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R E F E R E N C E PA G E 1

ALGEBRA GEOMETRY
Cut here and keep for reference

Arithmetic Operations Geometric Formulas

a c ad  bc Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V:
a共b  c兲 苷 ab  ac  苷
b d bd
Triangle Circle Sector of Circle
a
A 苷 12 bh A 苷 r 2 A 苷 12 r 2
ac a c b a d ad
苷  苷  苷
b b b c b c bc 苷 12 ab sin  C 苷 2 r s 苷 r  共 in radians兲
d

a
Exponents and Radicals h r s
¨ r
xm ¨
x m x n 苷 x mn 苷 x mn b
xn r
1
共x m兲n 苷 x m n xn 苷 n
x

共xy兲n 苷 x n y n 冉冊 x
y
n
苷
xn
yn
Sphere
V 苷 43  r 3
Cylinder
V 苷  r 2h
Cone
V 苷 13  r 2h
x 1兾n 苷 s
n
x x m兾n 苷 s
n
x m 苷 (s
n
x )m A 苷 4 r 2 A 苷  rsr 2  h 2

n
s xy 苷 s
n n
xs y 冑 n x
y
n
s
苷 n
sy
x r

r h
h
Factoring Special Polynomials
r
x 2  y 2 苷 共x  y兲共x  y兲
x 3  y 3 苷 共x  y兲共x 2  xy  y 2兲
x 3  y 3 苷 共x  y兲共x 2  xy  y 2兲
Distance and Midpoint Formulas
Binomial Theorem
Distance between P1共x1, y1兲 and P2共x 2, y2兲:
共x  y兲2 苷 x 2  2xy  y 2 共x  y兲2 苷 x 2  2xy  y 2
共x  y兲3 苷 x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3 d 苷 s共x 2  x1兲2  共 y2  y1兲2

共x  y兲3 苷 x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3

共x  y兲n 苷 x n  nx n1y 
n共n  1兲 n2 2
2
x y
Midpoint of P1 P2 : 冉 x1  x 2 y1  y2
2
,
2
冊
  冉冊 n nk k
k
x y   nxy n1  y n

冉冊
Lines
n n共n  1兲 共n  k  1兲
where 苷 Slope of line through P1共x1, y1兲 and P2共x 2, y2兲:
k 1ⴢ2ⴢ3ⴢ ⴢk
y2  y1
Quadratic Formula m苷
x 2  x1
b sb 2  4ac
If ax 2  bx  c 苷 0, then x 苷 .
2a Point-slope equation of line through P1共x1, y1兲 with slope m:

Inequalities and Absolute Value y  y1 苷 m共x  x1兲

If a  b and b  c, then a  c.
Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b:
If a  b, then a  c  b  c.
If a  b and c  0, then ca  cb. y 苷 mx  b
If a  b and c  0, then ca  cb.
If a  0, then
Circles
ⱍxⱍ 苷 a means x 苷 a or x 苷 a
Equation of the circle with center 共h, k兲 and radius r:
ⱍxⱍ  a means a  x  a
ⱍxⱍ  a means xa or x  a 共x  h兲2  共 y  k兲2 苷 r 2

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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R E F E R E N C E PA G E 2

TRIGONOMETRY

Angle Measurement Fundamental Identities

␲ radians 苷 180⬚ 1 1
s csc ␪ 苷 sec ␪ 苷
r sin ␪ cos ␪
␲ 180⬚
1⬚ 苷 rad 1 rad 苷 ¨
180 ␲ sin ␪ cos ␪
r tan ␪ 苷 cot ␪ 苷
s 苷 r␪ cos ␪ sin ␪

共␪ in radians兲 1
cot ␪ 苷 sin 2␪ ⫹ cos 2␪ 苷 1
tan ␪
Right Angle Trigonometry 1 ⫹ tan 2␪ 苷 sec 2␪ 1 ⫹ cot 2␪ 苷 csc 2␪
opp hyp
sin ␪ 苷 csc ␪ 苷 sin共⫺␪兲 苷 ⫺sin ␪ cos共⫺␪兲 苷 cos ␪
hyp opp hyp

冉 冊
opp

cos ␪ 苷
adj
sec ␪ 苷
hyp ¨ ␲
tan共⫺␪兲 苷 ⫺tan ␪ sin ⫺ ␪ 苷 cos ␪
hyp adj 2
adj

冉 冊 冉 冊
opp adj
tan ␪ 苷 cot ␪ 苷 ␲ ␲
adj opp cos ⫺ ␪ 苷 sin ␪ tan ⫺ ␪ 苷 cot ␪
2 2

Trigonometric Functions
The Law of Sines B
y r y
sin ␪ 苷 csc ␪ 苷 sin A sin B sin C
r y 苷 苷
a
(x, y) a b c
x r r
cos ␪ 苷 sec ␪ 苷 C
r x c
y x ¨
tan ␪ 苷 cot ␪ 苷 The Law of Cosines
x
x y b
a 2 苷 b 2 ⫹ c 2 ⫺ 2bc cos A

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions b 2 苷 a 2 ⫹ c 2 ⫺ 2ac cos B

y y y A
y=tan x c 2 苷 a 2 ⫹ b 2 ⫺ 2ab cos C
y=sin x y=cos x
1 1
π 2π 2π Addition and Subtraction Formulas
x π 2π x π x sin共x ⫹ y兲 苷 sin x cos y ⫹ cos x sin y
_1 _1 sin共x ⫺ y兲 苷 sin x cos y ⫺ cos x sin y
cos共x ⫹ y兲 苷 cos x cos y ⫺ sin x sin y
y y=csc x y y=sec x y y=cot x cos共x ⫺ y兲 苷 cos x cos y ⫹ sin x sin y
tan x ⫹ tan y
1 1 tan共x ⫹ y兲 苷
1 ⫺ tan x tan y
tan x ⫺ tan y
π 2π x π 2π x π 2π x tan共x ⫺ y兲 苷
1 ⫹ tan x tan y
_1 _1

Double-Angle Formulas
sin 2x 苷 2 sin x cos x
Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles cos 2x 苷 cos 2x ⫺ sin 2x 苷 2 cos 2x ⫺ 1 苷 1 ⫺ 2 sin 2x
␪ radians sin ␪ cos ␪ tan ␪ 2 tan x
tan 2x 苷
0⬚ 0 0 1 0 1 ⫺ tan2x
30⬚ ␲兾6 1兾2 s3兾2 s3兾3
45⬚ ␲兾4 s2兾2 s2兾2 1 Half-Angle Formulas
60⬚ ␲兾3 s3兾2 1兾2 s3 1 ⫺ cos 2x 1 ⫹ cos 2x
sin 2x 苷 cos 2x 苷
90⬚ ␲兾2 1 0 — 2 2

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.