe EffeCTiVe value > o currentthat

-

delivers the same

average power to a
&
RESISTOR as
current
Periodic
She
*
e
en

E
 effec Hoff-vict
leff-Irms Veff Vrms
=

In general x +

EFFECTIVE value of periodic signal is

Its RooT MeAn Square (rms) value
 For i (t) = Im Cos cot
--
Irms =
* So Im cost de

* 1 + Code
= Im
#
Ym + > Vrms Im
for VCH)
=
= cos -

= ECOSCEV
&
mm(os(ove , )
P = Vrms Irm Los(OV-E ) i
 APPARENT POWER POWERFACTOR
If UC)
IC)
=

=
Um iOS (W + EV >
Im Cos(wt +Ei

~
Remember AVERAGE POWER
Vm Im cos (EV-Oi)
p= 2

p = Vrms Irms Cos (EV-oi)

=
SLOS(EV-E , )
the product
APPARENT POWER (VA) is
of the rms value

msIrms voltagent and

POINER FACTOR- Seothephase cosineoftheangle ence
Pf = = LOS (EV-Ei)
-
Pf angle
0 1 -

R-> (v) and (1) Iphase

(EV 01)
-
= 0 +P = 1
CWL , (EV-01) = O

>
-

Pf = 0

> AVERAGE POWER

=O
-

LEADING PF
CURRENT LEADS VOLTAGE
> CAPACITIVE
-
LOAD

LAGGING
CURRENT LAGS VOLTAGE
>
- Inductive Load .
 EXAMPLE
↑ COS (100 + 10
°
)A
>
-

APPARENT POWER
IOct-20 ·Pf Load
·

①
s

I
-
V= 120 COS
element value
forming
series
~
Load ⑪
Solution
S Vrms Irms
APPARENT =

#POWER
10 0 E
120 4
=
=
.

- 240VA
 01
Pf = LOS OV -

=
COSC-20 10)
01866
-

leading
=

minus
LOS 3&

,
1204-26
= -
-
=

44 10
= 304 - 30

= 25, 08-515
 ....

72 -↓ )7
25, 00 En 315
-

↓
Remember
mean
E.
I Resisto -

It
&

has to
O

(= 25 , 98

.....
·

- -
= 15
-
515-> JNC
--
-
! -
= 15> = = -JAS
JWC
.... --- ↓
WC

-
C
2 15
-e
m
from the
Wes now
<↳

W
problem
=
100M
&
C 212,
31MF
= =
100 :
15
 -
POWL2
=
product of
COMPLEX

LS
I the rus

Voltages has Or
VA :
Vo Ampere and complex
conjugate ofthe
current
/
rms
↑
S = P + JQ A phaso
= Vrms Irms
·

= Vrms Frms · GV-E ,

Apparent power =
S = / Vrms-Irms
=

=
---
+ 02

&
Real Power = P= Re(s) = SCOSCEV-E 1)
Reactive Power = Q 1m(s)
= = S sin (EV-Ei)
↑f = =
COS(EV-E1)

E
OR 52 Ims
- Y & ms
E*
-

>7
I
Note :
*
-
comple
sale ↑
CONT

E
-
don't forget
 (watt
P- real power
average power
deliver to Load
caseful powers

react
energy exchange
& - between source a

Reactive Load
-

Hampere
>
- VAR
T
/I 1.

- RLoads (Pf 1)
&
=

o -Cload Cleading Of)

> -L Load (LaggingPf)
-
1945

%
L
O
-

#Neithe
- P + Ja
S
P
Q
=

=
S
5
P

cos(E)
sin(0)
S

&-
--- -

ad
FLE)
the voltage across v()a Load is = Loos (wt-18) Y
through the element
-
in the direction
of the voltage drop is
1 (t) = 1,5 Cos (wt + 500)A

Find (a) the complex and apparent

-

powers
(b) real8 reactive powers
the power factor

&
) ~

·the Load Impedance.

