Types:

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g.,

Rhizobium spp., Azotobacter spp.). Use this mind map to clarify and refine
Decomposers (e.g., Bacillus spp.,
Pseudomonas spp.).
the stages of your sales process
Functions:
Decompose organic matter. Types:
Types:
Fix atmospheric nitrogen. Mycorrhizal fungi (e.g., Glomus spp., Rhizophagus spp.).
Bacteriophages.
Facilitate nutrient cycling. Decomposers (e.g., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp.).
Fungal viruses.
Role in Soil Health: Functions:
Functions:
Maintain soil fertility. Form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, aiding in
Infect and replicate within host
Enhance plant growth. nutrient uptake.
microorganisms.
Influence microbial population dynamics. Decompose complex organic compounds.
Role in Soil Health: Produce antibiotics that suppress pathogenic organisms.
Impact microbial diversity and activity. Role in Soil Health:
May contribute to the control of Improve soil structure.
pathogenic microorganisms. Enhance nutrient availability to plants.
Bacteria:
Types:
2 Amoebae (e.g., Amoeba spp.).
Ciliates (e.g., Paramecium spp.).
Viruses: Fungi: Functions:
1 3 Predation on bacteria and other
microorganisms.

WhatWhat
is microbiocenosis?
is Symbiosis?
Nutrient cycling through excretion of nitrogen

What is microbiocenosis?
and phosphorus.
Role in Soil Health:

DESCRIPTION 4 Protozoa:
Regulate bacterial populations.
Facilitate nutrient mineralization.
Microbiocenosis, also known as microbial community or
Microbiocenosis,
Microbiocenosis,also alsoknown
knownas asmicrobial
microbialcommunity
communityor or
OF
microbiota, refers to the ecological community of
microbiota,
microbiota,refers
referstotothe
theecological
ecologicalcommunity
communityof of Symbiosis refersthat
microorganisms to a close and long-term interaction between MICROFLORA
microorganisms that inhabit a specific environment. This term </> inhabit
</> a specific environment. This term
microorganisms that
encompasses
</>
</> inhabit a specific environment. This term two differentall
encompasses biological
microscopicspecies. These interactions
organisms can vary
such as bacteria, in
fungi, OF SOIL:
encompassesall allmicroscopic
microscopicorganisms
organismssuch
suchas
asbacteria,
bacteria,fungi,
fungi, nature and
archaea, outcome,
protists, rangingMicrobiocenosis
and viruses. from mutualisticplays
relationships
a crucial
archaea,
archaea,protists,
protists,and
andviruses.
viruses.Microbiocenosis
Microbiocenosisplays
playsaacrucial
crucial where both species benefitincluding
to parasitic relationships where one
role in various ecosystems, soil, water bodies, plants,
role
roleininvarious
variousecosystems,
ecosystems,including
includingsoil,
soil,water
waterbodies,
bodies,plants,
plants, species benefits
animals, andat the expense
even the human of body.
the other. There are several
Understanding
5 Algae:
animals,
animals,and
andeven
eventhe
thehuman
humanbody.
body.Understanding
Understanding forms of symbiosis,iseach characterized by the typeecosystem
of interaction
microbiocenosis essential for comprehending
microbiocenosis
microbiocenosisisisessential
essentialforforcomprehending
comprehendingecosystem and the benefits
ecosystem dynamics, nutrientor costs involved.
cycling, Here areoverall
and maintaining the main forms of
ecosystem Types:
dynamics,
dynamics, nutrient cycling, and maintainingoverall
nutrient cycling, and maintaining overallecosystem
ecosystem symbiosis: Green algae (e.g., Chlamydomonas spp., Spirogyra spp.).
health.
health. 6 Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria).
health. 7 Functions:
Environmental Factors: Interactions: Photosynthesis, producing oxygen.
Fix atmospheric nitrogen (cyanobacteria).
Role in Soil Health:
Improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation.
Stabilize soil aggregates.
Moisture: Influences microbial
E X AM
MAPILNE S
F OORFMMSI C
ORFO
SBYIM
OBCIEONSO
I SS:I S : activity and diversity.
EEXXAAM
MPPLLEESS OOFF M
MIICCRROOBBIIOOCCEENNOOSSIISS: : Temperature: Optimal ranges for Synergistic Relationships:
different microbial species. Mycorrhizal fungi and plant
pH: Affects microbial growth and roots.
metabolic processes. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and
Soil harbors a diverse microbial
Mutualism: Organic Matter: Provides leguminous plants.
Soil harbors a diverse microbial community
Mutualism vital
is a form for nutrient
of symbiosis wherecycling,
both participating species
Soil harbors a diverse microbial substrate for microbial growth Competitive Interactions:
community vital for nutrient cycling, organic matter benefit from the interaction.
decomposition, and
community vital for nutrient cycling, Examples include: and activity. Between different microbial
organic matter decomposition, and plant health. Bacteria, fungi, archaea,
organic matter decomposition, and Pollination mutualism, where flowering plants and pollinators
plant health. Bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and viruses interact species for resources.
plant health. Bacteria, fungi, archaea, (e.g., bees, birds) benefit from the exchange of nectar for
protozoa, and viruses interact synergistically to maintain soil fertility
pollen transfer. Predation by protozoa on
protozoa, and viruses interact
synergistically to maintain soil fertility and structure.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in the root nodules of
synergistically to maintain soil fertility bacteria.
and structure. leguminous plants, providing the plant with fixed nitrogen
and structure. while receiving carbohydrates in return.