Solution
(a) Vrms =
26-100
Irms
= 50
the complex power is
*
5 Vrms I rms
Complex
·

onjugato
↳ 4- 10 · so
-
=

-2
60 1, 5
=
4-10 50
-

-
.
-

= 456 - 60 VA

the apparent power s= 18) :

45 VA
 600
(b) S = 454 -

= 450s - 60 + 5455in - 60

22, 5
= -

538 97 .

So 222 ,5 W
VAR
Q = 38 .

97
(C) Pf = COS
(60) = 015 (leading)
z =
E 60
oa=

= 404 60 -

z = 20 [ 34 1 64
↑
Capacitive
Impedance

-
 POWER FACTOR
correction
Washing machines
·

·
air conditioner

refrigerator
Induction Motor]Clagging
Low

B --
L e
F
INCREASING
~

-F
I correction) -

of
-

the pro cess of increasing

current
without altering Voltag or
&

to the original Load D

·
 PHASOR Repr .

p = S, COSE- - S1 =
1

cI t
I
COSE
Q, = 51 sin 1 = ,

= I ·
sin, Pane ,
:

- COSE ,

it
Y
>
-

If correctedfrom
IC
IL E- 72
E In mind
↑ never change
as of correction
-

>
-

do

P = S2COS -C

Q2 =
tan2

Qc = Q1 -
Q2
= P (tanp-tan 2)
POWER triangle Normally
find C to

in
a

compensate
Q

O
Mu
n
=
Example
Wenn connected to a 120 V (rms) 60t
,
Power Line
,
Load
a absorbs 4kW at Lagging pf of 0. 8 .

Value of CAPACITANCE to
Find the raise the Pf
to 0 , 98 &

Solution
2050 01 8
↑f 0,8 >
-
1
=

1 = arcCOs 018
= 36 ,
87
↑+ 0, 95 - (0S 2 = 0, 90
2 auc Cos 0
,
:
95
= 18 , 19
From the problem We know

that ↑= 41m and NOT

alter When the PfIS corrected

So
QC PC+anEe-tanE2)
22 -2 --

w Yums w .
Vms
18 ,19)
=
tan 36 , 87-tan
21 ·
60 ·
1202

= 310 , 5 MF
 -
SERATOR
S
similar to DcPower (complex
,
real , reactive) absorb by
Individual Load equal to Power
of the sources
·
I =
In + 12

S = VI* = V (1 * +12)
S = S1 + S2

E
N = V , +V2

S= VI #
=
(Ve + 2)I *

= S1 + 52
S = S1 + 52 + 53 ---
e
ed real a reactive power
- X on J (a) the sources

#
-15
-

42 J22
(b the Line
2200 Load
Vrms = - 10() the
To

!
g

sources
Fine > Load
-
Sung
z = (4 + 52) + (15 310)
- =
14 -

58-
= 20 ,
624-22 , 83 °

I =

20e 25 10
z
, 6422 , 85

(a) Source
S = Vs . = 22060 · 10 , 64 22 85 ,

=
2347 46 ,
- 22 , 85 = (21635 5910 8)VA
-

,
 the real power = 2163 , 5 W
the reactive power = 10 , 8
VAR (lead)

(b) the Line

F Eline
Vine =
.

=
10 . 64 422 850 (P + 52)
,

= 10 1 64 ↳22 , 850 4 472 26

,
57
.

=
47 , 72444 , 4
Sline = Vune It ·

= 44 , 42449, 4010 644 ,

-

22 , 85
 = 500 , 2426 , 57 = 455, 4 +
5227 4
,

OR
?
Shine =
/11 - Line

(10 67)3(4
= .
+ T2)

=
455, 4 + 5227 ,
D
real
P ower 455 4 Watf
> (Lagg)
-

> reactive
-
power 227,7 VAR
the Load
VL = 1 . El
= 10, 67 22 ,
85 · (15 -
510)
64 22, 85 18 , 036-33 ,7
192
= 10 , ·

= , 38 6 - 10 , 87

S2 : VL .
I
10 , 64 4-22 85
= 192 , 386 -
84
10 . · ,

= 20534 - 33 4
. =
(108-51138)
VA
 · real power o AR (read)
So

5 = S1 + 52

221635 5910 8)
-

,
= 455, 4 + 5227 ,
D+
1708-51138
& 4 -( 91013
Ente
W = 2
3H -> JWL =
12 . 3 =
166
0125f -
= I
wC
F
=
=
52
0 15
2 .
0125
 n +
I pada 1 s

16440 -
=
-

=
3104-j
33
-
76 -
25 ,38.

Pr =
1/2 I2 .
R
=
Y2(BD) 2
·
1
= 5 , 68 WATE
=2n = 34 4-25 , 38 =
:3372-55 38
,

2 (2 +) 6
-

= 4152 +
1009 = 45141 19
,.

122 = 1/241512 .
2

20 .

34 Watt

danc
= .

Powe

Average
absorb No
a

E
W = 4
.

i
1H -
JWL
1
(4 .

=
54

EGF =
I
↳ -C
W

e
=
- J

1040
0
.
 160400 ch Vo VI
a

& 2
=

Node 1
- 0
, 50. -
0 , 25 + 0 , 252 - 0 252
, = 0

Vi 160
75 05V0 75V1 12 (0 . 25 10 25)
-

+ + + = 0 - 0 , + -
, = 0
5
I

0 . 5V, 50 , 2 , + 0 , 25V , 0, 252 + 0 ,51

-

-
80 + -
= 0
1 , 25 .. Vi +
j01 -
0 , 252 -
80 = 0

Vi (1 , 25. +
j0,2) - 0 ,
25V2 = 80
V , (1 0 , 252 80
, 25 +
(012) -
=

-
0145/ + Vz (0125 :
10 · 25) = 0

S
I
⑪n

T P
S2P + JQ

=
=
Clead)
P-5Q
SCOSE
tag
-

SOLUTION

S1 = 12 -
j5S
-

0!
12

866
'
SI (cost(Pf)
= SSIE

s=
,
-1
E
= 12 7
-
6 1 93 =
.

P =
Q COSE
STE
S2 =
16 +
J sin (05(pf)

=
16 + 19 ,92
016
0
.

S3 =
+ 520
sin
(005"(Pf))
=
15 + 520

Stotal =
S1 + 2 + S3

=
((2 +
16 + 15) +J C
- 6 , 45 + 4 92 + 20)
,
 = 43 + 22 ,
09 - 43 +/23
VI #
Stotal =

I =
=
+ 5 23(103
3

110

F 014 + 10127
Ig
(0 4 50 / 21) 103
=
, -

=
451 , 47 - 27 , 4 A

S
h
Power

-S

es
Eu
VA
=

=
VI

= 517 45
, 7323 ; 6 VA
-
52 = 242 = 358 ,
13 208 91 VA ,

120-J7O

↳ 5
= = 60 VA

stotal :

(1835 , 9 -

114 ,
697VA
Pf E = 'Arctan (
=
arctan
C-6 ) :

= -
31570
Pf -
& (05G = COS (-3 ,
54)
= 0 1
990 Creading)
 60th source supplies
a 240KV ms ,

combination of a 5-kW
parallel
-

heater and a 30-A Induction

motor whose Pf 0182

the system apparent power

↳
Y
O

· the system reactive power

O the KVA rating of a capaci
tor to adjust
required
the system power factor to
0. 9 Lagging
· the value ofthe capacitor
required
#port
COSE

0=
Pf0182

=
↓
0 82
,

34 , 92
 S1 +S2
S =

S1 = 5000 + O VA
sin
Se = 30000 .
105 J 30
=
.
000
342
96
= 24600 -

517142 ,

29600 (17172 96
-

S = :

a 151 = 34220 , 91 KVA

b & = 17172 96 VAR
,
Pfsystem = Cos (an (1o2 s

= 0 , 865 >E
- =

d . 2050 = 0
, 9 + 8 = 25 , 84

Q = P (tan01-tanEz)
-
29 : 600 (tan30 ; 12-tan 20 ,
84)
= 2837 , 63
e- C =
Q 2834 63,
I
- -

-Virus 2H 60
:
.

2402
= 130 ,
44MF