Bacteria& Archaea,

Commensalism:
ater bodies such as oceans, rivers, lakes, and Algae& Protozoa
ater
aterbodies
bodiessuch
suchasasoceans,
oceans,rivers,
rivers,lakes,
lakes,and
and
Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the
Composition
wetlands host complex microbial
other is neither communities
helped nor harmed.
wetlands
wetlandshost
hostcomplex
complexmicrobial
microbialcommunities
communities Examples include:
adapted to aquatic
Epiphytic plants environments.
growing on tree These
branches, utilizing the tree for support and
adapted
adaptedtotoaquatic
aquaticenvironments.
environments.TheseThese microorganisms play key roles in nutrient cycling,
access to sunlight without significantly impacting the tree's fitness.
Viruses
microorganisms
microorganismsplayplaykey
keyroles
rolesin
innutrient
nutrientcycling,
cycling,
Remoras hitching a ride on larger marine animals (e.g., sharks), benefiting from
carbontransportation
sequestration,and accessand maintaining
to food water
scraps without harming the host.
carbon
carbon sequestration, and maintainingwater
sequestration, and maintaining water quality.
quality.
quality. Biodegradation

Distribution
Distributionof
ofMicroorganisms
Microorganismsin
in Water Microflora: Importance Nutrient Cycling
Nature
Nature
Self-purification

Indicator microorganisms
The rhizosphere, the region of soil surrounding plant
Parasitism:
The
Therhizosphere,
rhizosphere,thetheregion
regionofofsoil
soilsurrounding
surroundingplant
plant Parasitism is a type of symbiosis in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at
roots, supports a diverse microbial community
the expense of the other (the host).
roots,
roots,supports
supportsaadiverse
diversemicrobial
microbialcommunity
community known as the rhizosphere microbiome. These
Examples include:
known
knownas asthe
therhizosphere
rhizospheremicrobiome.
microbiome.These
These Intestinal parasites such as tapeworms and roundworms living inside the Assessment of Water Quality Coliform index
microbes form symbiotic relationships with plants,
microbes
microbesformformsymbiotic
symbioticrelationships
relationshipswith
withplants,
plants,
digestive tract of animals, absorbing nutrients from the host's food.
aiding in nutrient
Fleas and uptake,
ticks feeding disease
on the blood resistance,
of mammals, and and
causing irritation
aiding
aidingininnutrient
nutrientuptake,
uptake,disease
diseaseresistance,
resistance,and
and overall
potential plant
disease health.to the host.
transmission
overall
overallplant
planthealth.
health. dditional parameters like pH,
dissolved oxygen, and
conductivity are also crucial
for assessing overall water
quality.

Archaea& Fungi

Composition

Bacteria& Viruses even Pollen

Dispersion
Importance:
Air Microflora
Potential health impacts

Air Sampling

Microbiological examination of
Microbial Culture
air

Molecular Techniques